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GEOGHAPHIA  0LASSICA: 


OR 


THE  APPLICATION 


OF 


ANTIENT  GEOGRAPHY 

. 


TO  THE 


CLASSICS. 


BY  SAMUEL  CUTLER,  D.D.  F.R.S.&c.  &c. 

ARCHDEACON  OF  DERBY, 

AND  HEAD  MASTER  OF  THE  ROYAL  FREE   GRAMMAR   SCHOOL  OF 
SHREWSBURY. 


SECOND  AMERICAN,  FROM  THE  NINTH  LONDON  EDITION, 
WITH  QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAPS, 

BY  JOHN  FROST. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

CAREY  AND  LEA,  CHESNUT  STREET. 


Entered,  according  to  an  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1831,  in  the 
Clerk's  office  of  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


Week*,  Printer. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE. 


B.  C. 

4004 
2348 
2247 
2059 
1996 
1728 
1571 
1556 
1493 
1452 
1406 
1356 
1263 
1225 
1184 
1104 
1095 
1070 
1044 

1004 
975 
907 
896 
884 
869 
820 


Creation  of  the  world. 

The  deluge. 

Tower  of  Babel  built,  and  confusion  of  languages. 

The  Assyrian  empire  founded. 

Birth  of  Abraham. 

Joseph  sold  into  Egypt. 

Moses  born. 

Kingdom  of  Attica  founded  by  Cecrops. 

Thebes  built  by  Cadmus. 

The  five  books  of  Moses  written,  who  dies  the  next  year. 

Minos  the  Cretan  lawgiver. 

Eleusinian  mysteries  introduced  at  Athens  by  Eumolpus. 

Aygonautic  expedition. 

Theban  war. 

Troy  taken. 

Return  of  the  Heraclidas  to  the  Peloponnese. 

Saul  made  king  of  Israel. 

Codrus  last  king  of  Athens. 

Settlement  of  the  Ionian  colonies  in  Asia  Minor.     Age  of 

Homer. 

Dedication  of  Solomon's  temple. 
Kingdoms  of  Israel  and  Judah  divided. 
Age  of  Hesiod. 
Elijah  taken  up  to  heaven. 
Lycurgus  the  Spartan  lawgiver. 
Carthage  built. 
Sardanapalus,  last    king    of   Assyrian    Median  empire 

founded. 


IV. 


Ol. 

.u.c. 

B.C. 

i.  1. 

776 

Coroebus  conquers  at  the  Olympic  games; 

from  which  time  the  regular  dates  of 

the  Olympiads  begin. 

v.  4. 

757 

saiah  begins  to  prophesy. 

vi.  4. 

753 

lome  founded,  April  20, 

ix.  2. 

11 

743 

First  Messenian  war;  continues  19  years 

to  the  taking  of  Ithome. 

xiv.  4. 

33 

721 

kingdom  of  Israel  finished  by  the  taking 

of  Samaria  by  Salmanasar  king  of  As- 

syria. 

xxiii.  4. 

69 

685 

Second  Messenian  war;    continues  four- 

teen years  to  the  taking  of  Ira  after  a 

seige  of  eleven  years.     Age  of  Tyrtxus 

and  Archilochus. 

xxiv.  1. 

70 

684 

Annual  Archons  established  at  Athens. 

xxx.  2. 

95 

659 

Cypselus  usurps  the  government  of  Co- 
rinth. 

xxxix.  2. 

131 

623 

Draco  the  Athenian  lawgiver. 

xlviii.  2. 

150 

604 

Age  of  Arion,  Pittacus,  Alcxus,  Sappho. 

xlvii.  2. 

163 

591 

Pythian  games  established  at  Delphi,  and 

continued  every  second  year  of  each 

Olympiad.    Age  of  Chilo,  Anacharsis, 

Thales,  Epimenides,  Solon,  ^Esop,  Ste- 

§i  chorus,  8cc. 

xlviii.  2. 

167 

587 

Jerusalem  taken  by  Nebuchadnezzar  king 

of  Babylon,  June  9,  after  a  seige  of  18 

months. 

1.  4. 

177 

577 

Death  of  Jeremiah  the  prophet. 

liv.  3. 

192 

562 

First  comedy  acted  at  Athens  by  Susarion 

and  Dolon. 

liv.  4. 

193 

563 

Pisistratus  usurps  the  sovereign  power  at 

Athens. 

Iv.  2. 

195 

559 

Persian  empire  founded  upon  the  Median 

by  Cyrus.     Age  of  Anaximenes,  Bias, 

Anaximander,  Phalaris,  and  Cleobulus. 

Iviii.  1. 

206 

548 

Croesus,  last  king  of  Lydia,  conquered  by 

Cyrus.     Age  of  Theognis  and  Phere- 

cydes. 

Ix.  2. 

215 

539 

Marseilles  built  by  the  Phocxans.  Age  of 

Pythagoras,  Simonides,  Thespis,  Xeno- 

phanes,  and  Anacreon. 

Ix.  3. 

216 

438 

Babylon  taken  by  Cyrus. 

Ixi.  1. 

218 

536 

Edict  of  Cyrus  for  the  return  of  the  Jews, 

and  rebuilding  of  the  temple, 

Ixiii.  4. 

229 

525 

Egypt  conquered  by  Cambyses. 

Ivrv.  4. 

233 

521 

Darius  Hystaspes,  king  of  Persia.     Age 

of  Confucius  the  Chinese  Philosopher. 

Ixvii.  3. 

244 

51C 

Tyranny  of  the  Pisistratidx  abolished  at 

Athens. 

Ixvii.  4. 

245 

5  OS 

Expulsion  of  the  Tarqnins  from   Rome. 

Ol. 
Ix.  i. 


Ixx.  3. 
Ixxi.  4. 

Ixxii.  3. 
Ixxv.  1. 


Ixxv.  2. 

Ixxv,  4. 
xxviii.  4. 
Ixxxi.  3. 


xxxiii.  1. 
xxxiii,  2, 
xxxiii.  4. 
xxxvii.  2. 


xxxix.  4. 
xci.  1. 

xciii.  4. 
xciv.  1. 


xcv.  1. 


A.U.C. 


250 


256 
261 

264 
274 


275 

277 
289 
300 


306 
307 
309 

323 


333 
338 

349 
350 

353 

354 


B.C. 

End  of  the  regal,  and  establishment  of 
the  consular  government. 

504Sardis  burnt  by  the  Athenians,  which 
causes  the  invasion  of  Greece  by  the 
Persians.  Age  of  Heraclitus,  Parme- 
nides,  Milo  the  wrestler,  Aristagoras, 
&c. 

498  Lartius  the  first  dictator  created  at  Rome. 

493  Secession  of  the  Roman  people  to  Mons 
Sacer. 

490  Battle  of  Marathon.    Age  of  Miltiades. 

480  Battles  of  Thermopylae  and  Salamis.  Age 
of  jEschylus,  Pinder,  Anaxagoras,  Zeu- 
xis,  Aristides,  Themistocles,  Sec. 

479  Battles  of  Plataea  and  Mycale  on  the  same 
day. 

477  The  300  Fabii  killed  in  one  day. 

465  Third  Messenian  war;  continues  10  years. 

454  The  Romans  send  to  Athens  for  Solon's 
laws.  Age  of  Sophocles,  Pericles,  Za- 
leucus,  Nehemiah  the  prophet,  &c. 

448  The  first  sacred  war  concerning  the  tem- 
ple of  Delphi. 

447  The  Athenians  defeated  by  the  Boeotians, 
at  Chaeronea. 

445  Age  of  Herodotus,  Empedocles,  Euripi- 
des, Phidias,  &c. 

43lPeloponnesian  war  begins,  May  7,  and 
continues  twenty-seven  years.  Age  of 
Cratinus,  Eupolis,  Aristophanes,*Meton, 
Democritus,  Gorgias,  Thucydides,  Hip- 
pocrates, Malachi  the  last  of  the  Pro- 
phets: and  the  history  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment ends. 

421  The  fifty  years'  peace  made  between  the 
Athenians  and  Lacedaemonians,  which 
is  kept  but  six  years  and  10  months. 

416  Scene  of  the  Peloponnesian  war  removed 
to  Sicily.  The  Agrarian  law  first  mov- 
ed at  Rome. 

405  Battle  of  ^Egos  Potamos.  Usurpation  of 
Dionysius  the  elder. 

404  Athens  taken  by  Lysander,  which  puts  an 
end  to  the  Peloponnesian  war.  Age  of 
Parrhasius,  Protagoras,  Lysias,  Aga- 
thon,  Cebes. 

401  Cyrus  the  younger  killed  at  Cunaxa.   Re- 
treat of  the  10,000  Greeks.    Expulsion 
of  the  thirty  tyrants  from  Athens  by 
Thrasybulus. 
400  Socrates  put  to  death. 


VI. 


Ol 

xcvi.  1. 


xcvi.  2> 
xcvi.  3. 

xcvii.  3. 
xcviii.  1. 

c.  4. 

cii.  2. 

cii.  3. 

ciii.  2. 
civ.  2. 

civ.  3. 
cv.  1. 

cv.  4. 
cvi.  4. 

cviii.  1. 
cix.  2, 

ex.  3, 

cxi.  1. 
cxi.  2. 
cxi.  3. 

cxi.  4. 
cxiL  1. 


A.u.c, 

358 


359 
360 

364 
366 

377 
383 

384 
387 
391 

392 
394 

397 
401 

406 
411 

416 

418 
419 

420 

421 

422 


B.C. 

396  Expedition  of  Agesilaus  into  Asia.  Age 
of  Xenophon,  Zeuxis,  Aristippus,  and 
Archytas. 

395  Corinthian  war  begun  by  the  alliances  of 
the  Athenians,  Thebans?  Corinthians, 
and  Argives,  against  the  Lacedaemonians. 
94Conon  defeats  the  Lacedaemonian  fleet 
near  Cnidus.  The  allies  defeated  by 
Agesilaus  in  the  battle  of  Coronea. 

o90  Rome  burnt  by  the  Gauls.  Age  of  Plato, 
Conon,  Iphicfates,  Camillus. 

388  Peace  of  Antalcidas,  which  made  the 
Greek  cities  in  Asia  Minor  tributary  to 
the  Persians. 

377  Lacedemonians  defeated  off  Naxus  by 
Chabrias.  Age  of  Isxus,  Isocrates,  Dio- 
genes, 8cc. 

371  The  Lacedaemonians  defeated  by  the  The- 
bans,  commanded  by  Epaminondas,  at 
the  battle  of  Leuctra. 

370  Messenians  return  to  the  Peloponnese,  hav- 
ing been  banished  300  years. 

3 67  One  of  the  consuls  at  Rome  elected  from 
the  Plebians. 

363  Lacedaemonians  defeated  by  Epaminondas 
at  the  battle  of  Mantinea.  Death  of 
Epaminondas  a  year  after  that  of  Pelo- 
pidas. 

62  Agesilaus  goes  into  Egypt,  and  dies  on  his 
return  home. 

360  Athenians  defeated  at  Methone  by  Philip 
of  Macedon,  being  the  first  battle  he 

357     gained  in  Greece. 

Second  sacred  war  began;  the  Phocians 
having  attacked  the  temple  of  Delphi. 

353  Philip  defeats  the  Phocians  commanded 
by  Onomarchus. 

o48  Philip  puts  an  end  to  the  sacred  war. 

343  Timoleon  banishes  Dionysius  the  younger, 
tyrant  of  Syracuse.  Age  of  Speusip- 
pus,  Protogenes,  Aristotle,  j32schines, 
Demosthenes,  Phocion,  6cc. 

338  Philip  defeats  the  Athenians  and  their  al- 
lies in  the  fatal  battle  of  Chseronea. 

336  Philip  killed  by  Pausanias. 

Alexander  destroys  Thebes. 
4  Alexander  begins  his  Persian  expedition. 
Battle  of  the  Cranicus. 

o33  Battle  of  Issus. 

332  Tyre  taken  and  destroyed  by  Alexander: 
Alexander  in  F<gypt  founded  by  him. 


Vll 


01. 

cxii.  3. 

cxiii.  2. 
cxiv.  2. 
cxiv.  4. 
cxv.  1. 

cxvi.  2, 
cxvii.  1. 
cxviii,  2, 
cxviii.  3. 
cxix.  4. 

cxxii.  2. 
cxxiv.  1. 
cxxiv.  4. 

cxxv.  1. 
cxxv.  3. 


cxxvii.  4. 
cxxix.  1. 

cxxx.  1. 

cxxxi.  1. 
cxxxii.  2. 

cxxxiv.  1. 
cxxxiv.  1. 

cxxxiv.  4. 
cxxxv.  1. 


A.U.C. 

423 
42? 
431 
433 
434 

439 
442 
447 
448 
453 

463 

470 
473 

474 
476 

480 

485 
490 

494 

498 
503 

510 
512 

513 

514 


B.C 

331 

327 

32 


315 


307  Democracy 


306 
301 


291 


Battle  of  Arbela.  End  of  the  Persian  and 
commencement  of  the  Grecian  empire. 

Alexander's  expedition  against  Poms.  Age 
of  Apelles,  Hyperides,  Lysippus,  &c. 


Alexander  dies  May  21.     Kingdom  of  E* 

gypt  founded  by  Ptolemy., 
321  Romans  defeated  by  the  Samnites  at  Cau- 

dium. 

320  Polyperchon  'publishes  liberty  to  all  the 
Grecian  cities.    Age  of  Praxiteles,  Me- 
nander,  Demetrius  Phalereus. 
Eumenes  delivered  to  Antigonus  by  his 

army. 

312  Seleucus  takes  Babylon.    Commencement 
of  the  <era  of  the  Seleucidse. 

re-established  at  Athens  by 
Demetrius  Poliorcetes. 
Alexander's  successors  assume  the  title 

of  Kings. 

Battle  of  Ipsus,  in  which  Antigonus  is  de- 
feated and  killed  by  Ptolemy,  Seleucus, 
Lysimachus,   and  Cassander.     Age  of 
Zeno,  Pyrrho,  Philemon,  Grantor. 
Age  of  Euclid  the  mathematician,  Epicu- 
rus, Bion,  &c. 
284  Pharos  of  Alexandria  built.    The  Septua- 

gint  translated  about  this  time. 
281  Lysimachus  defeated  and  killed  by  Seleu- 
cus.   Romans  begin  the  Tarentine  war. 
Achxan  league  begins. 
280  Pyrrhus  king  of  Epirus  goes  to  Italy  to  as-. 

sist  the  Tarentines. 

278  The   Gauls  cut  to  pieces  near  Delphi. 
Age  of  Sostratus,  Theocritus,  Aratus, 
Lycophron,  Sec. 
274  Curius  defeats  Pyrrhus,  who  retires  to 

Epirus. 

269  Silver  first  coined  at  Rome. 
264  First  Punic  war  begins,  and  continues  23 
years. 

games  the  first  naval  victory  with 
a  Roman  fleet  over  the  Carthaginians. 
256  Regulus  defeated  by  Xanthippus. 

Age  of  Aratus,  Cleanthes,  Manetho,  Ti- 

mexus,  Callimachus,  Zoilus. 
244  Citidel  of  Corinth  taken  by  Aratus. 
242  Carthaginians  defeated  by  Lutatius  Catu- 

lus.     End  of  the  first  Punic  war. 
Agis  king  of  Laced&mon  put  to  death. 

"  Livius  Andronicus  first  acted  at 
Rome. 


260  Duillius 


241 

240  Plays  of 


V11I 


01. 

A.U.C 

B.C 

cxxxv.  4. 

517 

237 

Amilcar  passes  into  Spain  with  his  son 

Hannibal, 

cxxxvi.2. 

519 

235 

Temple  of  Janus  shut  the  first  time  since 

the  reign  of  Numa. 

cxxxvi.  4. 

521 

232 

Original  manuscripts  of  ./Eschylus,  Sopho- 

cles, and  Euripides,  lent  Ptolemy  on  a 

pledge  of  fifteen  talents. 

cxxxvii.l. 

523 

231 

First  divorce  known  at  Rome.     Sardinia 

and  Corsica  conquered. 

cxxxix.  1. 

530 

224 

Collossus  of  Rhodes  thrown  down  by  an 

earthquake.    Romans  first  cross  the  Po 

in  pursuit  of  the  Gauls.    Age  of  Chry- 

sippus,  Archimedes,  Valerius,  Messala, 

C.  Naevius,  Aristarchus,  Apollonius  Rho- 
dius,  Fabius  Pictor  the  first  Roman  his- 

torian, &c. 

cxl.  1. 

534 

220 

Social   war    between    the  -JEtolians    and 

Achxans  assisted  by  Philip,   the  last 

Macedonian  king  of  that  name. 

cxl.  2. 

535 

219 

Hannibal  takes  Saguntum,  which  is  the 

cause  of  the  second  Punic  war. 

cxl.  3, 

536 

218 

Second  Punic  war  begins,  and  continues  17 

years.     Battles  of  Ticinus  and  Trebia. 

cxl.  4. 

537 

217 

Battle  of  Trasy  menus. 

cxli.  1. 

538 

216 

Battle  of  Cannas. 

cxli.  3, 
cxlii.  1. 

540 
542 

214 
212 

Romans  begin  war  against  Philip  in  Epims. 
Syracuse  taken  by  Marcellus  after  a  seige 

of  three  years.     Death  of  Archimedes. 

cxliii.  2, 

547 

207 

Asdrubal  defeated  by  Claudius.     Age  of 

Clautus,  Annius,  &c. 

cxliv,  3. 

552 

202 

Battle  of  Zama,  which  put  an  end  to  the 

second  Punic  war. 

cxlv,  1. 

554 

200 

First  Macedonian  war  begins,  and  conti- 

nues four  years  nearly. 

cxlv.  4. 

557 

197 

Philip  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Cynoscep- 

hale,  which  put  an  end  to  the  first  Ma- 

cedonian war. 

cxlvii.  1. 

562 

192 

Romans  begin  the  war  with  Antiochus  the 

Great,  which  continues  near  three  years. 
Age  of  Lzclius,  Massinissa,  the  Scipios, 

the  Gracchi. 

cxlix.  2. 

571 

183 

Death  of  Hannibal  and  Philopcemen.  Sci- 

pio  died  the  year  preceding. 

clii.  2. 

583 

171 

Second  Macedonian  war. 

cliii.  1. 

586 

168 

Battle  of  Pydna,  in  which  Perses  is  de- 

feated by  Paulus  /Emilius,  and  Macedo- 

nian reduced  to  a  Roman  province.  Age 

of  Terence,  Polybius,  Pacuvius,  Hippar- 

chus,  Carneades,  &c. 

clvii.  4. 

605 

149 

Third  Punic  war  begins. 

clviii.  1. 

606 

148 

Romans  make  war  upon  the  Achxans. 

clviii.  4. 

609 

145 

Carthage  destroyed  by  Scipio,  and  Co- 

rinth by  Mummius, 

IX 


A.C.U. 

B.C. 

608 

146 

613 

141 

618 

136 

619 

135 

621 

133 

633 

121 

643 

111 

652 

102 

653 

101 

657 

97 

663 

91 

665 

89 

666 

88 

672 

82 

676 

78 

679 

75 

681 

73 

683 

71 

685 

69 

688 

66 

689 

65 

691 

63 

694 

60 

696 

58 

699 

55 

701 

53 

704 

50 

706 

48 

707 

47 

708 

46 

709 

45 

710 

44 

711 

43 

Viriatus  defeated  by  Lselius  in  Spain. 

Numantine  war  begins;  continues  eight  years. 

The  famous  embassy  of  Scipio,  Metellus,  Mummius, 
and  Panactius  into  Egypt,  Syria,  and  Greece. 

The  history  of  the  Apocrypha  ends. 

Numantia  taken.  Pergamus  annexed  to  the  Roman 
empire.  Tiberius  Gracchus  killed. 

Caius  Gracchus  killed.     Age  of  Lucilius. 

Jugurthine  war  begins,  and  continues  five  years. 

Teutones  defeated  by  Marius. 

Teutones  and  Cimbri  defeated  by  Marius  and  Catu- 
lus, 

Cyrene  left  by  Ptolemy  Apion  to  the  Romans. 

Social  war  begins,  and  continues  three  years  till 
finished  by  Sylla. 

Mithridatic  war  begins,  and  continues  26  years. 

Civil  wars  of  Marius  and  Sylla  begin,  and  continue  6 
years. 

Sylla  defeats  the  younger  Marius,  and  is  made  dicta- 
tor. 

Death  of  Sylla. 

Bithynia  left  by  Nicomedes  to  the  Romans. 

Servile  war  begins  under  Spartacus. 

Spartacus  defeated  by  Crassus  and  Pompey. 

Mithridates  and  Tigranes  defeated  by  Lucullus. 

Mithridates  conquered  by  Pompey  in  a  night  battle. 
Crete  subdued  by  Metellus,  who  obtains  the  sur- 
name of  Creticus. 

Pompey  conquers  Syria,  which  puts  an  end  to  the 
reign  of  the  Seleucidse. 

Cataline's  conspiracy  defeated  by  Cicero.  Mithri- 
dates kills  himself. 

First  triumvirate  of  Caesar,  Pompey,  and  Crassus. 
Age  of  Cicero,  Catullus,  Lucretius,  Sallust,  8cc. 

Cicero  banished,  and  recalled  in  sixteen  months. 

Caesar  invades  Britain. 

Death  of  Crassus. 

Civil  war  between  Caesar  and  Pompey. 

Battle  of  Pharsalia. 

Alexandria  taken  by  Caesar. 

War  of  Africa.  Cato  kills  himself.  Caesar  corrects 
the  calander  by  the  advice  of  Sosi genes:  the  year 
of  confusion,  consisting  of  15  months,  or  445  days. 

Battle  of  Munda. 

Caesar  killed  in  the  senate-house. 

Battle  of  Mutina.  Second  triumvirate  of  Octavius, 
Anthony,  and  Lepidus.  Cicero  proscribed  and  put 
to  death.  Age  of  C.  Nepos,  Diodorus  Siculus,  Tro- 
gus  Pompeius,  Varro,  &c. 


kA.U.C 

B.C. 

712 

42 

715 

39 

718 

36 

722 

32 

723 

31 

724 

30 

727 

27 

734 

20 

737 

17 

739 

15 

742 

12 

748 

6 

749 

4 

A.D, 

755 

2 

762 

9 

763 

10 

767 

14 

770 

17 

772 

19 

779 

26 

784 

31 

786 

33 

789 

36 

790 

37 

792 

39 

793 

40 

794 

41 

796 

43 

797 

44 

804 

51 

807 

54 

812 

59 

817 

64 

818 

65 

819 

66 

Battle  of  Philippi. 

Ventidius  defeats  Pacorus  general  of  the  Parthian*, 
on  the  same  day  14  years  after  the  death  of  Crassus. 

Pompey  the  younger  defeated  in  Sicily  by  Octavius. 

Octavius  and  Antony  prepare  for  war. 

Battle  of  Actium. 

Alexandria  taken,  and  Egypt  reduced  to  a  Roman 
province. 

Title  of  Agustus  given  to  Octavius.  The  Augustan 
age — of  Virgil,  Manilius,  Asinius  Pollio,  Maecenas 
Agrippa,  Strabo,  Horace,  Macer,  Propertius,  Livy, 
Tibullus,  Ovid,  Varius,  Tucca,  Vitruvius,  Di  ony- 
sius  Halicarnassensis,  and  Dionysius  Periegetes. 

Tiberius  recovers  the  Roman  standards  from  the 
Parthians. 

Secular  games  celebrated  at  Rome. 

Rhseti  and  Vindelici  defeated  by  Drusus. 

Pannonians  defeated  by  Tiberius. 

Tiberius  retires  to  Rhodes  for  seven  years* 

Our  Saviour  born,  four  years  before  the  vulgar  sera. 

Tiberius  returns  to  Rome. 

Ovid  banished  to  Tomos. 

Varus  defeated  in  Germany  by  Arminius. 

Augustus  dies  at  Nola,  and  is  succeeded  by  Tiberius, 
Age  of  Phaedrus,  Asinius  Gallus,  Paterculus,  Cor- 
nelius Celsus,  8cc. 

Twelve  cities  in  Asia  Minor  destroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake. 

Germanicus,  poisoned  by  Piso,  dies  at  Antioch. 

Tiberius  retires  to  the  island  of  Caprese. 

Sejanus  disgraced  and  put  to  death. 

Our  Saviour  crucified. 

Conversion  of  St.  Paul. 

Tiberius  dies,  and  is  succeeded  by  Caligula.  Age  of 
Valerius  Maximus,  Columella,  Philo  Judxus,  Sec. 

St.  Matthew  writes  his  gospel. 

The  disciples  first  called  Christians  at  Antioch. 

Caligula  killed  by  Chssrea  and  succeeded  by  Clau- 
dius. 

The  expedition  of  Claudius  into  Britain. 

St.  Mark  writes  his  gospel. 

Caractacus  brought  a  prisoner  to  Rome. 

Claudius  poisoned  by  Agrippina  and  succeeded  by 
Nero. 

Agrippina  put  to  death  by  her  son  Nero. 

First  persecution  of  the  Christians. 

Seneca  and  Lucan  put  to  death  by  Nero. 

Nero  visits  Greece.  The  Jewish  war  begins,  Age 
of  Persius,  Q.  Curtius,  Pliny  the  naturalist,  Jose- 
phus,  Frontinus,  &c. 


A.U.C. 

820 
821 

822 

B.C. 

67 
68 
69 

823 

70 

832 

79 

834 

81 

848 
849 

95 
96 

851 
855 

98 
102 

856 
859 

103 
106 

860 
867 
870 
871 
874 
'883 

107 
114 
117 
118 
121 
130 

884 

131 

891 

138 

914 

161 

922 
933 

169 
180 

945 

192 

St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul  put  to  death. 

Nero  killed  and  succeeded  by  Galba. 

Galba  killed  and  succeeded  by  Otho.  Otho,  defeat- 
ed by  Vitellius,  kills  himself.  Vitellius  defeated, 
and  killed,  and  succeeded  by  Vespasian. 

Jerusalem  taken  and  destroyed  by  Titus,  Saturday, 
Sept.  8. 

Death  of  Vespasian:  succession  of  Titus.  Hercu- 
laneum,  Pompeii,  and  Stabile  destroyed  by  an  erup- 
tion of  Vesuvius,  in  which  Pliny  the  elder  lost  his 
life.  Age  of  Josephus. 

Death  of  Titus  and  succession  of  Domitian.  Age  of 
Sil.  Italicus,  Martial,  Apollonius  of  Tyana,  Vale- 
rius Flaccus,  Solinus,  Epictetus,  Quintilian.  Agri- 
cola,  &c. 

Second  persecution  of  the  Christians. 

Domitian  killed  by  Stephanus  and  succeeded  by  Ner- 
va.  Age  of  Juvenal,  Tacitus,  Statins,  8cc. 

Death  of  Nerva  and  succession  of  Trajan. 

Pliny,  proconsul  of  Bithynia,  writes  his  famous  letter 
to  Trajan  giving  an  account  of  the  Christians, 

Trajan  reduces  Dacia  to  a  Roman  province. 

Trajan's  expedition  to  Parthia.  Age  of  Floras,  Sue- 
tonius, Pliny  the  younger,  Plutarch,  &c. 

Third  Persecution  of  the  Christians. 

Trajan's  column  erected  at  Rome. 

Death  of  Trajan:  succession  of  Hadrian. 

Fourth  persecution  of  the  Christians, 

Hadrian  builds  his  wall  in  Britain. 

Hadrian  rebuilds  Jerusalem  and  erects  a  temple 
there  to  Jupiter. 

The  Jews  rebel,  and  after  a  war  of  five  years  are  de- 
feated and  all  banished. 

Death  of  Hadrian  and  succession  of  Antoninus  Pius. 
In  the  reign  of  Hadrian  flourished  Phavorinus, 
Aristides  the  sophist,  Polycarp,  Arrian,  Ptolemy 
the  geographer,  8cc, 

Death  of  Antoninus;  succession  of  Marcus  Aurelius 
and  L.  Verus.  In  the  reign  of  Antoninus  flourish- 
ed Maximus  Tyrius,  Pausanias  the  topographer  of 
Greece,  Diophantus  the  mathematician,  Lucian, 
Hermogenes,  Polyzenus,  Appian,  Artemidorus, 
Justin  Martyr,  Apuleius,  &c. 

War  of  the  Marcomanni. 

Death  of  Aurelius:  succession  of  Commodus.  In  the 
reign  of  Aurelius  flourished  Galen,  Athenagoras, 
Tatian,  Athenacus,  Diogenes  Laertius. 

Commodus  killed  by  Martia  and  Lxtus:  succeeded 
by  Pertinax,  who  reigns  a  few  months.  In  this 
reign  flourished  Julius  Pollux,  Theodotian,  Ire- 
naeus,  &e. 


A.U.C 

946 

fl.C 

193 

P 

947 
951 
955 
960 
962 
964 

194 
199 
202 
207 
209 
211 

S 
S 
F 
S 
S< 

s< 

965 
970 

212 
217 

c; 
c 

971 

218 

M 

975 

222 

E 

988 

235 

T 

989 

236 

M 

990 

238 

Pi 

997 
1002 

244 
249 

G< 

J] 

1003 
1004 

250 
251 

Se 
1)( 

1006 

253 

G-< 

1010 
1012 

257 
259 

V, 

Vi 

' 

1013 

260 

G; 

i 

1021 

268 

G< 

i 

1023 
1025 
1026 

270 
272 
273 

Cl 

Ni 

Ze 

1 

1028 

275 

. 

\\ 

Pertinax  killed  by  the  Prretorian  guards,  who  self 
the  empire  to  Didius  Julianus.  Didius  Julianus  kil- 
led by  the  Prastorian  guards,  and  succeeded  by  Se- 
verus. 

Severus  defeats  his  rival  Niger  at  Issus. 

Severus  defeats  and  kills  his  rival  Albinus  at  Lyons. 

Fifth  persecution  of  the  Christians. 

Severus  visits  Britain. 

Severus  builds  his  wall  in  Britain. 

Severus  dies  at  York,  and  is  succeeded  by  Caracalla 
and  Geta.  In  the  reign  of  Severus  flourished  Ter- 
tullian,  Minucius  Felix,  Papinian,  Clemens  Alex- 
andrinus,  Philostratus,  &c. 

Geta  killed  by  his  brother  Caracalla. 

Caracalla  killed,  and  succeeded  by  Macrinus.  In 
this  reign  Oppian  flourished. 

Macrinus  killed  by  the  Praetorian  guards  and  suc- 
ceeded by  Elagabalus. 

Elagabalus  killed  by  the  Prxtorian  guards  and  suc- 
ceeded by  Alexander. 

The  sixth  persecution  of  the  Christians.  Alexander 
killed  by  the  soldiers  and  succeeded  by  Maximin. 
In  the  reign  of  Alexander  flourished  Dion  Cassius, 
Origen,  and  Ammonius. 

Maximin  killed  by  the  soldiers  and  succeeded  by  the 
two  Gordians,  who  are  killed  by  Pupienus  and 
Balbinus, 

upienus  and  Balbinus  killed  by  the  soldiers  and  suc- 
ceeded by  Gordian. 

jordian  killed  and  succeeded  by  Philip. 

~hilip  killed  by  the  soldiers  and  succeeded  by  De- 
cius. 

Seventh  persecution  of  the  Christians, 

Decius  killed  in  battle  against  the  Goths  and  succeed- 
ed by  Gallus-. 

alms  killed  and  succeeded  by  ./Emilianus,  who  is 
soon  killed  by  his  soldiers  and  succeeded  by  Vale- 
riaij. 

Eighth  persecution  of  the  Christians. 

Valerian  taken  by  Sapor  king  of  Persia,  by  whom  he 
is  kept  prisoner,  and  at  length  flayed  alive. 

Gallienus  succeeds  Valerian.    The  thirty  pretenders 
to  the  empire  called  the  thirty  tyrants, 
allienus  killed  by  the  soldiers  and  succeeded  by 
Claudius. 

Claudius  dies  and  is  succeeded  by  Aurelian. 

S"inth  persecution  of  the  Christians. 
Zenobia  defeated  by  Aurelian  at  Edessa.     Age  of 
Longinus. 

Aurelian    killed   and   succeeded    by   Tacitus,  who 


Xlll 


A.U.C. 

B.C. 

1035 

282 

1037 

284 

1039 

286 

1056 

303 

1057 

304 

1059 

306 

1065 

1072 
1077 
1078 
1081 

312 
319 
324 
325 
328 

1083 

330 
331 

337 

340 
350 
360 
363 
364 

410 

426 

447 

455 
474 
476 

529 

581 

622 

632 

reigned  only  six  months,  and  was  succeeded  bjr 
Probus. 

Probus  killed  by  his  soldiers  and  succeeded  by  Cams 
and  his  two  sons,  Carinus  and  Numerianus. 

Cams  killed  by  lightning  and  succeeded  by  Diocle- 
sian,. Carausius  in  Britain. 

Dioclesian  takes  Maximianus  as  his  partner  in  the 
empire. 

Tenth  persecution  of  the  Christians,  which  continues 
ten  years. 

Dioclesian  and  Maximianus  abdicate  the  empire,  and 
are  succeeded  by  Constantius  Chlorus  and  Gale- 
rius. 

Constantius  dies,  and  is  succeeded  by  his  son  Con- 
stantine  the  Great. 

Maxentius  defeated  and  killed  by  Constantine. 

Constantine  begins  to  favour  the  Christians. 

Licinius  defeated  and  banished  by  Constantine. 

The  first  general  Council  of  Nice, 

The  seat  of  Empire  removed  from  Rome  to  Constan- 
tinople. 

Solemn  dedication  of  Constantinople. 

Constantine  orders  all  the  heathen  temples  to  be  des- 
troyed. 

Death  of  Constantine  and  succession  of  his  three  sons, 
Constantine,  Constans,  and  Constantius, 

Constantine  killed  by  Constans  at  Aquileia. 

Constans  killed  in  Spain  by  Magnentius. 

Death  of  Constantius:  succession  of  Julian. 

Death  of  Julian:  succession  of  Jovian. 

Death  of  Jovian.  Division  of  the  empire  into  Eastern 
and  Western;  the  former  being  governed  by  Va- 
lens,  the  latter  by  Valentinian. 

Rome  taken  and  plundered  by  Alaric  king  of  the 
Visigoths. 

The  Romans  leave  Britain. 

Attila  king  of  the  Huns,  surnamed  the  Scourge  of 
God,  ravages  Europe. 

Rome  taken  by  Genseric  king  of  the  Vandals. 

Augustulus,  last  Emperor  of  the  West. 

The  Western  empire  destroyed  by  Odoacer  king  of 
the  Heruli,  who  assumes  the  title  of  King  of  all 
Italy. 

Justinian  publishes  his  celebrated  Code,  and  four 
years  after,  his  Digest  Age  of  Belisarius. 

About  this  time  Latin  ceases  to  be  the  language  of 
Italy. 

Vlahomet,  in  his  53d  year,  flies  from  Mecca  to  Me- 
dina, on  Friday,  July  16,  which  forms  the  first  year 
of  the  Hegira,  or  Mahometan  xra. 

Jcath  of  Mahomet. 


XIV 


A.u.c.B.G. 

637 
640 

732 
800 


1096 
1099 
1188 
1453 


Jerusalem  taken  by  the  Saracens. 

Alexandria  taken  by  the  Saracens  and  the  library 
destroyed. 

Battle  of  Poictiers,  in  which  the  Saracens  are  defeat- 
ed and  driven  out  of  France  by  Charles  Martel. 

Charlemagne  crowned  emperor  of  Rome  and  of  the 
Western  empire. 

The  first  Crusade. 

Jerusalem  taken  by  the  Crusaders. 

.Third  Crusade,  and  seige  of  Acre. 

May  28,  Mahomet  II.  takes  Constantinople,  and  puts 
an  end  to  the  Eastern  empire. 


NOTE. 


ON  THE  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE. 


THE  dates  in  this  table  are  taken  from  Blair's  Chronology,  and 
contain  the  principal  events  of  antient  history,  most  of  which  were 
selected  by  Dr.  Lempriere  in  the  introduction  to  his  useful  and 
popular  work  the  Classical  Dictionary. 

In  order  to  find  the  year  of  the  Olympiad,  or  the  year  of  Rome 
in  which  any  event  happened,  of  which  we  know  the  date  in  years 
before  Christ,  we  have  to  consider  that  the  first  Olympiad  took 
place  776  years  before  Christ,  and  that  Rome  was  founded  755 
years  B.C. 

Hence  we  get  the  following  rules. 

To  find  the  Olympiad;  substract  the  given  year  before  Christ 
from  776,  divide  the  remainder  by  4,  and  to  the  quotient  add  1  for 
the  current  year  of  it 

Thus,  the  battle  of  the  Granicus  was  fought  B.  C.  334.  There- 
fore, 

From     776 
Take     334 

4)442 

110    ,     2 
1.         1 

111.         3' 

That  is,  the  battle  of  the  Granicus  was  fought  in  the  third  year 
of  the  11 1th  Olympiad. 


XVI 

Observe  that  as  an  Olympiad  is  a  space  of  4  years,  in  dividing 
the  sum  which  remains  after  subtraction,  by  4,  there  will  be  either 
no  remainder  or  a  remainder  of  1,  2,  or  3;  if  there  is  no  remain- 
der, then  adding  1,  we  shall  find  that  the  event  took  place  in  the 
first  year  of  the  Olympiad,  which  we  have  previously  found;  if 
a  remainder  of  1,  2,  or  3,  by  adding  the  1  for  the  current  year  in 
each  instance,  it  will  have  happened  in  the  2d,  3d,  or  4th  year. 
In  the  instance  above  given  there  was  a  remainder  of  2  after  di- 
vision, adding  1  to  which  shows  the  event  to  have  happened  in 
the  3d  year  of  the  Olympiad  (111)  previously  found.  To  find  the 
year  of  Rome;  subtract  the  given  year  B.C.  from  753;  to  the  re- 
mainder add  1  for  the  current  year,  and  it  will  give  the  year  of 
Rome — or  subtract  the  given  year  B.C.  from  754,  and  it  will  give 
the  year  of  Rome  without  any  addition. 
Thus  Caesar  was  killed  B.C.  44. 

From        753 

Take          44 

Remains   709 
Add      .        1 

710.A.U.C, 

Or  from     754 
Take    .      44 

710.A.U.C. 

Conversely. — Multiply  the  Olympiad  by  4,  to  the  product  add 
the  current  year  or  years  of  the  Olympiad,  and  from  the  whole- 
subtract  5* — then  subtract  the  remainder  from  776,  and  the  re- 
mainder will  be  the  year  B.C.  required. 
Thus  Ol.      111.     3 


444 
Add    .     .         3 

447 
Subtract  .         5 

442 


*  Becamfe  the  int  current  Olympiad  n  1  rears,  and  the  cui'reut  rear  i»  one  rcur. 


XV11 

Then,  from        776 
Take    ...        442 

Remains  .  .        334  B.C. 

or,  without  subtracting  the  5,  take  the  years  of  the  Olympiad 
found  as  above  from  781,  and  you  get  the  year  B.C.  required. 
Thus,  from        781 

Take    ...        447 



334  B.C. 

I  have  given  the  longer  rules  in  these  cases  for  the  sake  of 
showing  the  principle  —  the  shorter  are  better  for  practice. 

For  events  in  the  Roman  history  after  the  birth  of  Christ  we 
have  only  to  add  the  given  year  of  our  Lord  to  753,  to  get  the 
year  of  Rome;  or  subtract  753  from  the  given  year  of  Rome  to 
get  the  year  of  our  Lord. 

Thus  Varus  was  defeated  A.  D.       10 

753 


O 

f 


763A.U.C. 


Or  Varus  was  defeated  A.U.C.    763 

753 


10A.D. 


' 


ANTIEJVT  WORLD. 


CHAPTER  I. 


A,G.  (Antient  Geography)  PI.  I. 


THE  antient  Greeks  and  Romans  knew  only  the 
three  divisions  of  the  world — Europe,  Asia,  and 
Africa.  In  Europe  they  had  little  or  rather  no 
acquaintance  with  the  countries  North  of  Ger- 
many, now  Prussia,  Sweden,  Denmark,  and  Nor- 
way, which  they  called  Scandinavia,  and  thought 
to  consist  of  a  number  of  islands.  East  of  Ger- 
many and  North  of  the  Black  Sea,  was  Sarmatia, 
now  Russia,  equally  unknown  to  them.  In  Asia, 
they  knew  nothing  North  of  the  Caspian,  but  com- 
prehended all  the  country  under  the  general  name 
of  Scythia,  divided  into  Scythia  intra  Imaum  and 
Scythia  extra  Imaum ;  that  is,  on  either  side 
4 


26 

Mount  Imaus,  part  of  a  chain,  the  highest  point 
in  which  is  perhaps  Himmel  in  Thibet.  Still  East- 
ward, they  had  a  confused  notion  of  S erica,  or  the 
North-western  part  of  China,  as  an  undefined  con- 
tinuation of  Scythia.  India  they  knew  as  far  as 
the  Ganges,  and  even  mention  a  nation  called  Sinse, 
now  part  of  Cochin  China.  In  Africa  they  knew 
little  beyond  Lat.  10°  N.,  and  little  of  that  per- 
fectly, beyond  the  immediate  coast  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean and  banks  of  the  Nile. 


CHAPTER  II. 


ITALIA  ANTIQUA. 


A.G.  Pi.  I.  VII.  III. 


ITALY  (PI.  I.)  was  called  Hesperia*  by  the 
Greeks,  as  being  West  of  Greece.  It  was  called 
Italia  from  a  prince  of  the  name  of  Italus ;  Au- 
sonia  from  the  Ausones,  a  people  found  in  La- 
tium;  (Enotria  from  an  Arcadian  prince  called 
(Enotrus,  the  son  of  Lycaon,  who  settled  in  Lu- 
cania ;  Saturnia  f  from  having  been  the  fabled 
residence  of  Saturn,  after  his  expulsion  from 

*  Est  locus,  Hesperiam  Graii  cognomine  dicunt, 
Terra  antiqua,  potens  armis  atque  ubere  gleba; 
(Enotrii  coluere  viri;  mine  fama  minores 
Italiam  dixisse,  duels  de  nomine,  gentem.    Virg.  JEn,  I,  534. 

f  Augustus  Csesar,  Divum  genus;  aurea  condet 
Sacula  qui  rursus  Latio,  regnata  per  arva 
Saturno  quondam —  Virg.  JEn,  VI.  7S2. 

Salve,  magna  parens  frugum,  Saturnia  tellus, 

Magna  virum—  Virg.  Georg,  II,  13. 


28 

heaven  by  Jupiter.  It  was  bounded  on  the 
North  by  the  Alps :  on  the  West  by  the  Mare 
Tyrrhenum  sive  inferum,  or  Lower  Sea  ;  on  the 
East  by  the  Mare  Hadriaticum  sive  superum,  or 
Upper  Sea)  now  the  Gulf  of  Venice;  and  on 
the  South  by  the  Mare  Ionium,  or  Grecian  Sea,  so 
called,  because  this  sea  washes  on  one  side  Greece 
itself,  and  on  the  other  side  the  South  oi*  Italy, 
which,  under  the  name  of  Magna  Graecia,  antient- 
ly  contained  many  flourishing  Greek  Colonies. 
Italy  may  be  divided  into  three  parts,  Northern, 
Central,  and  Southern.  The  first  of  these  is  cal- 
led Gallia  Cisalpina,  or  Gaul  on  this  (i.  e.  the 
Roman)  side  the  Alps  ;  the  second  Italia  pro- 
pria,  or  Italy  properly  so  called ;  and  the  third 
Magna  Grsecia.  Its  principal  states  were  Gallia 
Cisalpina,  Etruria,  Umbria,  Picenum,  Latium, 
Campania,  Samnium  and  Hirpini,  Apulia,  Cala- 
bria, Lucania,  and  Bruttiorum  ager. 

Gallia  Cisalpina  (PL  VII.)  extended  from  the 
Maritime  Alps  and  the  river  Varus,  or  Var,  to 
the  shores  of  the  Adriatic,  and  was  also  called 
Gallia  togata,  from  their  use  of  the  Roman  toga. 
It  contained  Liguria,  on  the  coast  at  the  bend 
or  knee  of  the  boot,  where  is  Genua,  now  the  ter- 
ritory and  Gulf  of  Genoa.  North-west  of  them 
were  the  Taurini,  or  Piedmontese,  whose  capital, 
Augusta,  still  retains  the  name  of  Turin.  North- 
east of  Gallia  Cisalpina  are  the  Veneti  and  Carni, 


29 

at  the  top  of  the  Sinus  Hadriaticus.     North-west 
of  the  Veneti  are  the  Euganei. 

The  principal  Cities  in  Gallia  Cisalpina  are,  Mediola- 
num,  now  Milan,  among  the  Insubres,  near  the  Raudii 
Campi,  where  Marius  defeated  the  Cimbri,  A.U.C.  653. 
A.C.  100;  and  Ticinum,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ticinus, 
now  Pavia.  Eastward  of  Ticinum  is  Cremona,  and  still 
Eastward  is  Mantua*,  on  the  river  Mincius,  now  Mincio, 
the  birth-place  of  Virgil,  both  which  still  retain  their 
antient  names.  Between  them  is  Bedriacum,  now  Civi- 
dala,  where  Otho  was  defeated  by  the  generals  of  Vitel- 
lius,  A.D.  69.  North-west  of  Mantua  is  Brixia,  now 
Brescia,  and  still  North-west  is  Bergomium,  now  Ber- 
gamo; West  of  which  is  Comum,  at  the  South  end  of  the 
Lacus  Larius,  now  the  lake  of  Como,  the  birth-place  of 
the  younger  Pliny,  nephew  to  the  naturalist.  North- 
east of  Mantua,  among  the  Veneti,  is  Verona,  on  the 
river  Athesis,  or  Jldige,  the  birth-place  of  Catullus  and 
Pliny  the  naturalist ;  to  the  East  of  this,  Patavium,  or 
Padua,  the  birth-place  of  Livy,  said  to  have  been  founded 
by  Antenor  ;  and  South  of  it,  Hadria,  which  gives  name 
to  the  Adriatic.  Among  the  Garni  are,  Forum  Julii,  now 
Fruili,  and  to  the  South,  Aquileia,  which  still  retains  its 
name,  though  not  its  consequence.  On  the  Sinus  Terges- 
tinus,  East  of  Aquileia,  is  the  river  Timavus  t,  and  then 

*  Mantua,  vas  misers  nimium  vicina  Cremonae. 

rirg.  Eel,  IX.  28. 

t  Antenor  potuit,  mediis  elapsus  Achivis, 
Illyricos  penetrare  sinus,  atque  intima  tutus. 
Regna  Liburnorum  et  fontem  superare  Timavi. 
*  *  *  * 

Hie  tamen  ille  urbem  Patavi,  sedesque  locavit 
Teucrorum —  Virg.  JEn,  I,  242. 


30 

Tergeste,  now  Trieste,  in  Carniola.     All  these  countries* 
are  in  that  division  of  Gallia  Cisalpina  called  Gallia  Trans- 
padana,  or  Gaul  North  of  the  Po.     In  Gallia  Cispadana, 
or  Gaul  South  of  the  Po,  is  Placentia,  now  Piacenza, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Trebia,  where  Hannibal  gained 
his  second  victory  over  the  Romans,  B.C.  218,  A.U.C. 
536.     South-east  of  it  is  Parma,  which  still  retains  its 
name  ;  then  Mutina.  now  Modena,  (where  Decimus  Bru- 
tus was  besieged,  after  the  death  of  Caesar,  by  the  forces 
of  M.  Antony,  but  was  rescued  by  the  last  of  the  free 
Roman  Consuls,  Pansa  and  Hirtius,  who  were  both  kil- 
led the  same  day,  the  year  in  which  Ovid  was  born  *, 
April   15.  B.C.  43,    A.U.C.   711,)  and  Bononia,  now 
Bologna.     On  the  coast  is  Ravenna,   celebrated  for  a 
port  and  arsenal  made  there  by  Augustus  as  a  rendez- 
vous for  his  fleets  in  the  Adriatic ;  afterwards,  for  its 
having  been  the  residence  of  the  Emperors  of  the  West, 
in  the  fifth  century,  when  Rome  was  possessed  by  the 
Barbarians  ;  and,  after  that,  for  its  being  the  seat  of  the 
Exarch,  or  Governor  appointed  by  the  Emperors  of  the 
East,  when  Italy  was  in  possession  of  the  Lombards.    It 
was  remarkably  ill  supplied  with  water  till  it  became  the 
seat  of  government,  which  it  was  considered  till  the  mid- 
dle of  the  eighth  century,  t 

*  Editus  ego  sum, 

Cum  cecidit  fato  consul  uterque  pari.     Ov.  Trist.  IV,  10. 

f  Sit  cisterna  mihi,  quam  vinea,  malo  Ravennae, 
Cum  possim  multo  vendere  plans  aquam. 

*  *  *  * 

Callidus  imposuit  nuper  mihi  caupo  Ravenna: 
Cum  peterem  mixtum,  vendidit  ille  merum. 

Martial  III,  56  &  ST. 


31 

The  principal  Mountains  of  Gallia  Cisalpina.  are  the 
Alps,  which  in  yarious  parts  of  their  course  received 
various  denominations.  Near  the  mouth  of  the  Varus 
or  Var,  at  the  Western  extremity  of  Liguria,  they  were 
called  the  Alpes  Maritimse,  or  Maritime  Alps.  Advanc- 
ing in  a  Northern  direction,  they  were  called  the  Alpes 
Cottiae,  now  Mount  Genever.*  Still  North,  where  they 
begin  to  turn  to  the  East,  Alpes  Graiae,  now  Little 
St.  Bernard.  Then  Alpes  Penninse  (from  Pen,  a  sum- 
mit); and  Alpes  Surnmae,  now  Great  St.  Bernard  and 
St.  Gothard.  Still  Eastward  were  the  Alpes  Lepontiae, 
which  separate  Italy  from  the  Helvetii,  or  Swiss;  Alpes 
Rhaeticae,  which  separates  it  from  Rhaetia  and  Vindelicia, 
now  in  the  country  of  the  Grisons;  and  the  Alpes  Juliae, 
or  Carnicae,  which  separate  it  from  Noricum  and  Panno- 
nia,  now  the  Tyrol,  Carinthia,  and  Stiria.  The  Apen- 
nines branch  off*  from  the  Maritime  Alps,  and  run  nearly 
through  the  middle  of  the  whole  of  Italy,  from  North  to 
South. 

The  Rivers  in  Gallia  Cisalpina  are,  the  Padus,  or  Po, 
called  also  Eridanust,  which  rises  among  the  Cottian 
Alps,  and  runs  from  West  to  East,  through  the  middle 
of  the  country,  till  it  falls  into  the  Adriatic  near  Hadria  ; 
the  Ticinus,  or  Tesino,  which  rises  not  far  from  the 
Rhone,  among  the  Lepontine  Alps  in  the  country  of 
the  Brenni  and  Genauni,  celebrated  by  Horace  as  sub- 


*  This  was  once  thought  the  most  probable  passage  of  Hanni- 
bal into  Italy,  but  recent  investigation  gives  it  in  favour  of  the  Lit- 
tle St.  Bernard. 


insano  contorqucns  vortice  sylvas 
Fluviorum  rex  Eridanus.  Virg.  Gcorg.  I.  462. 


32 

dued  by  Drusus*,  and  flows  through  the  Lacus  Ver- 
banus,  now  Lago  Maggiore,  into  the.Po,  near  Ticinum, 
or  Pavia  (it  was  here  that  the  Romans  were  first  de- 
feated by  Hannibal,  the  same  year  with  their  defeat 
atTrebia);  the  Minciust,  or  Mincio,  which  flows  from 
the  lake  Benacus  J,  Lago  di  Garda,  celebrated  by 
Virgil,  and  falls  into  the  Po  below  Mantua ;  and  the 
Trebia,  already  mentioned,  which  falls  into  the  Po,  in 
Gallia  Caspadana,  near  Placentia.  The  Athesis§,  or 
*ftdige,  rises  in  the  Rhaetian  Alps,  and  flowing  by  Vero- 
na, falls  into  the  Adriatic  above  the  Po.  Considerably 
below  Ravenna,  and  just  above  the  town  of  Ariminum, 
or  Rimini,  is  the  celebrated  stream  of  the  Rubico  ||, 
now  called  Fiumesino,  a  mountain  torrent,  or  rather  one 

*  Drusus  Genaunos,  impavidum  genus, 
Brennosque  veloces dejecit  Od.  IV.  4. 

f  Propter  aquam,  tardis  ingens  ubi  flexibus  errat 
Mincius.  Virg.  Georg.  III.  14. 

^  An  mare  quod  supra  memorem,  quodque  alluit  infra, 
Anne  lacus  tantos;  te,  Lari  maxime,  teque 
Fluctibus  et  fremitu  assurgens,  Benace,  marino. 

Virg.  Georg.  II.  158. 

§  Sive  Padi  ripis  Athesin  seu  propter  amoenum, 

Virg.  &n.  IX.  680. 

fj  Fonte  cadit  modico,  parvisque  impellitur  undis 
Puniceus  Rubicon,  cum  fervida  canduit  xstas: 
Perque  imas  serpit  valles,  et  Gallica  certus 
Limes  ab  Ausoniis  disterminat  arva  colonis. 

Turn  vires  prxbebat  hyems 

Cxsar  ut  adversam  superato  gurgite  ripam 

Attigit,  Hesperix  vetitis  et  constitit  arvis, 

Hie  ait,  hie,  pacem  temerataque  jura  relinquo; 

Te,  Fortuna,  sequor Lucan.  I.  212. 


33 

of  three  which  separates  Italia  Propria  from  Gallia  Cis- 
alpina;  but  which  was  crossed  by  Caesar,  when  he  ad- 
vanced to  make  himself  master  of  the  Roman  Empire ; 
an  act  equivalent  to  a  declaration  of  Civil  War,  as  he  then 
entered  Italy  with  his  army. 

The  first  province  in  Italia  Propria  was  Etruria, 
or  Tuscia,  reaching  to  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber. 
The  Etrurians  were  called  Tyrrheni  by  the 
Greeks,  and  are  supposed  to  have  been  originally 
a  colony  of  Mseonians.  from  Lydia*,  in  Asia  Mi- 
nor, and  were  remarkably  addicted  to  auguries  f 
and  soothsaying.  East  of  Etruria  were  the  Um- 
bri,  a  very  antient  nation,  whose  coast  along 
the  Adriatic  was  subsequently  occupied  by  the 
Galli  Senones.  Their  name  still  remains  in  Sena 
Gallica  now  Senigaglia.  Below  these  was  Pice- 
num,  celebrated  for  its  apples  J.  Below  Umbria 
were  the  Sabini,  separated  from  Latium  by  the 
river  Anio,  now  the  Teverone.  On  the  South  of 
the  Tiber  and  Anio  was  Latium  ;  and  on  the  South 

*  Hence  Horace,  addressing  Maecenas,  who  was  descended  from 
the  antient  Kings  of  Tuscany  : — 

Non  quia,  Maecenas,  Lydorum  quidquid  Etruscos 
Incoluit  fines  nemo,  generosior  est  te.  Hor.  Sat.  I.  6, 

f  Hence  Virg. 

Inflavit  cum  pinguis  ebur  Tyrrhenus  ad  aras, 
Lacinbus  et  pandis  fumantia  reddimus  exta. 

Georg.  II.  193. 

£  Hence  Hor. 

Picenis  cedunt  pomis  Tiburtia  succo.  Sat.  II. 

S 


34 

bank  of  the  Tiber,  just  below  their  junction,  is 
Rome.  The  river  Liris  separated  Latium  from 
Campania,  at  the  back  of  which  was  Samnium  and 
the  Hirpini. 

The  principal  Cities  in  Etruria  were  Pisae,  near  the 
coast,  now  Pisa;  above  it  Luca,  now  Lucca;  and  North- 
west, on  the  coast,  Luna,  near  Lerici*.  East  of  Pisae  is 
Florentia,  now  Florence,  and  Faesulae,  now  Fiesole;  and 
South-east  Arretium  Vetus,  now  Jlrezzo;  below  which 
is  Cortona,  which  keeps  its  name.  South  of  this  is  the 
Lacus  Trasimenus,  now  called  the  Lago  di  Perugia,  from 
Perugia,  antiently  Perusia,  near  its  South-eastern  ex- 
tremity. Near  this  lake  was  the  memorable  defeat  of 
the  Romans  by  Hannibal,  B.C.  217,  A.U.C.  537.  South 
of  Florentia  is  Sena,  now  Siena  ;  West  of  which  is  Vola- 
terras,  now  Volterra  ;  and  South-east  is  Clusium  on  the 
river  Clanis.  Below  Clusium  (PI.  VIII.)  is  Volsinii,  now 
Bolsena,  where  Sejanus  was  born.  South-east  is  Falerii, 
or  Falisci,  a  small  village,  now  Falari.  Among  the 
Falisci  was  Mons  Soracte,  mentioned  by  Horace  t. 
West  of  Falerii  is  Tarquinii,  from  whence  the  Tarquin 
family  came  to  Rome ;  and  below  Falerii  is  Veil.  West 
of  Veii  is  Caere,  or  Agylla,  now  Cer-Veteri.  North- 
west of  Caere,  on  the  coast,  is  the  port  of  Centum  Cellae, 
now  Civita  Vecchia,  the  chief  port  of  modern  Rome. 

In  Umbria  (PI.  VII.),  on  the  shore  of  the  Adriatic, 
near  the  Rubicon,  is  Ariminum,  now  Rimini;  below  is 

*  Est  operas  pretium  Lunas  cognoscere  portum.  JSnniu*. 

f  Vides  ut  alta  stet  nive  candidum 
Soracte /for,  Od.  I.  9, 


35 

Pisaurum,  or  Pesaro,  Sena  Gallica,  now  Senigaglia,  and 
Ancona,  which  retains  its  name.  South-west  of  which 
and  just  East  of  the  Lacus  Trasimenus,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Apennines,  is  Nuceria,  now  Nocera.  Considerably 
below  it  is  Spoletium,  now  Spoleto,  where  they  still  show 
the  gate  from  which  Hannibal  was  repulsed.  Somewhat 
East  of  Spoletium  is  Nursia,  now  Norsia,  and  East  of 
this,  Asculum,  now  JLscole. 

The  principal  Rivers  and  Lakes  in  Etruria  (PL  VII.) 
are,  the  Arnus,  or  <ftrno,  which  rises  in  the  Apennines, 
not  very  far  from  Florence,  and  flows  into  the  sea  near 
Pisa;  the  Tiber,  which  flows  principally  from  North  to 
South,  rising  in  the  Umbrian  Apennines,  and  receives 
the  Clanis,  or  Chiaca,  near  Vulsinii  (PI.  VIII.);  and  the 
Nar*,  or  Nera,  which  rises  near  Nursia,  and  receiving 
the  Velinus,  which  rises  near  the  Lake  Fucinus,  flows 
by  Reate,  now  Reati,  near  Interamna  or  Terni,  and  falls 
into  the  Tiber  near  Narnia  and  Ocriculum.  The  river 
Metaurus,  or  Metro,  celebrated  for  the  defeat  of  Asdru- 
bal,  the  brother  of  Hannibal,  by  the  Consuls,  Liv.  Sali- 
nator  and  Claudius  Nerot,  A.U.C.  547.  B.C.  207,  rises 
in  the  Umbrian  Apennines,  (PI.  VII.)  and  falls  into  the 
sea  South  of  Pisaurum. 

Below  the  Tiber  (PL  VIII.)  was  Latium,  in  which  is 
Ostia,  so  called  from  its  being  the  port  at  the  mouth  of 

*  Audiit  et  Triviae  longe  lacus,  audiit  amnis 
Sulphurea  Nar  albus  aqua.  Virg.  Mn.  VII,  516. 

f  Quid  debeas,  O  Roma,  Neronibus, 
Testis  Metaurum  flumen,  et  Asdrubal 
Devictus,  Hor.  Od,  IV.  4. 


36 

the  Tiber,  about  20  miles  from  Rome.  Below  it  is 
Antium  *,  now  Jlnzio  ;  and  below  it  Circeii,  celebrated 
in  the  time  of  Horace  and  Juvenal  for  its  oysters  t,  and 
fabled  as  the  residence  of  the  enchantress  Circe,  now 
called  Monte  Cir  cello.  Eastwards  is  Caieta,  now  Gaeta, 
celebrated  by  Virgil  as  the  burial-place  of  the  nurse  of 


Southward  are  the  small  islands  of  Pontia,  now  Ponza, 
and  Pandataria,  whither  Julia,  the  daughter  of  Augus- 
tus, was  banished.  Between  Circa3i  and  Caieta,  on  an 
eminence,  is  Anxur§,  called  also  Tarracina,  now  Terra- 
cina.  Here  the  celebrated  Pomptinae  Paludes,  or 
Pontine  Marshes,  end.  In  these  marshes  Marius  ||  hid 
himself,  and  was  dragged  out  from  them  with  a  rope 
round  his  neck,  to  the  neighbouring  prison  of  Min- 
turna.  About  twelve  miles  eastward  of  Rome  we 
have  Tusculum,  where  was  Cicero's  celebrated  villa, 

*  Here  was  the  famous  Temple  of  Fortune,  the  subject  of  the 
Ode  of  Horace. 

O  Diva  gratum  quae  regis  Antium.  Od.  I.  35. 

j  Ostrea  Circaeis,  Miseno  oriuntur  echini.          //or.  Sat.  II.  4. 
"  Circzeis  nata  forent,  an          , 

Lucrinam  ad  saxum,  Rutupinove  edita  fundo 
Ostrea  callebat  primo  dignoscere  morsu. 

Juvenal,  Sat.  IV.  140. 

$  Tu  quoque  littoribus  nostris,  /Eneia  nutrix, 
-/Eternam  moriens  famam,  Caieta,  dedisti. 

Vir%.  Mn.  VII   1. 

§  Impositum  saxis  late  candentibus  Anxur.         Hor.  Sat.  I.  5. 

|j  Hence  Juvenal,  speaking  of  Marius  :  — 

Exilium  et  career,  Mintumarumque  paludes 

Et  mendicatus  victa  Carthagine  panis.  Sat.  X,  276. 


37 

the  scene  of  his  Tusculan  Disputations;  it  is  now  called 
Frascati.  Praeneste  *,  the  retreat  of  Horace,  is  to  the 
East  of  this,  now  called  Palestrina.  South-east  of  Prae- 
neste is  Anagnia,  the  capital  of  the  antient  Hernici  ;  and 
still  South-east  is*  Arpinum,  or  Jlrpino,  the  birth-place 
of  Marius  and  Cicero. 

The  principal  Rivers  of  Latium  were,  the  Anio,  or 
Teverone,  which  rises  at'Treba  near  Anagnia,  and  pas- 
sing by  the  delightful  town  of  Tiburt,  celebrated  for  its 
cascades,  antiently  bounded  it  on  the  North-east;  and 
the  Liris,  which  rose  near  the  Lake  Fucinus  J,  not  very 
far  from  the  Anio,  and,  flowing  in  an  opposite  direction, 
falls  into  the  sea  ^near  Minturnae.  The  Liris  is  now 
called  the  Garigliano.  The  small  river  Fibrenus,  which 
ran  by  Cicero's  paternal  villa,  falls  into  it  not  far  from 
Arpinum. 

The  city  of  Rome  itself  (PL  XXI.)  was  built  on  seven 
hills  §:  Mons  Palatinus,  in  the  centre,  then  Capitolinus, 
Quirinalis,  Viminalis,  Esquilinus,  Coelius,  Aventinus  ; 

*  Trojani  belli  scriptorem,  maxime  Lolli, 
Bum  tu  declamas  Roma,  Praeneste  relegi.     //or.  Ejiist.  II.  6. 

|  Tibur  Argseo  positum  colono 
Sit  mes  sedes  utinam  senectse.  Hor.  Od.  II.  6. 

Domus  Albunex  resonantis, 

Et  prxceps  Anio,  et  Tiburni  lucus,  et  uda 

Mobilibus  pomaria  rivis.  Hor.  Od.  I.  7. 

jf.  Te  nemus  Angitize,  vitrea  te  Fucinus  unda, 
Te  liquid!  flevere  lacus.  Virg.  JEn.  VII.  T59. 

§  Hence  Horace  : — 
Diis  quibus  septem  placuerc  colks,  Carm.  Sxc.  7. 


38 

the  most  extreme*,  North  and  South,  were  Quirinalis 
and  Aventinus.  On  the  Esquiliaet  were  the  splendid 
palace  and  gardens  of  Maecenas.  On  the  Palatine  Hill 
was  the  celebrated  Palatine  library  J  of  Augustus.  This 
was  the  first  inhabited  part  of  Rome ;  and  is  sometimes 
put  by  way  of  eminence  for  the  whole  §.  Indeed,  here 
was  the  residence  of  Romulus  and  the  Roman  Kings,  of 
Augustus  and  the  Roman  Emperors;  whence  Palatium 
has  ever  since  been  applied  to  the  residence  of  a 
monarch.  On  Mons  Capitolinus  was  the  Capitol,  and 
Tarpeian  Rock.  Mons  Aventimjs  was  the  burying- 
place  of  Remus  ;  hence  it  was  looked  upon  as  a  place  of 
ill  omen  ||.  Between  the  Collis  Capitolinus,  Quirinalis, 
and  the  Tiber,  was  the  Campus  Martins,  the  principal 
situation  of  modern  Rome  ;  and  opposite  Mons  Pala- 
tinus,  across  the  Tiber,  on  the  Tuscan  side,  was  the 
Janiculum.  The  Collis  Hortulorum,  now  Monte  Pincio, 
on  which  were  the  gardens  of  Sallust.  is  a  sort  of  con- 
tinuation of  the  Quirinal  Hill  in  a  North-west  direc- 
tion. At  the  foot  of  the  Capitol  was  the  Forum 

*  Hence  Horace  : — 

Cubat  hie  in  colle  Quirini, 

Hie  extreme  in  Aventino  :  visendus  uterque  : 

Intervalla  vides  humane  commoda.  Efiist.  II.  2. 

f  Nunc  licet  Esquiliis  habitare  salubribus,  atque 

Aggere  in  aprico  spatiari,  qua  modo  tristes 

Albis  informem  spectabant  ossibus  agrum.  Hor.  Sat.  I.  8. 
t  Scripta  Palatinus  quaecunque  recepit  Apollo.  Hor.  Efiist.  1. 3. 
$  Hence  Hor. — 

Si  Palatinas  videt  aequus  arces 

Remque  Romanam  Latiumque  felix.  Carm.  Saec.  65. 

||  Ut  immerentis  fluxit  in  terram  Remi 
Sacer  nepotibus  cruor.  //or.  Efiod.  VII.  18. 


39 

Romanum,  and  on  one  side  of  it  the  famous  Milliarium 
aureum,  er  Golden  Milestone,  from  which  all  the  Roman 
roads  were  measured.  This  curious  monument  was  dis- 
covered in  1823.  The  nations  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  Rome,  during  the  earlier  periods  of  the  Roman  history 
(PI.  VIII.  XXL),  were,  the  Latini  below  Rome  ;  the 
JEqui  East,  and  Hernici  South-east  of  Rome ;  the 
Volsci  South-westward;,  and  Aurunci  below  them,  on  the 
coast  of  Latium,  towards  Campania  ;  the  Marsi  East  of 
theJEqui;  the  Sabini  North-east  of  Rome;  and  to  the 
North-west  of  it,  the  Veientes. 

Below  Latium  (PL  VIII.),  and  separated  from  it  by 
the  Liris,  was  Campania,  now  Campagna,  and  part  of 
the  Kingdom  of  Naples.  The  chief  city  of  Campania 
was  Capua,  on  the  river  Vulturnus,  celebrated  for  the 
luxury  of  its  inhabitants  ;  and  below  it,  on  the  coast,  is 
the  no  less  celebrated  city  of  Neapolis,  a  Greek  colony, 
which  is  now  Naples.  Neapolis  was  antiently  called 
Parthenope,  from  the  name  of  one  of  the  Sirens,  said 
to  have  lived  there  :  and  was  the  favourite  residence  of 
Virgil*,  who  is  said  to  be  buried  near  the  promontory 
of  Misenum.  Baiae  and  Puteoli  were  on  the  opposite 
sides  of  a  bay  a  little  West  of  Naples,  and  celebrated 
for  the  residence  of  the  Roman  nobility  t,  who  built  here 
magnificent  palaces.  The  former  of  these  is  now  called 
Baja,  the  latter  Pozzuolo.  Misenum,  which  received 
its  name  from  the  trumpeter  of  ^Eneas,  whose  death  is 

*  Illo  Virgilium  me  tempore  dulcis  alebat 

Parthenope  studiis  fiorentem  ignobilis  oti. 

Virg.  Georg.  IV.  563. 
|  Marisque  Bails  obstrepentis  urges 

Summovere  littora.  //or.  Od.  II.  18, 


40 

recorded  by  Virgil  *,  was  the  station  of  the  Roman  fleet 
in  the  Lower  sea ;  and  North  of  it  was  Cuijise  t,  the 
residence  of  the  Cumsean  Sybil,  the  conductress  of 
vEneas  to  the  shades  below.  Opposite  the  promontory 
of  Misenum  are  the  islands  of  Prochyta,  now  Procida, 
and  Pithecusa,  or  yEnaria,  now  Ischia,  and  on  the  South 
side  of  the  bay  called  Crater,  is  the  island  of  Capreae,  or 
Capri,  infamous  for  the  cruelties  and  debaucheries  of 
Tiberius  J.  East  of  Naples  is  Nola,  where  bells  are 
said  to  have  been  first  invented,  thence  called  Nolae,  or 
Campanae,  and  at  the  Northern  point  of  the  Sinus 
Passtanus  is  Salernum,  now  Salerno.  North-west  of 
Capua  are  Teanum  and  Suessa  Auruncorum,  now 
Tiano  and  Sezza  §  ;  the  former  of  these  places  was  a 
favourite  residence  of  the  Roman  nobility.  Above  them, 
on  the  confines  of  Latium,  was  Venafrum,  or  Venafro, 
celebrated  for  its  olives  ||  and  oil.  The  celebrated  vine- 
yards IF  of  Falernum  were  about  Cales  near  Teanum ;  the 

*  Illi  Misenum  in  littore  sicco, 

Ut  venere,  vident  indigna  morte  peremptum  ; 

Misenum  ./Eoliden,  quo  non  prsestantior  alter 

J&re  ciere  viros  Martemque  accendere  cantu. 

Virg.  JEn.  VI.  162. 
f  Laudo  tamen  vacuis  quod  sedem  figere  Cumis 

Destinat  atque  unum  civem  donare  Sibyllse.    Juv.  Sat.  III.  2. 
\  Principis  angusta  Caprearum  in  rupe  sedentis. 

Ju-v.  Saf,  X.  83. 
§  Cras  ferramenta  Teanum 

Tolletis  fabri.  Hor.  Efiist.  I.  1. 

||  Pressa  Venafranac  quod  bacca  remisit  olivse      Hor.  Sat.  II.  4. 
^f  Csecubum,  et  praelo  domitam  Caleno 

Tu  bibes  uvam.     Mea  nee  Falernze 

Temperant  vites,  neque  Formiani 

Pocula  colles.  Hor.  Od.  I.  20. 


41 

Csecubus  Ager  near  Formiae  and  Caieta  ;  and  the  Mons 
Massicus  near  Sinuessa. 

The  principal  Rivers  of  Campania  are,  the  Liris,  al- 
ready described,  and  Vulturnus,  or  Volturno,  which  rises 
in  the  Apennines,  in  Samnium,  and  falls  into  the  sea  a 
little  above  Liternum,  the  burial-place  of  Scipio  Afri- 
canus  ;  East  of  which  is  Atella,  where  the  Latin  farces 
called  Ludi  Atellani  originated. 

The  celebrated  Lucrine*  Lake  was  opposite  to 
Puteoli,  near  to  Lake  Avernus,  It  is  now  only  a  muddy 
pool,  having  a  conical  hill  in  its  centre,  which  rose  in 
one  night  from  a  subaqueous  volcano. 

Vesuvius  is  the  principal  Mountain  in  Campania ; 
though  it  does  not  appear  to  have  been  a  volcano  in 
the  days  of  Virgil,  who  merely  celebrates  the  fertility  of 
the  soil  t.  The  first  eruption  of  Vesuvius  which  we  have 
on  record  is  that  A.D.  79,  when  the  cities  of  Pompeii, 
Herculaneum,  and  Stabias,  were  overwhelmed  with 
ashes,  and  the  elder  Pliny  lost  his  life  by  approaching 
too  near  the  volcano. 

At  the  back  of  Latium  and  Campania  are  Samnium 
and  Hirpini  ;  the  two  first  cities  of  which,  beyond  Cam- 

*  An  memorem  portus,  Lucrinoque  addita  claustra, 
Atque  indignatum  magnis  stridoribus  sequor : 
Julia  qua  ponto  longe  sonat  unda  refuso 
Tyrrhenusque  fretis  immittitur  sestus  Avt?rnis  ? 

Virg.  Georg.  II.  161. 

t  Talem  dives  arat  Capua  et  vicina  Vesevo 

Ora  jugo.  pirg,  Georg.  II,  224, 


pania,  are  Caudium,  South-east  of  Capua,  celebrated  for 
the  ignominious  defeat  of  the  Romans,  by  the  Samnite 
General  Pontius,  at  the  Furculae  Caudinae,  A.U.C.  433. 
B.C.  321.,  and  North-east  of  this,  Beneventum,  or  Bene- 
vento,  originally  called  Maleventum,  but  which  changed 
its  name  for  one  of  more  favourable  omen.  Here 
Pyrrhus  was  defeated  by  Curius,  and  retired  to  Epirus, 
B.C.  274,  A.U.C.  480.  The  Furcuhe  Caudinse  are 
still  called  Forchie.  Northwards,  in  Samnium,  properly 
so  called,  is  Allifae,  antiently  celebrated  for  its  manufac- 
ture of  pottery  *,  and  considerably  North-west,  ^Esernia, 
now  Isernia.  Above,  bordering  on  the  Sabines,  were 
the  Marsi,  celebrated  for  their  valour  t,  and  East  of 
them  the  Peligni ;  these  two  Samnite  tribes  were  reputed 
to  possess  great  skill  in  magic  J. 

Marrubium,  the  principal  City  of  the  Marsi,  was 
situated  on  the  South-eastern  side  of  the  Lake  Fucinus, 
now  Lago  di  Celano.  Among  the  Peligni  was  Corfi- 
nium,  and,  a  little  lower,  Sulmo,  now  Sulmona,  where 
Ovid  was  born  §.  On  the  Coast  of  the  Adriatic  were  the 

*  Invertunt  Allifanis  vinaria  tota,  Hor.  Sat.  II.  8. 

f  Hasc  genus  acre  virum,  Marsos  pubemque  Sabellam, 
Assuetumque  malo  Ligurem,  Volscosque  verutos, 
Extulit.  Virg.  Georg.  II.  167. 

^  •  Nee  vocata  mens  tua 

Marsis  redibit  vocibus.  Hor.  Ejiod.  V,  75. 

Quid  proderit  ditasse  Pelignas  anus 

Velociusve  miscuisse  toxicum.  Hor.  Ejiod.  XVIII.  8. 

§  Sulmo  mihi  patria  est  gelidis  uberrimus  undis, 

Millia  qui  novies  distat  ab  urbe  decem,       Ov,  Trial.  IV.  10. 


43 

Samnite  tribes  of  the  Vestini,  Marrucini,  and  Frentani. 
This  part  of  Italy  is  now  called  Jlbruzzo.  Among  the 
Vestini  is  Amiternum.  The  principal  River  in  Sam- 
nium  is  the  Sagrus,  or  Sangro. 

The  remainder  of  Italy  is  called  Magna  Grsecia, 
from  the  number  of  Grecian  colonies  which  it  con- 
tained. It  is  divided  into  the  principal  provinces 
of  Apulia,  Messapia,  or  Japygia,  (called  also  Cala- 
bria,) Lucania,  and  the  country  of  the  Bruttii,  or 
Bruttiorum  Ager. 

Apulia  is  now  called  Puglia ;  its  coast  was  called 
Daunia,  from  Daunus,  an  antient  King  of  Apulia,  who 
was  the  father-in-law  of  Diomede.  Diomede  settled 
here  after  the  Trojan  war,  and  founded  the  city  of 
Arpi  *,  still  so  called.  A  little  Eastward  on  the  coast, 
was  Sipontum,  near  the  present  city  of  Manfredonia. 
West  of  Arpi,  and  bordering  on  Samnium,  is  Luceria, 
or  Lucera,  celebrated  for  its  wool  t.  Towards  Lucania 
is  Venusia,  now  Venosa,  the  birth-place  of  Horace  J,  and 
near  it  Bantia  §  and  Acheronita,  or  <flcerenza,  and  Feren- 

*  Atque  iterum  in  Teucros  ^Etolis  surgit  ab  Arpis 

Tydides.  Virg.  JEn.  X,  23, 

f  Te  lanas  prope  nobilem 
Tonsse  Luceriam,  non  cithare,  decent.        Hor.  Od.  III.  15. 

$  '  Lucanus  an  Appulus  anceps, 

Nam  Venusinus  arat  finem  sub  utrumque  colonus. 

Hor.  Sat.  II.  1. 

§  Quicunque  celsse  nidum  Acherontisc, 
Saltusque  Bantinos,  et  arvum 

Pingiie  tenent  humilis  Ferenti.  Hor.  Od.  III.  4. 


44 

turn,  places  only  memorable  for  having  been  recorded 
by  him.  North  of  Venusia  is  Canusium,  or  Canosa, 
built  by  Diomede*,  and  a  little  Eastward  of  Canusium 
is  Cannae,  the  fatal  scene  of  defeat  and  slaughter  to  the 
Romans,  in  the  dreadful  battle  against  Hannibal,  May 
21st,  A.U.C.  538.  B.C.  216.  The  country  between 
Apulia  and  Messapia  was  antiently  called  Peucetia,  the 
principal  city  of  which  was  Barium  t,  frequented  by 
fishermen. — The  principal  River  of  Apulia  was  the  J 
Aufidus  or  Ofanto,  a  violent  Appennine  stream,  which 
falls  into  the  sea  near  Cannae.  In  the  spur  of  the  boot 
was  Mons  Garganus  §,  celebrated  for  its  oak  groves,  and 
now  called  Monte  St.  Jlngdo ;  and  near  Venusia  was 
Mons  Vultur  ||  bordering  on  Lucania,  frequented  by 
the  infant  Horace. 

Below  Apulia  is  Messapia,  or  Japygia,  containing  two 

*  Qui  locus  a  forti  Diomede  est  conditus  olim.     Hor.  Sat.  I.  5. 
f  Bari  mcenia  piscosi.  Hor.  Sat.  I.  5. 

^  Sic  tauriformis  volvitur  Aufidus, 
Qui  regna  Dauni  perfiuit  Appuli, 
Cum  ssevit  horrendamque  cultis 

Diluviem  meditatur  agris.  Hor.  Od.  IV.  14. 

§  Garganum  mugire  putes  nemus.  Hor.  Efiist.  II.  1. 

.  Aut  Aquilonibus 

Querceta  Gargani  laborant.  Hor.  Od.  II.  9. 

||  Me  fabulosje  Vulture  in  Appulo 
Altricis  extra  limen  Apulix, 
Ludo  fatigatumque  somno 

Fronde  nova  puerum  palumbes 
Texere.  Hor.  Od.  III.  4. 


45 

nations,  the  Calabri  on  the  North-east,  and  the  Salentini 
on  the  South-western  side  of  the  heel  of  Italy.  The 
Calabri  have  given  to  this  country  the  general  name  of 
Calabria.  On  the  Adriatic  is  Brundusium,  or  Brindisi, 
the  principal  port  for  the  passengers  from  Greece  to  Italy. 
Horace  has  described  the  road  from  Rome  to  this  place 
in  the  fifth  satire  of  his  first  book.  Below  it  is  Rudise, 
the  birth-place  of  Ennius,  the  friend  of  Scipio  Africanus 
and  father  of  Latin  poetry  *,  whose  bust  was  placed  on 
the  tomb  of  the  Scipios  ;  and  still  lower  Hydruntum, 
now  Otranto.  The  extreme  promontory  of  the  heel  of 
Italy  was  called  Japygium,  or  Salentinum  Promontorium  ; 
above  it  is  Matinum;  celebrated  for  its  beest.  At  the 
top  of  the  heel,  at  the  West,  is  Tarentnm,  now  Tarento, 
founded  by  the  Lacedaemonians. — The  most  celebrated 
River  of  Calabria  is  the  small  stream  of  the  Galesus  J, 
or  Galeso. 

Below  Campania  and  Apulia  is  Lucania,    the  first  city 
of  which,  under  Campania,  is  Paestum,  now  Pesti,  on 


Ennius  emeruit,  Calabris  in  montibus  ortus, 
Contiguus  poni,  Scipio  magne,  tibi. 

Ovid.  De  Art.  Am.  III.  400. 
i  Ego  apis  Matinae 

More  modoque 

T 
Grata  carpentis  thyma  per  laborem 

Plurimum,  circa  nemus  uvidique 
Tiburis  ripas  operosa  parvus 

Carmina  fingo.  Hor,  Od,  IV.  2. 

Dulce  pellitis  ovibus  Galesi 
Flumen,  et  regnata  petam  Laconi 
Rura  Phalanto,  Hor,  Od*  II.  6. 


46 

the  coast,  celebrated  for  its  roses  *  ;  this  city  was  called 
by  the  Greeks  Posidonia,  in  honour  of  Neptune.  Below 
is  Helea  or  Velia,  mentioned  by  Horace  t.  On  the 
coast  of  the  Tarentine  bay  was  Metapontum,  the  cele- 
brated school  of  Pythagoras,  who  died  there  B.C.  497.; 
below  it,  Heraclea,  of  which  Zeuxis  was  a  native,  and 
Archias,  Cicero's  friend,  was  made  a  citizen ;  and  Sybaris, 
or  Thurium,  so  celebrated  for  the  effeminacy  of  its  in- 
habitants, that  a  Sybarite  became  a  term  of  reproach  for 
luxurious  and  dissolute  persons. 

The  principal  rivers  in  Lucania  are,  the  Silarus,  or 
SilarOj  which  rises  in  the  Apennines,  and  falls  into  the 
Mare  Tyrrhenum,  near  Mount  Alburnus  and  Paestum, 
the  banks  of  which  were  much  infested  by  the  gad-fly  J  ; 
the  Aciris,  or  tflgri,  the  Bradanus,  or  JBradano,  and  the 
Sybaris,  rise  in  the  Apennines,  and  flow  into  the  Gulf 
of  Tarentum. 

South  of  Lucania  are  the  Bruttii. — Near  the  Mare 
Tyrrhenum,  a  little  inland,  is  Consentia,  now  Consenza. 
— Quite  in  the  toe  of  Italy,  on  the  strait  which  di- 
vides it  from  Sicily,  is  Rhegium,  now  Regio  ;  and  on  the 
opposite  coast  of  Italy,  on  the  Ionian  Sea,  are  the  Locri 


*  —  Biferique  rosaria  Pxsti.  Virg.  Georg.  IV.  119. 

f  Quid  sit  hyms  Velise,  quid  cesium,  Vala,  Salerni. 

Hor.  Ejiist.  I.  15. 

^  Est  lucos  Silari  circum  ilicibusque  virentem 
Plurimus  Alburnum  volitans,  cui  nomen  asilo 
Romanum  est,  cestron  Graii  vertere  vocantes. 

Virg.  Georg.  III.  146. 


47 

Epi-Zephyrii,  so  called  from  the  promontory  of  Zephy- 
rium,  a  little  below  it.  Above  Locri  is  Scylacium,  now 
Squillaci,  and  above  it,  after  the  shore  has  bent  to  the 
East,  is  the  promontory  of  Lacinium  *,  now  called  Capo 
delict  Colonna,  from  a  column  of  a  celebrated  temple  of 
Juno  Lacinia  still  remaining.  A  little  North  is  Croto, 
or  Crotona,  the  birth-place  of  the  famous  Olympic  victor 
Milo,  and  once  a  flourishing  city,  and  celebrated  school 
of  Pythagoreans.  Above  this  is  Petiliat,  built  by  Phi- 
loctetes,  after  his  return  from  the  Trojan  war  ;  and  above 
it  Roscianum,  now  Rosano. 

The  principal  Rivers  of  the  Bruttii  are,  the  Crathes, 
or  Crati,  which  rises  in  the  Apennines,  not  far  from 
Consentia,  and  falls  into  the  Tarentine  bay,  flowing  by 
Sybaris  ;  and  the  Neaethes,  or  Neto,  which  rises  in  the 
same  vicinity,  and  falls  into  the  sea  near  Petilia. 

The  principal  Roman  Roads  (PL  XXI. )  were  the  Via 
Appia,  from  Rome  to  Brundusium ;  the  Flaminia,  from 
Rome  to  Arimium  ;  the  Aurelia,  by  the  coast  of  Etru- 
ria,  to  Liguria  and  Gallia,  near  Nice  ;  and  the  Claudia, 
which  branched  off  from  the  Flaminia,  at  the  Pons 
Milvius,  near  Rome,  and  proceeding  through  the  more 
inland  part  of  Etruria,  joined  the  Via  Aurelia  at  Lucca. 

*  Hie  sinus  Herculei,  si  vera  est  fama,  Tarenti, 
Cernitur,  attollit  se  Diva  Lacinia  contra, 
Caulonisque  arces,  et  navifragum  Scylacxum. 

Virg.  &n.  III.  551. 

See  also  a  beautiful  story  respecting  the  painting  of  Helen,  by 
Zeuxis  in  this  temple,  related  by  Cicero,  De  Invent.  II.  1. 

f  Parva  Philoctetx  subnixa  Petilia  muro.     Virg.  JEn,  III.  402. 


48 

The  roads  of  inferior  note  were,  the  Via  Latinia,  which 
had  the  Alban  lake  on  the  right,  Tusculum  on  the  left, 
and  led  to  Mons  Albanus,  on  the  summit  of  which  was 
the  temple  of  Jupiter  Latiaris,  where  the  Latin  tribes 
used  to  assemble  on  the  Feria3  Latinae,  when  sacrifices 
were  offered  by  the  Roman  consuls.  The  triumphant 

Generals  used  also   sometimes  to   lead  their   armies  in 

' '/; 

solemn  procession  to  this  temple.  Mons  Algidus,  sacred 
to  Diana  *,  runs  Eastward  from  this  hill.  The  Labicana, 
to  Praeneste,  passing  through  Labicum  and  haying  the 
Lake  Regillus  on  the  left.  The  Praenestina,  to  the  same 
city,  which  passed  through  Gabii,  having  Collatia  to  the 
left.  The  Tiburtina  or  Valeria,  which  led  through 
Tibur  to  the  Adriatic.  The  Nomentana  which  passed 
over  Mons  Sacer  to  Nomentum  and  Cures,  among  the 
Sabini.  The  Salaria,  which  passed  through  Fidenae, 
crossed  the  river  Allia,  and  joined  the  Nomentana  at 
Eretum,  between  Nomentum  and  Cures,  and  passed  on 
to  the  Adriatic,  having  at  some  distance  to  the  left 
Capena,  and  the  grove  of  Feronia.  The  Cassia,  which 
passed  between  the  Flaminia  and  Claudia,  over  the  little 
river  Cremera,  near  Veii,  and  is  now  the  principal  road 
over  the  Campagna  di  Roma,  to  Rome.  The  Trium- 
phalis,  which  joined  the  Claudia  six  miles  from  Rome. 
The  Portuensis  and  Ostiensis,  which  led  to  the  Portus 
Augusti  on  the  North,  and  Ostia  on  the  South  side  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Tiber.  The  Laurentina  and  Ardeatina 
led  to  Laurentum  and  Ardea,  between  the  Via  Ostiensis 


Quaeque  Aventinum  tenet  Algidumque 

Quindecim  Diana  preces  virorum 

Curet  Hor.  Carm,  Sgec.  69. 


49 

and  Appia.  Considerably  to  the  left  of  the  Via  Ardeatina, 
near  the  Via  Appia,  was  Lanuvium,  and  about  half  way 
between  this  and  Rome  was  Bovillae,  where  Clodius  was 
killed  by  the  partisans  of  Milo,  Jan.  20,  A.U.C.  702., 
B.C.  52. 

The  antients  used  to  bury  by  the  sides  of  their  high 
roads  *. 

*  Hence  Juvenal, 

Experiar  quid  concedatur  in  illos 

Quorum  Flaminia  tegitur  cinis  atque  Latina. 

Saf,  1.  ult. 


50 


CHAPTER  III 


ITALIAN   ISLANDS, 


A.G.  PI.  VIII.  XXI. 


SICILIA  was  antiently  called  Sicania,  from  the  Sicani, 
a  people  of  Spain,  who  possessed  the  island  till  they 
were  driven  to  its  Western  corner  by  the  Siculi,  an 
Italian  nation,  the  original  inhabitants  of  Latium.  It 
was  also  called  Trinacria,  from  having  rg«7$  xxpxi,  three 
celebrated  promontories  (the  island  itself  being  of  a  tri- 
angular shape)  ;  Pelorum  at  the  East,  adjacent  to  Italy, 
Pachynum  at  the  South,  and  Lilybceum  at  the  West. 
It  was  colonized  by  the  Greeks  and  Carthaginians,  and 
came  into  the  possession  of  the  Romans  in  the  second 
Punic  war.  The  promontory  of  Pelorum  is  now  Cape 
Faro.  A  little  South  of  this  was  Messana,  more 
antiently  called  also  Zancle,  from  the  curved  form  of  its 
harbour,  now  Messina.  Close  to  this,  on  the  Sicilian 
shore,  was  Charybdis,  and  above  it,  on  the  Italian  shore, 


51 

Scylla  *,  the  two  well-known  objects  of  terror  to  the 
antient  mariners,  though  now  much  less  formidable. 
Below  it  is  Tauromenium,  now  Taormino,  and  below  it 
Catana,  which  still  retains  its  name,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
JEtna,  now  called  Monte  Gibello.  The  most  remarkable 
poetic  descriptions  of  the  eruptions  of  ^Etna  are  in 
Pindar,  Pyth.  1.  31,  ^Eschylus,  Pr.  Vinct.  362.  and  Vir- 
gil, JEn.  III.  571 1.  Above  Catana  was  the  little  river 
Acis,  for  an  account  of  which  see  Ovid.  Met.  XIII.  860., 
and  near  it  the  Cyclopum  Scopuli,  mentioned  by  Virgil, 
JEn.  I.  201.  The  plains  below  the  river  Sima3thus, 
now  the  Giaretta,  were -antiently  called  the  Laestrigonii 

*  Dextrum  Scylla  latus,  Isevum  implacata  Charybdis 
Obsidet,  atque  imo  barathri  ter  gurgite  vastos 
Sorbet  in  abruptum  fiuctus,  rursusque  sub  auras 
Erigit  alternos,  et  sidera  verberat  unda. 
At  Scyllam  csecis  cohibet  spelunca  latebris, 
Ora  exsertantem  et  naves  in  saxa  trahentem. 
Prinia  hominis  facies,  et  pulchro  pectore  virgo 
Pube  tenus  :  postrema  immani  corpore  pristis 
Delphinum  caudas  utero  commissa  luporum. 

Virg.    &n.  III.  420. 

|  Horrificis  juxta  tonat  /Etna  ruinis. 

Interdumque  atram  prorumpit  ad  asthera  nubem, 
Turbine  fumantem  piceo  et  candente  favilla  : 
Attollitque  globos  flammamm,  et  sidera  lambit : 
Interdum  scopulos  avulsaque  viscera  montis 
Erigit  eructans,  liquefactaque  saxa  sub  auras 
Cum  gemitu  glomerat,  fundoque  exzestuat  imo. 
Fama  est  Enceladi  semiustum  fulmine  corpus 
Urgeri  mole  liac,  ingentemque  insuper  ^Etnam 
Impositam,  ruptis  flammam  exspirare  caminis  : 
Et,  fessum  quoties  mutat  latus,  intremere  omnem 
Murmure  Trinacriam,  et  ccelum  subtexere  fumo. 

Vir%.  JEn.  III.  57 1. 


52 

Gampi,  from  the  Laestrigones,  a  barbarous  antient  people, 
who,  as  well  as  the  Cyclopes,  inhabited  Sicily.  The 
wine  of  this  region  is  celebrated  by  Horace  *.  On  the 
coast  were  the  Leontini,  now  Lentini.  Below  this  were 
Hybla  minor  and  the  Hyblsei  Colles,  celebrated  for  their 
bees  t.  Below  was  the  river  Anapus,  and  the  far-famed 
city  of  Syracuse,  still  called  Siracusa.  (PI.  XXI. )  It 
was  taken  by  Marcellus,  the  Roman  Prsetor,  in  the 
second  Punic  war,  B.C.  212,  A.U.C.  542.;  and  was 
also  the  scene  of  the  memorable  defeat  of  the  Athenians, 
so  finely  related  by  Thucydides,  in  his  seventh  book  of 
the  Peloponnesian  war.  The  ports  of  Syracuse  lay  at 
the  South,  below  the  town.  The  lesser  port  was  formed 
by  the  town  and  the  North  side  of  the  little  island 
Ortygia,  in  which  was  the  fountain  Arethusa  ;  the  greater 
port,  in  which  was  the  mouth  of  the  river  Anapus, 
was  formed  by  the  Southern  side  of  the  island  and  a  bay 
reaching  to  the  promontory  called  Plemmyrium,  in  the 
recess  of  which  promontory  was  a  castle.  That  part  of 
the  town  called  Acradina  was  nearest  the  shore,  and  its 
Southern  extremity  formed  one  side  of  the  little  port. 
The  South-western  side  of  the  city  lying  towards  the 
Anapus,  and  separated  from  it  by  some  marshy  ground, 
was  called  Neapolis,  built  after  the  Athenian  invasion, 
between  which  and  Acradina  was  Tyche,  and  above 
Neapolis  was  Epipolse.  Between  the  Anapus  and 
Neapolis  was  a  grove  and  temple  of  Apollo,  who 
was  thence  called  Temenites.  The  whole  circuit  of 
Syracuse  was  180  stadia,  above  22  English  miles. 

*  Quamquam  nee  Calabrx  mella  ferunt  apes, 

Nee  Laestrigonia  Bacchus  in  amphora 

Languescit  mihi  Hor.  Od.  III.  16. 

]  Hybl<eis  apibus  fiorem  depasta  salicti.  Virg.  Eel.  I.  155. 


53 

This  description  may  be  of  service  in  reading  Thucydides. 
Below  Syracuse  (PL  VIII.)  is  Helorum,  the  vestiges  of 
which  are  called  Muri  Ucci ;  the  adjacent  country  was 
so  beautiful,  as  to  be  called  the  Helorian  Tempe.  The 
extreme  Southern  point  of  Sicily  is  the  promontory  of 
Pachynum,  now  Passaro.  Ascending  along  the  Southern 
shore  of  Sicily  is  Camarina,  antiently  called  Hyperia,  so 
often  celebrated  by  Pindar  :  it  is  still  called  Camarana  : 
above  it  is  Gela,  near  the  modern  Terra  Nova,  and  the 
Campi  Geloi.  The  river  Himera  separated  the  Syra- 
cusan  from  the  Carthaginian  dependencies  in  Sicily. 
West  of  the  Himera  is  the  city  of  Agrigentum,  or 
Agragas,  as  it  is  called  by  the  Greeks,  so  often  celebrat- 
ed by  Pindar,  now  called  Girgenti.  Still  West  was 
Selinus,  a  splendid  Syracusan  colony.  From  Selinus 
the  shore  bends  upwards  to  the  Western  promontory  of 
Lilyboeum,  which  is  nearly  opposite  Carthage,  and  still 
preserves  its  old  name  in  Boeo  ;  but  the  city  of  Lilybrcum 
is  now  called  Marsala.  North  of  Lilyboeum  is  Dre- 
panum,  now  Trapani,  and  Mount  Eryx,  celebrated  for 
its  temple  of  Venus,  hence  called  Erycina  *.  On  the 
North  side  of  Mount  Eryx  was  the  Trojan  colony  of  Se- 
geste,  or  Egeste.  South-west  of  Mount  Eryx  are  the 
^gades  or  ./Egates  Insular,  celebrated  for  the  famous 
victory  gained  by  the  Romans  under  Lutatius  Catulus 
over  the  Carthaginians,  which  ended  the  first  Punic  war, 
B.C.  242,  A.U.C.  512.  Proceeding  along  the  Northern 
coast,  we  find  Panormus,  now  the  capital  of  Sicily,  under 
the  name  of  Palermo.  East  of  it  was  the  city,  Himera, 
on  another  and  smaller  river  of  that  name,  -and  a  little 
East  of  it  Thermae,  so  called  from  the  warm  baths  in  its 

*  Sive  tu  mavis  Erycina  ridens.  Hor,  Od.  I.  2. 


54 

vicinity,  now  Termini.  Towards  the  Eastern  pro- 
montory of  Pelorum  was  the  city  of  Tyndaris,  which 
preserves  its  name,  and  Mylae,  now  Milazzo,  between 
which  place  and  a  station  called  Naulochus,  the  fleet  of 
Sextus  Pompeius  was  defeated  by  that  of  the  Triumvir 
Octavius,  B.C.  36,  A.U.C.  718.  In  the  interior  of  the 
country,  and  nearly  in  its  centre,  was  the  celebrated  plain 
of  Enna,  from  which  Proserpine  was  carried  away  by 
Pluto  to  the  shades  below.  (See  Ovid,  Met.  V.  341.) 
It  is  now  called  Castro  Janni,  or  Giovanni. 

Each  of  the  promontories  of  Sicily  had  a  celebrated 
temple.  At  Pelorum  was  that  of  Neptune  ;  at  Pachy- 
num  that  of  Apollo ;  and  near  Lilyboeum  that  of  Venus* 
on  Mount  Er}^x.  The  antients  fabled  that  the  giant 
Typhoeus  was  buried  under  Sicily,  Pelorum  and  Pachy- 
num  being  placed  on  each  arm,  Lilyboeum  on  his  feet,  and 
./Etna  on  his  head,  and  that  the  earthquakes  and  eruptions 
of  jiEtna  were  caused  by  his  attempts  to  move  *. 

North  of  Sicily  are  some  volcanic  islands,   called  the 


*  Vasta  giganteis  injecta  est  insula  membris 
Trinacris  ;  et  magnis  subjectum  molibus  urget 
TEtherias  ausum  sperare  Typhoea  sedes. 
Nititur  ille  quidem,  pugnatque  resurgere  ssepe  ; 
Dextra  sed  Ausonio  manus  est  subjecta  Peloro  : 
Lseva,  Pachyne,  tibi  :  Lilybceo  cirira  premuntur  : 
Degravat  ./Etna  caput :  sub  qua  resupinus  arenas 
Ejectat,  flammamque  fero  vomit  ore  Typhoeus. 
Ssepe  remoliri  luctatur  pondera  terrae, 
Oppidaque  et  magnos  evolvere  corpore  monies  ; 
Inde  tremit  tellus.  Ovid.  Met.  V.  346. 


55 

Insulae  ^Eoliae  *,  Vulcanise  t,  et  Liparseae,  from  ./Eolus 
and  Vulcan,  who  were  supposed  to  have  their  dwellings 
here,  and  Lipara,  the  principal  island.  Here  were  the 
forges  of  Vulcan,  described  by  the  poets,  particularly 
by  Homer  and  Virgil.  Below  Sicily  were  the  islands 
of  Melite,  now  Malta,  and  Gaulos,  or  Goza,  adjacent 
to  it. 

North-west  of  Sicily  are  the  two  islands  of  Corsica 
and  Sardinia.  The  former  lies  under  Liguria,  and  was 
peopled  by  the  Ligurians,  and  colonized  by  the  Cartha- 
. '•"; ians,  from  whom  it  was  taken  by  the  Romans,  B.C. 
231,  A.U.C.  523.  It  was  celebrated  for  its  yew  trees, 
which  gave  a  poisonous  quality  to  the  honey  J.  The 
Greeks  called  it  Cyrnos.  It  had  two  colonies,  Mariana 
planted  by  Marius,  and  Aleria  by  Sylla.  On  the  North- 
western coast  was  the  Casalus  Sinus,  thought  to  be  Calvi, 
and  on  the  opposite  side,  above  Mariana,  Mantinorum 
Oppidum,  now  Bastia.  About  the  middle  of  the 
Western  side  was  Urcinium,  now  i&jaccio,  said  to  have 

*  Nimborum  in  patriam,  loca  foeta  furentibus  Austris, 
^Eoliam  venit,  hie  vasto  rex  JEolus  antro 
Luctantes  ventos  tempestatesque  sonoras 
Imperio  premit,  et  vinclis  et  carcere  fraenat. 

Virg*  JEn.1.51. 

f  Insula  Sicanium  juxta  latus  ^Eoliamque 
Erigitur  Liparen  spurn  antibus  ardua  saxis  : 

#  *  #  # 

Vulcani  domus,  et  Vulcania  nomine  tellus. 

Virg.  l£n.  VIII.  416. 

\  Hence  Virg. 
Sic  mea  Cyrnieas  fugiant  examina  taxos, 

Eel.  IX.  30. 


56 

been  founded  by  Eurysaces,  the  son  of  Ajax.  Below 
Corsica  is  Sardinia,  called  by  the  Greeks  Ichnusa  *, 
from  its  fancied  resemblance  to  the  print  of  a  foot.  It 
derived  its  name  from  Sardus,  the  son  of  Hercules,  chief 
of  an  African  colony  planted  there.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Romans  with  Corsica.  The  air  of  Sardinia  was  consi- 
dered very  unwholesome,  and  the  quantity  of  wormwood 
and  bitter  herbs  it  produced,  particularly  a  species  of 
ranunculus,  was  proverbial  t.  As  the  features  were  con- 
tracted by  the  taste  of  these,  the  expression  Sardous  risus, 
a  Sardonic  smile,  was  used  to  signify  a  malevolent  grin. 
The  principal  towns  were  Caralis,  now  Cagliari,  in  the 
South,  and  Olbia,  in  the  North,  nearly  opposite  to  which 
was  Tibulae. 

Late  events  have  given  celebrity  to  the  little  island  of 
Ilva,  now  Elba,  lying  between  the  extreme  Northern 
point  of  Corsica  and  Etruria.  Its  iron  mines  were  cele- 
brated by  the  antients  J. 

*  The  adjacent  countries  have  been  generally  assimilated  to 
some  well-known  form.  Italy  to  a  boot ;  Sicily,  by  the  antients, 
to  a  triangle,  hence  called  Triquetra ;  by  the  moderns,  to  the  less 
philosophic  form  of  a  shoulder  of  mutton  ;  Corsica  to  a  heart. 

f  Immo  ego  Sardois  videor  tibi  amarior  herbis. 

Virg.  EcL  VII.  41. 

$  Ilva 

Insula  inexhaustis  Chalybum  generosa  metallis. 

Virg.  Mn.  X.  173. 


57 


CHAPTER  IV. 


BRITANNIA  ANTIQUA, 


A.  G.Plate  II. 


As  Britain  appears  to  have  been  peopled  by  successive 
migrations  from  the  neighbouring  coast  of  Gaul,  it  will 
be  our  most  natural  way  of  proceeding  to  begin  with  de- 
scribing the  parts  nearest  that  country. 

Opposite  the  coast  of  Gaul,  and  divided  from  it  by  a 
narrow  strait,  were,  I.  The  Cantii,  or  people  of  Kent, 
and  part  of  Middlesex,  whose  principal  harbour  was 
Rutupise,  or  Richborough,  where  the  Romans  generally 
landed.  Even  in  the  days  of  Juvenal  the  oysters  of 
Richborough  were  imported  into  Italy  *.  Durovernum, 
or  Darvernum,  was  Canterbury  j  Durobrivse,  Rochester, 

*  •  Circseis  nata  forent,  an 

Lucrinum  ad  saxum,  Rutupinove  edita  fundo 
Ostrea,  callebat  primo  dignoscere  morsu.    Jwv.  Sat,  IV.  145. 
8 


58 

A  little  below  Dover  was  Portus  Lemanis,  or  Lymne, 
where  Caesar  is  thought  to  have  landed  on  his  first 
expedition  to  Britain,  B.C.  55,  A.U.C.  699  :  having 
set  out  from  the  Portus  Itius,  in  Gaul,  a  little  South  of 
Calais.  II.  South-west  of  the  Cantii  were  the  Regni, 
or  antient  inhabitants  of  Surry,  Sussex,  and  part  of 
Hampshire,  whose  principal  city,  Neomagus,  or  Novio- 
magus,  is  placed  at  Woodcote,  nearCroydon,  in  Surrey; 
Regnum  was  Chichester.  III.  Nearly  West  of  the 
Regni  were  the  Belgae,  or  inhabitants  of  Wiltshire^ 
Somersetshire,  and  part  of  Hampshire.  The  principal 
station  here  was  Venta  Belgarum,  or  Winchester.  Aquae 
Calidse,  or  Solis,  was  Bath  ;  Ischalis,  Ilchester;  Clausen- 
turn,  Southampton  ;  the  Isle  of  Wight  was  called  Vectia. 
South-west  of  them  were,  IV.  The  Durotriges,  or  the 
inhabitants  of  Dorsetshire.  The  chief  towns  were  Dun- 
ium,  or  Jlggerdon  Hill,  and  Dornovaria,  now  Dorchester. 
V.  West  of  the  Durotriges  were  the  Damnonii,  or  Dum- 
nonii,  who  possessed  Devonshire  and  Cornwall.  The 
chief  towns  were  Isca  Damnoniorum,  or  Chiselborough, 
and  Uxela,  or  Exeter.  Tamari  Ostia  was  the  mouth  of 
the  Tamar,  now  Plymouth  Sound.  Ocrinum  was  the 
Lizard  Point ;  and  Bolerium  the  Land's  End,  or  Cape 
Cornwall.  VI.  North,  above  the  Cantii,  were  the  Tri- 
nobantes,  or  people  of  Essex  and  Middlesex.  The  prin- 
cipal settlements  were,  Camulodunum,  or  Maldon ;  Co- 
Ionia,  probably  Colchester  ;  Caesaromagus,  Chelmsford ; 
and  Londinium,  or  London.  VII.  South-west  of  the  Tri- 
nobantes  were  the  Atrebatii,  in  Berkshire  and  part  of 
Oxfordshire.  Their  principal  town  was  Calleva,  pro- 
bably Silchester.  VIII.  North  of  the  Atrebatii  were 
the  Catti,  Catieuchlani  or  Cattevelauni,  in  the  present 


59 

counties  of  Hertford,  Bedford,  Northampton,  and 
Bucks.  Their  capital  was  Verulamium,  near  St.  JLl- 
ban's.  IX.  West  of  the  Cattevelauni  and  Atrebatii  were 
the  Dobuni,  who  inhabited  Oxfordshire  and  Gloucester- 
shire. The  two  principal  stations  were  Corinium,  or 
Cirencester,  and  Glevum,  or  Gloucester.  Wales  was  di- 
vided among  two  principal  nations.  X.  In  South  Wales 
the  Silures  inhabited  the  counties  of  Hereford,  Mon- 
mouth,  Radnor,  Brecon,  and  Glamorgan  ;  whose  capi- 
tal was  Isca  Silurum,  now  Caerleon,  on  the  river  Isca,  or 
Uske,  in  Monmouthshire.  The  other  principal  stations 
were  Bullaeum  or  Burrium  Uske,  unless  the  former  name 
belong  to  Builth  ;  Blestium,  or  Monmouth  ;  Gobannium, 
or  Mergavenny  ;  Ariconium,  or  Ross  ;  and  Venta  Silu- 
rum, or  Caer  Gwent,  near  Chepstow.  The  Demetae  were 
a  tribe  of  Silures  on  the  coast  in  Cardiganshire,  Pem- 
brokeshire, and  Carmarthenshire.  The  great  Caracta- 
cus,  who  was  defeated  by  Ostorius  Scapula,  A.D.  51,  was 
a  prince  of  the  Silures.  XI.  In  North  Wales  were  the 
Ordovices,  who  occupied  the  counties  of  Montgomery, 
Carnarvon,  Denbigh,  and  Flint.  Their  capital  was 
Mediolanum,  or  Myfod,  in  Montgomeryshire.  Among 
them  were  also  Segontium,  or  Carnarvon,  on  the  river 
Seiont,  and  Conovium,  or  Conwy,  on  the  river  Conwy. 
The  island  of  Jlnglesea  was  called  Mona.  XII.  Return- 
ing to  the  Eastern  coast :  North  of  the  Trinobantes  were 
the  Simeni,  Cenimagni,  or  Iceni,  in  Norfolk,  Suffolk, 
Cambridgeshire,  and  Huntingdonshire ;  whose  capital 
was  Venta  Icenorum,  or  Caister,  not  far  from  Norwich. 
The  famous  Boadicea  was  queen  of  the  Iceni,  who  revolt- 
ed against  the  Romans,  and  was  defeated  by  Suetonius 
Paulinus,  A.D.  61.  XIII.  North-west  of  the  Iceni  were 


60 

the  Coritani,  who  possessed  the  counties  of  Leicester, 
Rutland,  Lincoln,  Nottingham,  Derby,  and  part  of 
Stafford.  Among  the  principal  stations  were  Lindum, 
or  Lincoln,  and  Rata3,  or  Leicester.  XIV.  West  of  the 
Coritani  were  the  Cornavii,  who  were  settled  in  War- 
wickshire, Worcestershire,  Staffordshire,  Shorpshire, 
and  Cheshire.  The  principal  stations  here  were  Deva,  or 
Chester;  Uriconium*,  or  Wroxeter,  near  Shrewsbury, 
the  antient  capital  of  the  Cornavii,  Etocetum,  or  Wall, 
near  Lichfield,  and  Manduessedum,  or  Manceter,  in 
Warwickshire,  though  the  two  last  belong  more  properly 
to  the  Coritani.  The  Huicii,  or  Jugantes,  as  they  were 
called  by  Tacitus,  were  a  tribe  of  the  Cornavii  settled  in 
Warwickshire,  and  Worcestershire.  XV.  North  of  the 
Coritani  were  the  Parisi,  but  a  small  nation,  situated  in 
that  part  of  Yorkshire  called  Holderness,  and  subject  to, 
XVI.  The  Brigantes,  the  greatest,  most  powerful,  and 
most  antient  of  the  British  nations.  They  possessed  the 
whole  extent  of  Britain  from  sea  to  sea,  comprising  the 
counties  of  York,  Durham,  Lancaster,  Westmoreland, 
and  Cumberland.  The  famous  Cartismandua,  with  whom 
Caractacus  took  refuge,  was  queen  of  the  Brigantes.  The 
principal  towns  were,  Eboracum,  or  York,  one  of  the 
greatest  in  the  island,  and  Isurium,  or  Jlldborough,  near 
Boroughbridge,  which  was  at  one  time  the  capital  of  the 
Brigantes.  Longovicum  was  Lancaster  ;  Mancunium, 
Manchester.  These  are  the  principal  British  nations. 
The  antient  inhabitants  of  Scotland  were  very  little  known 
to  the  Romans  ;  and  it  may  suffice  to  mention  the  Otadeni, 
who  were  seated  in  the  counties  of  Northumberland, 
Merse,  and  the  Lothians  ;  the  Gadeni,  West  of  the  Ota- 

*  Hence  the  present  name  of  the  Wrekin. 


61 

deni,  in  Northumberland  and  Tevioldale  ;  the  Selgovae, 
in  Eskdale,  JLnnandale,  and  Nithisdale,  on  the  shores 
of  the  Solway  Firth  :  still  West,  the  Novantae,  in  Gal- 
loway, Carrick,  Kyle,  and  Cunningham;  and  on  the 
North-west,  above  the  Otadeni  and  Gadeni,  the  Damnii, 
in  Clydesdale,  Renfrew,  Lenox,  and  Stirlingshire. 
These  five  nations  were  sometimes  comprehended  under 
the  general  name  of  the  Mseatae. 

When  Britain  was  formed  into  a  regular  Roman  pro- 
vince, under  the  later  emperors,  the  nations  above  enu- 
merated were  comprised  in  the  five  following  grand  di- 
visions : — I.  Britannia  Prima,  comprising  the  South-east 
and  probably  all  the  South-west  of  Britain.  II.  Britan- 
nia Secunda,  containing  Wales.  III.  Flavia  Caesariensis, 
containing  probably  the  parts  between  the  Thames  and 
Humber  on  the  East,  and  from  the  Lower  Avon  to  the 
Kibble  on  the  West;  though  some  place  it  in  the  West  of 
England.  IV.  Maxima  Caesariensis,  containing  the  North 
of  England,  from  the  Humber  and  Kibble,  to  the  Wall  of 
Severus.  And  subsequently,  in  the  time  of  the  Emperor 
Valens,  A.D.  364.  V.  Valentia,  comprehending  the 
five  Scottish  tribes,  already  mentioned  under  the  name  of 
Maeatae,  lying  between  the  walls  of  Antoninus  and  Seve- 
rus, about  to  be  described,  which  were  built  to  prevent 
the  incursions  of  the  barbarous  Scottish  tribes  into  the 
Roman  provinces.  The  first  of  these  was  built  by  Agri- 
cola,  A.D.  79,  nearly  in  the  situation  of  the  Rampart  of 
Hadrian  and  Wall  of  Severus,  hereafter  to  be  described. 
But  in  A.D.  81,  Agricola  built  a  line  of  very  strong  forts, 
advanced  considerably  North,  from  the  Firth  of  Forth, 
on  the  East,  to  the  Firth  of  Clyde,  on  the  Western  coast 
of  Scotland.  These,  however,  appear  to  have  been  insuf- 


62 

ficient  to  restrain  the  progress  of  the  barbarians  after  the 
departure  of  Agricola,  A.D.  85;  and  in  A.D.  120,  the 
Emperor  Hadrian  planned  and  executed  a  much  stronger 
and  more  important  rampart  It  began  from  Tunnocelum, 
or  Boulness,  on  the  JEstuarium,  Itunse,  or  Solway  Firth, 
near  Luguvallium,  or  Carlisle,  on  the  Western  coast, 
and  was  continued  almost  in  a  direct  line,  to  Segedenum, 
or  Cousin's  House,  beyond  Pons  JElii,  or  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne,  on  the  Eastern  shore,  being  a  distance  of 
rather  more  than  68  English,  or  74  Roman  miles.  It 
consisted  of  a  principal  agger  or  vallum,  that  is,  a  ram- 
part, about  10  or  12  feet  high,  a  ditch,  on  the  North  of 
this  vallum,  9  feet  deep  and  1 1  feet  wide,  an  agger  20 
feet  on  the  North  side  of  this  ditch,  and  an  agger,  with- 
out a  ditch,  5  feet  on  the  South  of  the  principal  agger, 
and  nearly  of  as  large  dimensions.  This  work  was  gar- 
risoned by  soldiers  stationed  a-t  proper  intervals,  in  forts 
which  had  formed  the  first  Wall  of  Agricola.  Twenty 
years  after  this,  A.D.  140,  Lollius  Urbicus,  under  the 
Emperor  Antoninus,  having  reconquered  the  Maeatae,  re- 
stored the  second  Wall  of  Agricola,  which  is  commonly 
called  the  Vallum  Antonini.  This  work  consisted  of  a 
ditch  about  12  feet  wide,  the  principal  wall  or  rampart, 
on  the  South  brink  of  the  ditch,  whose  foundations  are 
12  feet  thick,  but  the  height  is  unknown,  and  a  military 
way  on  the  South  of  this  wall.  There  were  forts,  or 
stations,  at  the  distance  of  every  two  miles,  and  smaller 
towers  in  the  intervals  between  the  forts. 

But  the  greatest  work  of  all  was  that  of  Sererus,  yet 
to  be  described.  It  was  begun  A.D.  209,  and  finished 
the  next  year,  and  was  only  a  few  yards  to  the  North  of 
Hadrian's  Wall.  This  great  work  consisted  of  a  ditch, 


63 

the  dimensions  of  which  are  not  known,  except  that  it  was 
in  all  respects  larger  and  wider  than  that  of  Hadrian,  on 
the  South  brink  of  which  stood  the  wall,  built  of  solid 
stone,  and  cemented  with  the  strongest  mortar.  The 
height  of  this  wall  was  12  feet,  besides  the  parapet,  and 
its  breadth  8  feet,  defended  at  intervals  by  fortresses  of 
three  different  kinds.  Those  called  stationes  were  very 
strong  garrisons,  the  least  of  them  capable  of  containing 
600  men,  and  having  a  town  without  their  walls  ;  the 
number  of  these  wafc  not  less  than  18,  at  an  average  dis- 
tance of  four  miles  from  each  other,  but  placed  with  some 
irregularity,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  surrounding 
country  and  the  exigency  of  defence.  Besides  these, 
there  were  in  the  intervals  of  the  stations,  81  cas fella,  at 
the  distance  of  about  7  furlongs  from  each  other.  These 
were  very  strong  forts,  each  exactly  64  feet  square. 
Lastly,  between  every  two  castella  were  4  turres,  or  tur- 
rets, 12  feet  square,  324  in  number,  and  300  yards  dis- 
tant from  each  other.  These  were  used  as  watch-towers, 
and,  being  within  reach  of  each  other,  communications 
could  be  made  with  the  utmost  facility.  For  convenience 
of  relieving  guards,  there  was  a  military  way,  made  of 
square  stones,  the  whole  length  of  the  wall,  on  its  South 
side,  and  communicating  with  each  turret  and  castle ;  and 
at  some  distance,  South  of  this,  was  another  larger  mili- 
tary way,  paved  also  with  square  stones,  communicating 
from  station  to  station.  The  whole  body  of  forces  em- 
ployed to  garrison  this  stupendous  work  was  not  less  than 
10,000  men,  1600  of  whom  were  cavalry  and  600  mari- 
ners, at  the  points  where  the  ramparts  communicated 
with  the  shore. 

The  four  principal  Roman  roads,  Vi&  stratx,  or  paved 


64 

roads,  hence  called  Streets,  were,  the  Watling  Street, 
from  Dover  to  Chester,  passing  through  Londinium,  or 
London,  Verulamium,  St.  Jilbans,  Magiovintum,  Dun- 
stable,  Lactodorum,  Stoney  Stratford  or  Towcester, 
Manduessedum,  Manceter,  Etocetum,  Wall,  Pennocru- 
cium,  Stretton  near  Penkridgc,  to  Deva  or  Deona,  Ches- 
ter. A  branch  of  this  communicated  between  Pennocruci- 
um  and  Uriconium.  Its  etymology  is  uncertain,  but  it 
is  perhaps  corrupted  from  the  name  of  Vitellianus  into 
Vitellin  or  Watling  Street.  The  Foss  Way,  derived 
from  fossa,  a  ditch,  extended  from  Totness  in  Devon- 
shire, through  Cirencester  and  Lincoln  to  North  Britain. 
The  Ikenild  Street,  probably  so  called  from  the  Iceni, 
through  whose  country  it  ran,  extended  from  Southamp- 
ton, through  York,  to  Newcastle-upon-Tyne.  The  Ermm 
Street,  most  probably  derived  from  the  Saxon  Herrman, 
a  warrior,  signifying  that  it  was  a  military  road,  extended 
from  Menapia,  St.  David's,  to  Southampton.  From 
these  principal  roads  there  were  many  minor  branches. 

Of  the  British  Islands,  Vectis  was  the  Isle  of  Wight ; 
the  Cassiterides  were  the  Stilly  Islands,  which  are  said 
to  have  been  frequented  by  the  Phoenicians ;  Mona  Taciti, 
or  the  Mojia  described  by  Tacitus,  in  his  Life  of  Agri- 
cola,  is  the  Isle  of  Jlnglesea  ;  and  Mona  Caesaris  the  Isle 
of  Man.  lerne,  or  Hibernia,  was  Ireland.  The  Hebu- 
des  mentioned  by  Pliny,  Ptolemy,  and  Solinus,  are  now, 
by  a  slight  corruption  of  the  name,  called  the  Hebrides. 


North. 


65 

The  Roman  Wall 


South, 


66 


CHAPTER  V, 


HISPANIA. 


A.G.  Plate.  III. 


SPAIN  was  divided   by  the  Romans  at  first  into  two 
provinces,  called  Hispania  Citerior,  or  nearer,  and  His- 
pania  Ulterior,  or  farther  Spain.     Hispania  Citerior  was 
afterwards  called  Tarraconensis,  from  Tarraco  its  capital, 
and  extended  from  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Durius,  or  Douro,  on  the  Atlantic  shore,  compre- 
hending all  the  North  of  Spain,  together  with  all  the 
South  as  far  as  a  line  drawn  below  Carthago  Nova,  or 
Carthagena,  and  continued,  in  an  oblique  direction,  to 
the  Durius,  above  Salmantica,  now  Salamanca.     His- 
pania Ulterior  was  divided  into  two  provinces,  Baetica, 
or  the  South  of  Spain,  between  the  river  Anas,  or  Gua- 
diana,  and  Hispania  Citerior;  and  above  it,  Lusitania, 
corresponding  in  great  measure,  but  not  entirely,  to  our 
Portugal.      Hispania   Citerior,  or  Tarraconensis,  con- 
tained  many  nations.      The    Ceretani,  Cosetani,  Lace- 

•     '4K 


67 

tahi,  and  Ilergetes,  occupied  what  is  now  Catalonia. 
Here  was  Bareino,  or  Barcelona,  Tarraco,  or  Tarra- 
gona, the  capital  of  the  province,  and  Ilerda,  the  capital 
of  the  Ilergetes,  now  Lerida,  celebrated  for  the  resist- 
ance it  made  against  Caesar,  under  the  Lieutenants  of 
Pompey,  Afranius,  and  Petreius.  North-westward,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  were  the  Jacetani.  The  Vas- 
cones  were  seated  in  the  kingdom  of  Navarre ;  whose 
chief  city  was  Pompelo,  or  Pampeluna.  The  Cantabri  * 
possessed  Biscay,  and  part  of  Jlsturias,  and  held  out 
against  the  Roman  power  for  many  years.  Among  them 
were  the  Concani,  whose  ferocity  is  also  celebrated  by 
Horace  t.  Next  to  the  Cantabri  were  the  Astures,  or  in- 
habitants of  Jlsturias*  whose  capital  Asturica  is  still 
called  Jlstorga.  The  station  of  the  seventh  legion  gave 
name  to  the  colony  of  Legio,  or  Leon.  Still  Westward, 
the  Callaeci  or  Calliaci  inhabited  the  country  now  called 
Gallicia.  Here  was  the  promontory  of  Artabrum,  or 
Cape  Finisterre,  North-east  of  which  was  Brigantium, 
Betancos,  near  Corunna.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Durius 
is  the  port  of  Calle,  which  having  been  corrupted  into 
Portugal,  has  given  a  modern  name  to  the  antient  pro- 
vince of  Lusitania.  South-east  of  the  Astures  are  the 
Vaccsei,  and  South-east  of  them  the  Arevaci,  in  Leon 
and  Castile.  Among  the  Vaccaei,  was  Palentia;  and 
East  of  it  was  Numantia,  among  the  Pelendones,  which 
resisted  the  Roman  armies  fourteen  years,  and  was  utter- 
ly destroyed  by  Scipio  Africanus  Minor,  B.C.  133, 
A.U.C.  621.  It  was  situated  near  the  sources  of  the 

*  Cantabrum  indoctum  juga  ferre  nostra.  //or.  Od.  II.  6. 

Cantaber  sera  domitus  catena.  Hor.  Od.  III.  8. 

f  Et  laetum  equino  sanguine  Concanum.  Hor.  Od.  III.  4, 


68 

Douro.  Below  the  river  Iberus,  or  Ebro,  were  the 
Geltiberi,  a  great  and  powerful  people,  in  part  of  Jlrra- 
gon  and  Valencia,  who  long  resisted  the  Romans. 
Among  them  we  may  notice  the  city  of  Bibilis,  South- 
east of  Numantia,  the  birth-place  of  the  poet  Martial. 
East  of  the  Celtiberians,  below  the  Iberus,  were  the 
Edetani,  in  the  other  part  of  *ftrragon  and  Valencia, 
whose  Northern  boundary  was  the  Iberus,  and  Southern 
the  Sucro,  or  Xucar.  Their  capital,  Caesar  Augusta, 
has  been  corrupted  into  Saragossa.  North-west  of 
which  is  Calagurris,  now  Calahorra,  memorable  for  the 
dreadful  sufferings  of  the  army  of  Sertorius,  when  be- 
sieged there  by  Pompey  and  Metellus,  A.U.C.  67.9, 
B.C.  75.  (See  Juv.  Sat.  XV.  92.)  A  little  above  the 
Southern  boundary  of  the  Edetani,  was  Valentia,  and 
above  it  the  famous  city  of  Saguntum,  by  the  siege  of 
which  Hannibal  began  his  first  attack  on  the  Romans, 
which  was  the  commencement  of  the  second  Punic  war, 
B.C.  219,  A.U.C.  535.  Hannibal  took  it  after  a  siege 
of  four  months,  and  the  inhabitants  burnt  themselves  and 
their  effects  that  they  might  not  fall  into  his  hands.  It 
was  afterwards  rebuilt,  and  some  remains  of  it  are  still  to 
be  seen,  under  the  name  of  Murviedro,  a  corruption  of 
Muri  Veteres.  North-west  of  Saguntum  was  Segobriga, 
now  Segorbe.  East  of  the  Edetani,  near  the  mouths  of 
the  Iberus,  were  the  Ilercaones.  At  the  back  of  the 
Celtiberij  below  the  Arevaci,  were  the  Carpetani,  in  New 
Castile,  occupying  the  centre  of  Spain.  Their  principal 
city  was  Toletum,  now  Toledo,  and  North-east  of  this, 
Complutum,  now  *filcala.  West  of  Toletum  was  Libora, 
now  Talavera,  on  the  Tagus.  Below  the  Carpetani 
were  the  Oretani,  about  La  Mancha;  East  of  whom  on 


69 

the  coast,  were  the  Contestant,  in  the  kingdom  of  Jl/wr- 
cia.  Their  capital  was  the  celebrated  city  of  Carthago 
Nova,  or  Carthagena.  The  shore  of  this  country  was 
called  the  Spartarius  Campus,  from  the  quantity  of  rushes 
growing  there. 

In  Hispania  Exterior,  the  province  of  Bsetica  was  so 
called  from  the  river  Baetis,  or  Guadalquiver.  It  is  now 
known  by  the  name  of  Andalusia,  a  corruption  of  Van- 
dalitia,  from  the  Vandals,  who  in  the  decline  of  the  Ro- 
man empire  were  settled  there.  Along  the  Southern 
shore  were  the  Phoenician  Bastuli,  occupying  part  of  the 
Kingdom  of  Granada  *.  North-west  of  these  were  the 
Turdetani,  in  part  of  Seville,  towards  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Baetis.  North  of  them  was  Bseturia,  below  the 
river  Anas,  or  Guadiana,  in  part  of  Estremadura  and 
the  kingdom  of  Seville.  Below  them  were  the  Turduli, 
in  Cordova ;  and  Eastward  the  Bastitani,  in  Jaen. 
Among  the  Bastuli  was  Malaca,  now  Malaga;  and  a 
little  South-west  of  it  is  Munda,  celebrated  for  the  vic- 
tory of  Caesar  over  the  younger  Pompey,  March  17, 
B.C.  45,  A.U.C.  709.  At  the  Fretum  Herculeum  stood 
Calpe,  or  Gibraltar,  celebrated  for  one  of  the  pillars  of 
Hercules  ;  the  other  was  at  Abila,  on  the  African  coast. 
These  pillars  are  said  to  have  been  erected  by  Hercules 
as  the  limits  of  the  Western  World.  Gibraltar  is  a  cor- 

*  Hence  we  may  fully  understand  Horace,  when  he  says — 
Latius  regnes  avidum  domando 
Spiritum,  quam  si  Libyam  remotis 
Gadibus  jungas,  et  uterque  Poenus 

Serviat  uni.  Qd.  II.  2. 

Alluding  to  the  Carthaginians,  or  African  Poeni,  and  the  Bastuli 
Pceni,  in  whose  country  Gades  was  situated. 


70 

ruption  of  Gibel  Tarik,  the  Mountain  of  Tarik,  a  Moor- 
ish general,  who  first  led  the  Moors  into  Spain,  A.D. 
710.  On  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  straits  is  Junonis  Pro- 
montorium,  the  ever-memorable  Cape  Trafalgar. 
Above  it  is  Gades,  slightly  corrupted  into  Cadiz;  and 
Tartessus,  an  island  formed  by  the  two  mouths  of  the 
Bsetis,  one  of  which  is  now  dried  up.  Among  the  Tur- 
detani  was  Hispalis,  now  Seville ;  and  not  far  from  it, 
Italica,  the  birth-place  of  the  Emperor  Trajan.  Among 
the  Turduli  was  Corduba,  now  Cordova,  the  birth-place 
of  both  the  Senecas  and  Lucan. 

In  Lusitania  the  principal  nation  was  that  of  the  Lusi- 
tani,  between  the  Durius  and  Tagus  ;  which  latter  river, 
though  called  the  Tajo  by  the  Portuguese,  still  retains 
its  name  in  general  use.  Below  the  Durius  was  Conim- 
briga,  now  Coimbra,  on  the  Munda  or  Mondego;  and 
considerably  below  it,  on  the  Tagus,  was  Scalabis,  after- 
wards called  St.  Irene,  and  now  corrupted  into  Santarem. 
At  the  mouth  of  the  Tagus  was  Olisippo,  fabled  to  have 
been  founded  by  Ulysses,  the  name  of  which  is  now  cor- 
rupted into  Lisbon.  The  Vettones  occupied  the  pro- 
vince of  Estremadura.  On  the  frontier  of  the  Lusitani 
is  Lancia  Oppidana,  now  La  Guarda,  near  the  source  of 
the  Munda  ;  and  North-east  of  it  Lancia  Transcudana, 
or  Lancia  beyond  the  Cuda,  now  Ciudad  Rodrigo.  On 
the  frontier  of  the  Arevaci  is  Salmantica,  now  Salaman- 
ca. About  the  middle  of  Lusitania,  on  the  Tagus,  was 
Norba  Ca3sarea,  now  ^Alcantara.  Below  it,  on  the 
North  bank  of  the  Anas,  is  Emerita  Augusta,  now  Meri- 
da.  On  the  South  part  of  Lusitania  were  the  Celtici,  in 
Jllontejos :  their  principal  town  was  Pax  Julia,  or  Beja; 
and  below  them  the  extreme  Southern  part  of  Lusitania 


71 

was  called  Cuneus,  or  the  wedge,  now  dlgarve,  or  the 
Western  part,  Garb,  in  Arabic,  signifying  West.  Its 
extreme  promontory  was  called  the  Sacrum  Promonto- 
rium,  now  the  memorable  Cape  St.  Vincent.  It  was 
called  Sacrum,  because  the  antients  believed  this  the  place 
where  the  Sun  plunged  his  chariot  into  the  sea  *. 

The  islands  of  Majorca  and  Minorca  were  called  by 
the  Romans  the  Baleares  Insulae,  and  by  the  Greeks  the 
Gymnesiae.  Their  inhabitants  were  celebrated  for  their 
skill  in  slinging  t.  In  Majorca  was  Palma,  which  still 
retains  its  name.  In  Minorca  was  Portus  Magonis,  so 
called  by  the  Carthaginians,  from  Mago,  one  of  their  Gene- 
rals, now  slightly  corrupted  into  Port  Mahon.  South- 
west of  these  were  the  Pityusae,  or  Pine  Islands;  Ebu- 
sus,  corrupted  into  Yvica;  and  below  it,  the  small  island 
of  Ophiusa,  now  Formontera, 

*  Hence— 
Audiet  Herculeo  stridentem  gurgite  solem.     Ju~v.  XIV.  280. 

f  '  Ut  cum  Balearica  plumbum 

Funda  jacit,  volat  illud  et  incandescit  eundo. 

Ov.  Met,  II.  727. 
Stupea  torquentem  Balearis  verbera  funds, 

Virg.  Georg,  I.  309, 


CHAPTER  VI. 


GALLIA. 


A.G.  Plate  IV. 


GALLIA  was  originally  divided  among  three  great  na- 
tions, the  Belgae,  the  Celtae,  and  the  Aquitani.  Of  these 
the  Celts  were  the  most  extensive  and  indigenous,  and 
their  name  is  that  under  which  the  whole  nation  was 
known  to  the  Greeks,  the  word  Galli  being  the  Latinized 
native  term  Gael.  The  Celtae  extended  from  the  Se- 
quana,  or  Seine,  in  the  North,  to  the  Garumna,  or  Ga- 
ronne, in  the  South  of  Gallia.  The  Belgae  lay  above  the 
Celtae,  between  the  Seine  and  Lower  Rhine,  and  of 
course  were  intermixed  with  the  Germanic  tribes ;  and 
the  Aquitani  lay  between  the  Garumna  and  Pyrenees, 
and  were  intermixed  with  the  Spanish  tribes.  These 
great  divisions,  however,  were  subsequently  altered  by 
Augustus,  B.C.  27,  A.U.C.  727,  who  extended  the  pro- 
vince of  Aquitania  into  Celtica,  as  far  as  the  river  Liger, 
or  Loire.  The  remainder  of  Celtica,  above  the  Lager, 


73 

was  called  Gallia  Lugdunensis,  from  the  colony  of  Lug- 
dunum  ;  and  the  part  towards  the  Rhine,  was  added  to 
the  Belga3,  under  the  title  of  Belgica.  Lastly,  the  South 
of  Gaul,  which,  from  having  been  the  first  province  pos- 
sessed by  the  Romans,  was  called  Gallia  Provincia,  a  term 
which  may  be  still  traced  in  Provence,  took  the  name  of 
Narbonensis.  This  province  was  antiently  called  also 
Gallia  Braccata  *,  from  the  braccae,  or  breeches,  worn  by 
the  inhabitants  ;  while  Gallia  Celtica  was  called  Comata, 
from  the  long  hair  worn  by  the  natives.  These  earlier 
distinctions  are  of  use,  as  prevailing  in  the  time  of  Caesar, 
before  the  quadruple  partition  above  alluded  to. 

These  four  great  provinces,  in  later  ages,  were  called 
the  four  Gauls,  and  were  subdivided  into  seventeen 
others.  Of  these,  Narbonensis  contained  five:  Narbo- 
nensis Prima,  Viennensis,  Narbonensis  Secunda,  Alpes 
Maritinae,  Alpes  Graia3  et  Pennine.  We  shall  very 
briefly  mention  some  of  the  principal  tribes,  or  cities,  in 
each  of  these.  Narbonensis  Prima  was  at  the  Western 
bend  of  the  Sinus,  nearly  corresponding  to  Languedoc. 
The  principal  tribes  were  the  Volcse  Arecomici,  towards 
the  Rhodanus,  or  Rhone,  and  the  Volcae  Tectosages, 
South-west  of  them.  Among  the  former  was  the  city  of 
Nemausus,  or  Nismes,  which  still  possesses  some  fine 


*  Breac  is  the  Celtic  word  for  a  stripe.  Hence  we  need  not 
doubt  that  these  breeches  were  made  of  strified  materials.  Hence 
also  we  may  understand  what  is  meant  by  the  -virgati  Dahae,  hav- 
ing a  reference  to  their  strified  garments.  Traces  of  this  early 
apparel  may  yet  be  observed  in  the  Scotch  plaid,  the  patterns  of 
which  are  always  longitudinal  and  transverse  stripes.  The  High- 
landers are  a  Gaelic  (f.  e.  a  Celtic)  race. 
10 


74 

remains  of  antiquity ;  among  the  latter  Tolosa,  now 
Toulouse.  On  the  coast,  under  the  bend  of  the  Sinus 
Gallicus,  was  Narbo,  now  Narbonne,  which  gave  name 
to  this  division  of  Gaul.  Above  them,  and  on  the  East 
bank  of  the  Rhone,  was  Viennensis,  so  called  from  Vien- 
na, now  Vienne  *,  in  Dauphine.  In  the  North  of  this 
province  were  the  Allobrogesj  in  the  South  the  Vocontii; 
below  them  we  may  notice  Avenio,  Avignon,  Arelate, 
rfrles,  and  Massilia,  or  Marseilles,  a  celebrated  colony 
founded  by  the  Phocaeanst  B.C.  600.  In  Narbonensis 
Secunda,  the  Salyes  were  the  principal  people,  who  were 
descended  from  the  Ligurians,  and  stretched  along  the 
South  bank  of  the  Druentia,  or  Durance,  almost  to  the 
Alps.  The  capital  was  Aquas  Sextia3,  or  JLix.  South- 
east, on  the  coast,  was  Telo  Martius,  now  Toulon;  but 
the  celebrated  Roman  port  was  North-east  of  this,  at 
Forum  Julii,  now  Frejus,  the  birth-place  of  Agricola. 
North-east  of  Narbonensis  Secunda  was  the  province  of 
the  Alpes  Maritime,  whose  metropolis  was  Ebrodunum, 
or  Embrun.  The  most  considerable  people  were  the 
Caturiges.  They  were  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Cottitn 
Alps,  or  Mount  Genevre,  over  which,  some  have 
thought,  Hannibal  passed  in  his  way  to  Italy,  and  which 
were  so  called  from  a  prince  named  Cotlius,  who  was 
protected  by  Augustus.  Above  the  Alpis  Cottia  is  tha 
Alpis  Graia,  or  Li  file  Si.  Bernard,  probably  the  real 
scene  of  Hannibal's  passage;  and  above  it  the  Alpis  Pen- 

*  Not  to  be  confounded  with  Vindebona,  now  Vienna,  in  Ger- 
many. 

|  Phocaeorum 

Velut  profugit  execrata  ci vitas,  Hor.  Efiod*  XVI.  11, 


75 

nina,  or  Grtat  St.  Bernard.     These  formed  the  fifth 
province  into  which  Gallia  Narbonensis  was  subdivided. 

Aquitania  was  subdivided  into  Prima,  Secunda,  and 
Novem  Populana.  The  Bituriges  Cubi  were  the  princi- 
pal people  of  Aquitania  Prima ;  their  capital,  first  called 
Avaricum,  afterwards  took  the  name  of  the  people,  and 
is  still  called  Bourges.  The  Arverni  also  were  very 
powerful  in  the  time  of  Caesar,  who  occupied  the  district 
still  called  Jluverne;  their  capital  was  Augustonometum, 
now  Clermont,  a  little  North  of  Gergovia,  which  so  long 
baffled  the  arms  of  Caesar.  Below  them  were  the  Gabali, 
whose  capital  was  Anderitum,  or  Mende;  and  the  Ruteni, 
whose  capital  was  Segodunum,  or  Rodez.  West  of  the 
Ruteni  were  the  Cadurci,  whose  capital  was  Divona,  or 
Cahors;  above  it  was  Uxellodunum,  besieged  by  Caesar. 
The  Lemovices,  whose  capital  was  Augustoritum,  still 
give  name  to  Limoges. 

The  capital  of  Aquitania  Secunda  was  Burdigala,  or 
Bourdeaux,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Garumna,  among  the 
Bituriges  Vivisci.  The  Petrocorii  gave  name  to  Peri- 
geux,  the  former  name  of  which  was  Vesuna,  still  re- 
tained in  that  quarter  of  the  city  called  La  Visone. 
Above  the  Garumna,  the  Santones  gave  name  to  the  pro- 
vince of  Santogne,  and  their  chief  city  Mediolanum, 
afterwards  Santones,  is  now  Saint es.  Uliarui,  above 
the  mouth  of  the  Garonne,  is  the  Isle  of  Oleron.  Above 
them,  the  Pictonei,  or  Pictavi,  extend  to  the  Southern 
bank  of  the  Liger,  or  Loire;  they  still  give  name  to 
their  capital  Poictiers,  antiently  called  Limonum. 

The  third  province  of  Aquitania  is  that  which  was 


76 

originally  comprehended  under  that  name,  but  which  it 
exchanged  for  that  of  Novem  Populana,  as  consisting  of 
nine  principal  nations,  of  whom  the  Elusates  and  Ausci 
appear  to  have  been  the  chief.  The  Sotiates  were  a 
small  tribe,  above  them,  mentioned  by  Caesar. 

Gallia  Lugdunensis  was  subdivided  at  first  into  two, 
and  subsequently  into  four  divisions,  called  Prima,  Se- 
cunda,  Tertia,  and  Quarta,  or  Senonia.     It  extended  from 
the  city  of  Lugdunum,  or  Lyons,  on  the  Rhone,  to  the 
Western  Ocean,  being  bounded  on  the  South  by  Aquita- 
nia,  and  on  the  North  by  Belgia.     The  capital  of  Lugdu- 
nensis Prima,  was  Lugdunum,  in  the  small  tribe  of  the 
Ambarri,  between  the  junctions  of  the  Arar  and  Rhoda- 
nus,  or  the  Soane  and  Rhone.     The  great  nation  of  the 
./Edui  were  in   this  distaict,  whose  capital  was   called 
Bibracte  in  the   time  of  Cassar,  Augustodunum    under 
Augustus,  and  is  now  corrupted  into  Autun.     North  of 
it  was  the  famous  city  of  Alesia,  or  Jllise,  the  account  of 
whose  memorable  siege  occupies  the  last  two-and-twenty 
chapters   of  Cscsar's  seventh  book  on  the    Gallic    war. 
North-east  were  the  Lingones,  who    have   given   their 
name  to  their  capital,  once  called   Andematunum,  now 
Langres.    Immediately  joining  these,  to  the  North-west, 
were  the  Senones,  from  whom  the  Lugdunensis  Quarta 
was  called  Senonia,  and  which  will  be  more  conveniently 
now  described,  than  in  its  regular  order  after  the  second 
and  third.     Their  capital,  originally  called  Agidincum, 
is  now  called,  from  the  name  of  the  people,  Sens.     To 
the  North-west  of  them,  the  Carnutes  have,  in  like  man- 
ner, given  to  their  capital  Autricum,  the  name  of  Char- 
tres  y   North-east  of  whom,    the    Parisii'   still    gave   to 


77 

Lutetia  the  name  of  Paris.  South  of  the  Carnutes,  the 
Aureliani  still  preserve  their  name  in  Orleans,  called  by 
Caesar  Genabum.  Among  the  Senones  was  Melodunum, 
or  Melun,  bordering  on  the  Parisii.  South  of  Agidincum 
was  Antissiodurum,  now  Jluxerre,  and  still  South,  within 
the  borders  of  the  JEdui,  Noviodunum,  or  Nevers. 
North-east  of  Agidincum  was  Augustobona,  now  Troyes, 
among  the  small  tribe  of  the  Tricasses.  North  of  the 
Lugdunensis  Quarta  was  the  Lugdunensis  Secunda,  near- 
ly comprised  in  the  situation  of  Normandy.  The  prin- 
cipal nation  were  the  Velocasses,  whose  capital,  Rotoma- 
gus,  is  now  Rouen.  Above  them  were  the  Caleti,  or 
Pays  de  Caux,  whose  capital,  Juliobona,  is  now  Lille- 
bone;  and  South-west  the  Lexovii,  whose  capital,  Novio- 
magus,  is  still  Lizieux ;  South  are  the  Aulerci  Eburo- 
vices,  whose  capital,  Mediolanum,  still  retains  the  name 
of  Evreux.  West  of  the  Lexovii  are  the  Viducasses  and 
Bajocasses,  whose  capitals,  antiently  Viducas  and  Arae- 
geni,  are  still  Vieux  and  Bayeux ;  and  the  Abrincatui, 
whose  capital  Ingena,  is  Jlvranches.  Below  were  the 
Saii,  or  Essui,  whose  capital,  Saii,  is  Seez.  Off  this 
coast  were  the  islands  of  Csesarea,  Sarnia,  and  Riduna — 
Jersey,  Guernsey,  and  Mderney. 

The  Lugdunensis  Tertia  had  for  its  principal  people 
the  Turones,  who  have  given  the  name  of  Tours  to 
Caesarodunum,  their  capital.  North-west  were  the  Andes, 
or  Andecavi,  whose  capital,  Juliomagus,  has  still  preserv- 
ed the  name  of  Jlngers.  And  the  Aulerci  Cenomani 
have  given  to  their  capital,  Suindunum,  the  name  of 
Mans.  The  Arvii  have  preserved  their  capital  in  a 
place  called  Cite,  antiently  Vagoritum,  on  the  little  river 


78 

Erve.  The  Diablintes  have  given  to  Neodunum  the 
name  of  Jablins.  The  Redones  are  easily  discoverable 
in  Rennes,  and  the  Namnetes,  in  Nantz,  which  two  ca- 
pitals were  antiently  called  Condate  and  Condivincum. 
North-west  of  the  Namnetes  were  the  Veneti,  whose 
antient  capital,  Dariorigum,  still  preserves  the  name  of 
Vennes.  Above  them  were  the  Corisopiti  and  the 
Osismii,  whose  capital,  Vorganium,  is  corrupted  into 
Karhez.  Among  the  Osismii  were  also  the  Brivatus 
Portus,  Brest;  Uxantis  Insula,  Ushant ;  and  below  it 
Sena,  or  Sain,  corresponding  in  some  measure  to  the 
British  Mona,  as  being  the  sacred  residence  of  the  Gallic 
priestesses.  The  whole  of  this  tract  between  the  Seine 
and  Loire  was  called  Armorica,  which  at  last,  however, 
was  exclusively  confined  to  Sretagne. 

Gallia  Belgica  was  divided  into  Belgica  Prima  and  Se- 
eunda,  Germania  Prima,  or  Superior,  and  Secunda,  or 
Inferior,  and  Maxima  Sequanorum.  In  Belgica  Prima 
the  principal  people  were  the  Treveri,  whose  capital, 
Augusta,  is  still  called  Treves,  situated  near  the  Mosella, 
or  Moselle,  which  flows  into  the  Rhine.  Southwards 
were  the  Mediomatrici,  whose  capital,  Divodurum,  was 
afterwards  called  Metis,  and  Metz.  Still  South  were 
the  Leuci,  whose  capital  was  Tullum,  or  Toul ;  and  to 
their  North-west  the  Verodunenses,  whose  capital,  Vero- 
dunum,  is  still  Verdun.  North-west  of  Belgica  Prima 
was  Belgica  Secunda.  The  princical  people  were  the 
Remi,  who  were  much  attached  to  the  Romans  in  the 
time  of  Caesar.  The  capital,  Durocortorum,  still  pre- 
serves their  name  in  that  of  Rheims.  On  their  South- 
east, the  Catalauni  give  name  to  Chalons.  Closely  con- 


79 


fleeted  with  the  Remi  were  the  Suessiones,  whose  capital, 
Augusta,  is  now  Soissons.  North  wards  are  the  Vero- 
mandui,  or  Vermandois,  whose  capital,  Augusta,  is  St. 
Quintin.  West  of  them  were  the  Bellovaci,  a  very 
warlike  nation,  well  known  in  Caesar's  Commentaries, 
whose  capital,  Caesaromagus,  is  still  Beauvois.  North- 
wards, the  Ambiani  had  for  their  capital  Samarobriva,  so 
called  from  the  bridge  on  the  Samarus,  or  Somme.  It 
is  now,  from  the  name  of  the  people,  Jlmiens.  Still 
Northwards,  were  the  Atrebates,  or  Jlrtois,  whose  capi- 
tal, Nemetacum,  is  still  <flrras,  or  Jltrecht.  Above  these 
were  the  Morini,  on  the  extreme  Northern  coast*. 
Their  capital  was  Taruenna,  or  Terouenne.  On  the 
coast  also  was  Gesoriacum,  or  Bononia,  now  Bologne  ; 
and  above  it  Portus  Itius,  or  Witsand,  from  which  Cae- 
sar embarked  for  the  invasion  of  Britain.  East  of  these 
were  the  Nervii,  whose  original  capital  was  Bagacum, 
Bavia,  in  the  middle  of  Hainan,,  but  afterwards  Camara- 
cum,  or  Cambray,  and  Turnacum,  or  Tournay.  Next 
to  these  was  Germania  Secunda,  Inferior,  or  Lower,  so 
called  as  being  near  the  coast,  lying  between  the  Scaldis, 
or  Scheldt,  and  the  Rhenus,  or  Rhine.  On  the  West 
bank  of  the  Rhine  were  the  Ubii,  the  chief  people,  whose 
capital,  Colonia  Agrippina,  or  Cologne,  was  so  called  in 
compliment  to  Agrippina,  the  wife  of  the  Emperor 
Claudius.  West  of  these  were  the  Eburones,  a  people 
who  were  annihilated  by  Ca3sar,  in  revenge  for  their 
having  slaughtered  a  Roman  legion  ;  and  their  country 
was  occupied  by  the  Tungri,  whose  capital,  Atuataca,  is 

*  Hence  Virgil— 
Extremique  hominum  Morini.  Mn,  VIII,  72r. 


80 

still  called  Tongres. — All  these-  nations  were  of  Ger- 
manic origin.  Between  these  and  the  Treveri  was  the 
great  forest  of  Arduenna,  or  *flrdenne,  extending  from 
the  confines  of  the  Nervii  to  the  Rhine.  Above  them 
were  the  Toxandri  and  Menapii ;  and  still  North,  the 
Batavi,  who  possessed  an  island  between  the  right  branch 
of  the  Rhine  and  the  Vahalis,  or  Waal,  its  left  branch. 
The  principal  city  of  the  Batavi,  was  Lugdunum  Bata- 
vorum,  which  still  preserves  its  name  in  Ley  den.  No- 
viomagus  also  is  easily  recognised  in  Nimeguen. 

Germania  Prima,  Superior,  or  Upper,  so  called  as  be- 
ing more  inland,  lay  along  the  Western  bank  of  the 
Rhine,  and  contained  three  Germanic  nations — the  Van- 
giones,  Nemetes,  and  Triboci.  The  capital  of  the  Van- 
giones  was  Borbetomagus,  or  Worms ;  North  of  which 
were  Moguntiacum,  or  Mentz,  and  Confluentes,  or  Co- 
blentz:  the  capital  of  the  Nemetes  was  Noviomagus,  or 
Spires ;  and  of  the  Triboci,  Argentoratum,  or  Stras- 
burg. 

Maxima  Sequanorum  had  for  its  principal  nation  the 
Sequani ;  their  capital  was  Vesontio,  or  Besancon,  on 
the  river  Dubis,  now  Doux.  Next  to  them  were  the 
Helvetii,  part  of  Switzerland,  whose  principal  city  was 
Aventicum,  now  *ftvenche ;  Turicum  is  now  Zurich. 
Above  the  Helvetii  were  the  Rauraci,  whose  principal 
city  was  Augusta,  now  *ftugst,  a  little  South-east  of 
Basilia,  or  Basle. 


81 


CHAPTER  VII 


GERMANIA. 


A.G.  Plate  V. 


THE  first  grand  division  of  the  German  nations  is  into 
the  Istsevones,  on  the  West  of  Germany,  who  inhabited 
the  countries  adjacent  to  the  Rhine;  the  Hermiones,  on 
the  South,  who  were  those. adjacent  to  the  Danube;  and 
the  Suevi,  and  afterwards  the  Vendili,  or  Vandals,  in 
the  North,,  who  were  contiguous  to  the  Baltic,  and  the 
most  celebrated  of  the  three. 

The  Western  bank  of  the  Rhine  has  already  been  de- 
scribed, as  containing  several  German  nations,  in  the 
three  Gallic  provinces  along  the  Rhine.  On  the  Eastern 
bank  of  the  Rhine,  on  the  coast,  are  the  Frisii,  or  Pri- 
sons; their  country  was  intersected  by  a  canal,  made  by 
Drusus,  called  Flevo,  the  waters  of  which,  having  in 
time  in  creased,  now  form  the  Zuyder  Zee,  or  Southern 
Sea,  one  of  whose  channels,  the  Vlie,  still  retains  traces 
11 


82 

of  the  original  name.  North-east  of  the  Frisii  were  the 
Chauci  Minoresand  Majores,  a  Suevic  race,  distinguished 
by  Tacitus  as  the  most  noble  and  just  of  all  the  German 
nations.  The  Minores  were  situated  between  the  Amisia, 
or  Ems,  and  the  Visurgis,  or  Weser;  the  Majores  be- 
tween the  Visurgis  and  the  Albis,  or  Elbe,  South  of 
the  Frisii  were  the  Bructeri  ;  in  the  Eastern  parts  of 
whose  country  were  the  Chamavi  and  Angrivarii.  The 
former  had  originally  been  settled  on  the  banks  of  the 
Rhine,  till  removed  by  the  Usipii  ;  the  latter  gave  name 
to  *flngria,  the  kingdom  of  the  Saxon  Witikind.  The 
Marsii  or  Marsaci,  and  Chasuarii  were  also  in  this  dis- 
trict, the  former  on  the  West,  the  latter  on  the  Eastern 
side.  South-east  of  the  Chauci,  between  the  Visurgis 
and  Albis,  were  the  Cherusci,  who,  under  the  conduct  of 
Arminius,  defeated  and  slew  the  three  Roman  legions 
commanded  by  Varus,  A.D.  10,  in  the  Saltus  Teutober- 
giensis,  or  Bishopric  of  Paderborn.  They  were  after- 
wards defeated  by  Germanicus,  and  never  recovered 
their  former  eminence.  On  the  East  bank  of  the  Rhine, 
South  of  the  Usipii,  were  the  Sicarsbri,  who  were  driven 
over  it  by  the  Catti,  in  the  time  of  Augustus,  and  settled 
in  Germa  lia  Prima,  under  the  name  of  Gugerni.  The 
Tencteri  inhabited  a  district  South  of  the  Sicambri.  East 
of  these  was  the  great  and  powerful  nation  of  the  Catti, 
called  by  Caesar  the  Suevi,  an  Hermionic  tribe,  who  were 
seated  in  Hesse.  A  fortress  of  the  Catti,  called  Castel- 
jum,  still  bears  the  name  of  Cassel,  but  their  capital, 
Mattium ,  is  Marpurg.  South  of  them,  along  the  Rhine, 
were  the  Mattiaci,  a  nation  in  firm  alliance  with  the  Ro- 
man empire;  and  South  of  these  was  the  original  settle- 
ment of  the  Marcomanni,  who  afterwards  migrated  into 


83 

Bohemia.  South-east  of  these  was  Mons  Abnoba,  or 
the  Black  Mountain,  in  which  the  Danube  rises  ;  the 
adjoining  district  was  called  the  Decumates  Agri,  because 
the  inhabitants  were  subject  to  a  tax  of  the  tenth  of  their 
produce.  Here  the  Alemanni  settled,  from  whom  Ger- 
many was  called,  in  the  middle  ages,  Jllmagne. 

East  of  these,  the  Hermunduri,  the  first  of  the  Her- 
monic  tribes,  were  a  great  and  powerful  nation,  in  the 
Interior  of  Germany,  attached  to  the  Romans.  East  of 
them,  on  the  bank  of  the  Danube,  were  the  Narisci, 
where  is  Regina,  now  Ratisbon:  North-east  of  whom  in 
the  centre  of  Germany,  were  the  Boii,  or  Boiohemi,  in 
Bohemia,  whose  country  was  seized  by  the  Marcomanni, 
under  their  king  Maroboduus,  in  the  reign  of  Augustus. 
South-east  of  the  Boii,  or  Marnomanni,  were  the  Quadi, 
who  occupied  Moravia.  North-east  of  the  Marcomanni 
and  Quadi  were  the  Gothini,  Marsigni,  Osi,  Burii,  and 
Lygii,  which  last  nation  bordered  on  the  Vistula. 

The  rest  of  the  German  tribes  are  Vandal  or  Suevic  ; 
the  most  noble  of  them  were  the  Semnones,  between  the 
Albis  and  Viadrus,  or  Oder.  North  of  these,  on  the  East 
bank  of  the  Albis,  were  the  Langobardi,  or  Lombards  ; 
the  Varini  were  supposed  to  have  been  in  Mecklenburgh. 
Towards  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe  and  the  Chersonesus 
Cimbrica,  in  Holstein,  were  the  Angli  and  Saxones,  our 
English  progenitors.  The  Teutones  and  Cimbri  had 
their  original  settlements  here.  The  whole  coast  of  the 
Baltic  was  occupied  by  various  tribes  of  the  Vendili,  or 
Vandals,  and  the  name  of  the  Rugii  is  still  preserved  in 
Rugenwald;  the  Burgundiones,  South-east  of  the  Lan- 


84 

gobardi,  afterwards  migrated  to  France,  and  possessed 
the  province  of  Burgundy.  On  the  North  were  the 
Gothones,  or  Goths;  and  above  them  the  Lemovii. 
That  part  of  the  Baltic  which  washes  the  shores  of  Ger- 
wiania  was  called  Sinus  Codanus ;  and  above  it  was  Scan- 
dinavia, comprising  Sweden  and  Norway ,  but  very  im- 
perfectly known  to  the  antients  *. 

The  remainder  of  Europe,  East  of  Germania  and 
North  of  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Danube,  was 
known  by  the  generic  name  of  Sarmatia,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants were  called  Sarmatae  and  Sauromatae.  In  like  man- 
ner, the  North  of  Asia,  beyond  the  Euxine  and  Caspian 
Seas,  was  known  by  the  generic  name  of  Scythia. 

We  should  not  omit,  in  our  account  of  Germany,  to 
notice  the  immense  forest  called  the  Hercynia  Sylva, 
the  whole  extent  of  which  was  unknown  ;  but  it  took 
Caesar  nine  days  to  cross  it,  and  it  had  been  travelled 
longitudinally  sixty  days'  journey,  without  coming  to 
any  boundary.  It  contained  part  of  Switzerland  and 
Transylvania.  An  account  of  it  is  to  be  seen  in  the 
sixth  book  of  Caesar's  Gallic  Wars. 


*  They  seem  to  have  considered  it  as  consisting  of  a  number  of 
islands.  Of  the  two  nations  mentioned  by  Tacitus,  the  Suiones 
are  thought  to  have  been  the  inhabitants  of  Sweden,  and  the 
Sitones  of  Norway* 


85 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


COUNTRIES  SOUTH  OF  THE  DANUBE. 


A.G.  Plates  I.  VI.  IX. 


THE  remainder  of  Europe,  not  yet  described,  consist* 
of  countries  South  of  the  Danube,  and  East  of  the  Adri- 
atic: these,  with  the  exception  of  Greece  and  its  imme- 
diately adjacent  country,  will  form  the  subject  of  the  fol- 
lowing chapter. 

Immediately  below  the  Danube  (PI.  VI.),  from  its 
sources  on  Mount  Abnoba,  was  Vindelicia;  and  South  of 
it  was  Rhsetia,  bounded  on  the  West  by  the  Helvetii  or 
Swiss,  on  the  South  by  Cisalpine  Gaul  and  the  upper 
part  of  Italy,-and  on  the  East  by  Noricum.  It  more  than 
comprised  the  country  of  the  Orisons.  The  Rhaeti  were 
a  colony  of  the  Tuscans,  who  degenerated  into  the  bar- 
barism of  the  surrounding  Gallic  and  Germanic  tribes, 
and  were  subdued  by  Drusus,  under  the  reign  of  Augus- 
tus, B.C.  15,  A.U.C.  739.  His  victory  is  celebrated  in 


86 

the  fine  and  well-known  Ode  of  Horace,  book  IV.  4  *. 
The  Vindelici  and  Rhaeti,  thus  subdued,  formed  one  pro- 
vince, whose  subsequent  divisions  we  need  not  enter 
into.  It  is  hardly  necessary  in  a  treatise  like  the  present, 
which  is  a  mere  Compendium  of  Classical  Geography  y 
to  enumerate  the  names  of  all  the  barbarous  tribes  which 
formed  these  nations.  We  may  content  ourselves  with 
observing,  that  in  the  Southern  angle  of  the  Rhaeti,  near 
the  lake  Larius,  were  the  Vennones,  in  the  Valtdint ; 
and  South-east  of  them,  above  the  lake  Benacus,  was 
Tridentum,  or  Trent,  so  well  known  to  modern  theolo- 
gians, from  the  last  Christian  Council  having  been  held 
there,  A.D.  1545.  In  the  South-west  part  of  Vindelicia, 
the  Lacus  Brigantinus  was  so  called  from  the  nation  of 
the  Brigantii,  but  is  now  called  the  Lake  of  Constance, 
perhaps  from  their  neighbours  the  Consuanetes.  North 
and  North-east  of  this  lake  are  the  two  nations  of  Brenni 
and  Genauni,  mentioned  by  Horace  in  the  Ode  already 
alluded  to.  In  the  angle  of  two  rivers,  Vindo  and  Licus 
(the  Wartach  and  Lech),  whence  the  name  of  the  nation, 
was  Augusta  Vindelicorum,  or  Augsburg. 

East  of  Vindelicia  was  Noricum,  in  part  of  Bavaria. 
It  was  separated  from  the  Vindelici  by  the  great  river 
(Enus,  or  Inn.  At  the  junction  of  the  Inn  and  Danube, 
was  Boiodurum,  or  Passau;  and  the  East  of  it  was  Lau- 
riacum,  the  station  of  a  Roman  fleet  on  the  Danube, 
where  is  now  a  small  village  called  Lorch.  Inland  is 
Juvavum,  or  Saltzbourg,  South-west  of  Boiodurum. 


*  Videre  Rhzeti  bella  sub  Alpibus 
Drusum  gerentem  et  Vindelici.  /for,  Oc/.  IV.  4. 


87 

East  of  Noricum,  lying  along  the  Danube,  to  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Savus,  or  Saave,  was  Pannonia,  first  reduced 
to  a  Roman  province  by  Tiberius,  and  subsequently  di- 
vided into  Superior  and  Inferior,  the  former  occupying 
part  of  Hungary,  the  latter  Sclavonia.  In  Pannonia 
Superior  was  Vindobona,  now  Vienna;  but  the  chief 
city  in  Pannonia  was  Carnuntum,  Allenbourg,  a  little  to 
the  East.  Still  East,  after  the  first  bend  of  the  Danube, 
Southwards,  is  Aquincum,  or  Acincum,  now  Buda;  and 
on  the  opposite  shore*,  of  the  Danube,  Contra  Acincum, 
or  Pest.  In  Pannonia  Inferior,  on  the  river  Savus  or 
Saave,  is  the  city  of  Sirmium,  so  celebrated  in  the  latter 
ages  of  the  Roman  Empire,  and  the  district  is  still  called 
Sirmia. 

South  of  Pannonia,  bounded  on  the  West  by  the  Adria- 
tic, on  the  East  by  Moesia,  are  the  Illyricae  Gentes,  or 
Illyricum,  the  two  principal  divisions  of  which  are  Li- 
burnia  and  Dalmatia;  the  former  is  now  part  of  Croatia, 
the  latter  retains  its  name.  The  light  Liburnian  gallies 
constituted  great  part  of  the  fleet  of  Augustus  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Actium  *.  In  Dalmatia  was  Salona,  the  retreat  of 
the  Emperor  Dioclesian,  near  Spalatro.  Considerably 
South-east  of  it  was  Epidaurus,  or  Old  Ragusa;  and 
near  it  the  island  Melite,  by  some  thought  to  have  been 
the  scene  of  St.  Paul's  shipwreck,  though  there  are  stron- 
ger reasons  for  fixing  upon  Malta.  Below  Epidaurus 
are  Scodra  and  Lissus,  the  former  now  called  Scutari, 
the  latter  Jlkssio. 

*  Ibis  Liburnis  inter  alta  navium, 
Amice,  propugnacula.  Hor,  JEfiod.  I.  1. 


88 

McEsia  (PL  IX.)  is  bounded  on  the  West  by  Pannonia 
and  Illyricum,  on  the  South  by  Macedonia  and  Thrace, 
on  the  East  by  the  Euxine,  and  on  the  North  by  the 
Danube,  occupying  the  present  provinces  of  Servia 
and  Bulgaria.  The  North  was  occupied  by  the  Scor- 
disci,  a  Celtic  nation  ;  the  South  was  called  Dardania ;  in 
the  centre  were  the  Triballi,  and  on  the  shores  of  the 
Euxine  were  the  Scythas.  But  under  the  reigns  of  Au- 
gustus and  Tiberius  it  was  reduced  to  a  Roman  province, 
under  the  names  of  Moesia  Superior,  nearer  to  Pannonia, 
and  Inferior,  nearer  to  Thrace.  The  centre  of  Moesia 
was  called  Dacia  Cis-Danubiana,  or  Dacia  Aureliani,  by 
the  Emperor  Aurelian,  when  he  abandoned  the  province 
beyond  the  Danube  called  Dacia  Trajani.  In  Moesia  Su- 
perior, Singidunum,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Save,  is  now 
Belgrade.  East  of  it,  Viminiacum  was  anotherjmpor- 
tant  city.  Somewhat  East  of  this  was  Taliatis;  after 
which  began  the  province  of  Dacia  Cis-Danubiana.  Near 
this  place  also  was  a  ridge  of  rocks,  forming  a  cataract  in 
the  Danube,  remarkable  as  thought  to  be  the  spot  where 
the  Danube  changes  its  name,  the  Eastern  part  of  it  be- 
ing called  the  Ister  by  the  antients,  as  the  Western  was 
the  Danubius.  A  little  East  of  this  place  was  the  famous 
Pons  Trajani,  or  bridge  built  by  the  Emperor  Trajan 
across  the  Danube,  to  pass  into  his  province  of  Dacia, 
Its  ruins  still  remain.  It  was  3325  English  feet  in 
length  *.  Below  it  is  Ratiaria,  the  antient  metropolis  of 

*  The  longest  bridge  now  existing  in  Europe  is  the  Pont  de 
Saint  Esprit,  built  in  the  twelfth  century,  across  the  Rhone,  on  30 
acres,  between  Montelimar  and  Orange,  which  is  said  to  be  319F 
English  feet  in  length:  that  of  Prague  is  1812,  Tours  1422,  West- 
minster 1279. 


89 

Dacia ;  and  East  is  Nicopolis,  built  by  Trajan  to  celebrate 
his  victories  over  the  Dacians,  and  memorable  also  for 
the  defeat  of  the  Christian  army  and  flower  of  French 
nobility,  by  Bajazet,  A.D.  1393.  In  the  interior  is  Nais- 
sus,  now  Nissa,  the  birth-place  of  Constantino  the  Greatj 
and  South-east  is  Sardica,  the  metropolis  of  Dacia,  and 
celebrated  for  a  Christian  council.  In  Moesia  Inferior  was 
Marcianopolis,  the  capital,  so  called  from  Marciana,  the 
sister  of  the  Emperor  Trajan.  Under  the  mouths  of  the 
Danube  was  the  city  of  Tomi,  now  Tomeswar,  or  JBaba, 
to  which  Ovid  was  banished.  On  the  North  bank  of  the 
Danube  was  the  vast  province  of  Dacia,  comprehending 
part  of  Hungary,  Transylvania,  Wallachia,  and  Mol- 
davia. The  chief  city  in  which  was  Sarmizegethusa, 
called  by  Trajan  after  his  conquest,  Ulpia  Trajani.  It  is 
now  called  Gradisca.  The  lazyges,  a  Sarmatian  tribe, 
separated  them  from  Pannonia.  The  Daci  and  and  Getae 
were  two  nations  associated  in  language  and  territory, 
and  the  Getae  were  of  Scythian  origin.  It  is  not  necessa- 
ry to  enter  into  a  particular  account  of  them,  or  of  many 
places  which  might  have  been  enumerated  in  this  chapter, 
but  which,  having  a  special  reference  only  to  the  lower 
ages  of  the  Eastern  Empire,  are  purposely  omitted  in  a 
treatise  which  professes  only  to  give  a  sketch  of  classical 
Geography. 

The  remainder  of  Europe,  North  of  the  Danube,  we 
have  already  seen  was  called  Sarmatia.  (PL  I.)  It  is 
unnecessary  to  enter  into  much  detail  on  the  subject  of 
these  barbarous  and  almost  unknown  tribes.  On  the 
shores  of  the  Baltic  were  the  Venedi,  perhaps  in  part  of 
Livonia;  above  the  Daci  were  the  Bastarnse  and  Peucinij 
12 


90 

on  the  shores  of  the  Palas  Maeotis  were  the  lazyges,  and 
above  them  the  Roxolani ;  North  are  the  Geloni,  Budini, 
and  Agathyrsi.  The  Borysthenes  of  the  antients,  which 
flows  into  the  Pontus  Euxinus,  is  the  Dnieper;  the  Hy- 
panis,  called  also  Bogus,  is  the  Bog ;  the  Tanais  is  cor- 
rupted into  the  Don;  and  the  Eh  a  is  the  Volga,  which 
flows  into  the  Caspian  Sea.  The  borders  of  the  Euxine, 
from  the  Ister  to  the  Borysthenes,  were  called  by  the 
antients  Parva  Scythia,  and  by  the  moderns  Little  Tar- 
tary.  Beyond  the  Borysthenes  was  the  Chersonesus 
Taurica,  (which  preserves  its  name  still  in  the  city  of 
Cherso?i,)$o  called  from  the  Tauri,  a  Scythian  nation,  who 
conquered  it  from  its  antient  possessors,  the  Cimmerii. 
This  was  the  scene  of  the  Iphigenia  in  Tauris  of  Euripi- 
des. The  narrow  straight  which  joins  the  Palus  Mcetis, 
or  Sea  of  Jlzoph,  to  the  Pontus  Euxinus,  was  called  the 
Cimmerian  Bosphorus.  The  principal  city  here  was 
Panticapaeum,  a  Greek  colony,  called  also  Bosphorus, 
now  Kerche.  The  extreme  Southern  point  of  the  Cher- 
sonesus Taurica  was  called  Criu  Metopon,  or  the  Ram's 
Forehead,  nearly  opposite  to  Sinope,  in  Asia  Minor, 


91 


CHAPTER  IX, 


GRJECIA  ANTIQUA. 


Plates  IX.  X.  XL 


THE  most  general  name  for  Greece  among  the 
natives  themselves  was  Hellas,  and  the  people 
were  called  Hellenes ;  but  even  this  term  did  not 
comprise  the  inhabitants  of  Macedonia  and  Epirus. 
The  poets,  however,  used,  by  synecdoche,  to  put 
the  names  of  several  small  tribes  for  the  whole  body 
of  the  nation.  The  most  usual  term  in  Homer  *  is 

*  The  word  Hellenes  occurs  only  once  in  Homer,  Iliad  II.  648, ; 
where  it  is  used,  not  as  a  generic,  but  a  specific  name  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  that  part  of  Thessaly  called  Hellas ;  and,  what  is  also  re- 
markable, the  word  Graecia  was  not  legally  recognised  by  the 
Romans,  who  divided  it  into  two  provinces.  The  one  called  Ma- 
cedonia, after  the  defeat  of  Perseus,  the  last  king  of  Maeedon,  by 


92 

Achaei  and  Danai,  and  sometimes  Argivi.  They 
were  also  called  Pelasgi,  from  an  antient  nation  of 
that  name  in  Thessaly ;  lones,  Dores,  and  JEoles, 
from  the  inhabitants  of  particular  districts.  Attica 
was  the  original  seat  of  the  lonians,  the  Pelopon- 
nese  the  principal  seat  of  the  Dorians,  and  Thessaly 
the  original  country  of  the  jEolians. 

The  lowest  part  of  Greece  (PI.  XL),  below  the 
Sinus  Corinthiacus  and  Sinus  Saronicus,  was  called 
the  Peloponnese,  from  ritAoTro?  vjjw,  the  Island  of 
Pelops.  It  was  most  antiently  called  jEgialea, 
from  jEgialeus,  Apia,  from  Apis,  Pelasgia,  from 
Pelasgus,  said  to  have  been  its  more  antient  Kings  ; 
but  took  the  name  of  Peloponnese,  from  Pelops, 
the  son  of  Tantalus,  who  reigned  there.  It  was 
very  nearly  an  island,  being  connected  with  the 
rest  of  Greece  only  by  the  narrow  isthmus  of  Co- 
rinth. The  modern  name  of  Peloponnese,  is  Morea, 
from  the  mulberry-trees  which  grow  there,  having 
been  introduced  for  supplying  silk-worms.  The 
first  province  on  the  Eastern  side,  under  the  Sinus 
Saronicus,  is  Argolis;  and  below  it  is  Laconia; 


Paulus  jEmilius,  A.U.C.  586,  B.C.  168.;  and  the  other  called 
Achaia,  after  the  defeat  of  the  Achzeans,  and  the  capture  of  Co- 
rinth, by  Mummius,  A.U.C.  609,  B.(X  145.  The  name  of  Grae- 
cia,  however,  was  sufficiently  familiar  among  the  Romans  in  writ- 
ing and  conversation. 


93 

on  the  Western  side,  opposite  to  Laconia,  is  Mes- 
senia ;  above  it  is  Elis ;  along  the  Sinus  Corinthia- 
cus  is  Achaia ;  and  in  the  middle  is  Arcadia. 

Argolis  derived  its  name  from  Argos,  situated  on  the 
river  Inachus,  above  the  Sinus  Argolicus,  and  still  called 
Jlrgo.  Its  Acropolis  was  called  Larissa.  A  little  North- 
east of  Argos  was  Mycenae,  now  Krabata,  the  royal  city 
of  Agamemnon ;  Northwards  of  which  was  Nemea, 
celebrated  for  the  Nemean  games,  instituted  in  honour 
of  Archemorus,  who  was  killed  there  by  a  serpent,  and 
for  the  victory  of  Hercules  over  the  Nemean  lion.  East- 
ward of  Argos  was  Midea,  the  birth-place  of  Alcmena 
the  mother  of  Hercules  ;  and  North-east  of  this  was 
Tiryns,  or  Tirynthus,  a  favourite  residence  of  Hercules, 
who  is  thence  called  Tirynthius.  East  of  it  is  the  Mons 
Arachnaeus,  on  which  was  one  of  the  beacons,  or  fire 
telegraphs,  of  Agamemnon,  by  which  he  announced  the 
capture  of  Troy  the  same  night  that  it  was  taken  *.  Still 
East,  on  the  coast  of  the  Sinus  Saronicus,  is  Epidaurus, 
celebrated  for  its  worship  of  JEsculapius ;  and  below  it  is 
Tro3zen,  or  Troezene,  now  Damala,  the  birth-place  of 
Theseus,  and  scene  of  the  Hippolytus  of  Euripides,  off 
the  coast  of  which  a  little  to  the  South-east  is  the  island 
Calauria,  where  Demosthenes  poisoned  himself.  Near 
the  South  point  of  Argolis  is  the  city  of  Hermione,  now 
Castri,  giving  to  the  adjacent  bay  the  name  of  Sinus 
Hermionicus.  At  the  top  of  the  Sinus  Argolicus  was 
Nauplia,  now  Napoli,  the  naval  station  of  the  Argives. 
Southward,  below  Argos  near  the  shore,  was  Lerna,  cele- 

*  See  ^Eschylus,  Agam.  V.  Sir. 


94 

brated  for  the  destruction  of  the  Lernean  Hydra  by  Her- 
cules; and  on  the  confines  of  Arcadia,  was  Cenchreae, 
mentioned  by  ^Eschylus  in  his  Prometheus  Vinctus, 
V.  577. 

Below  Argolis  was  Laconia,  whose  capital  was  Sparta, 
or  Lacedaemon,  now  Palseo-C  astro,  on  the  river  Euro- 
tas;  near  which  is  the  more  recent  town  of  Misitra,  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Taygetus.  To  the  North  was  Sellasia, 
a  frontier  town  commanding  the  principal  pass  into  La- 
conia; and  a  little  South  of  Sparta  was  Amy  else,  now 
Sclavo-corio,  built  by  Amyclas.  Castor  and  Pollux  were 
born  here,  and  Apollo  was  here  worshipped  with  pecu- 
liar solemnities.  Amycla3  was  called  Tacita3  *,  or  the 
Silent,  either  from  the  inhabitants  being  Pythagoreans, 
or  from  their  having  made  a  law  which  forbad  the  men- 
tion of  an  enemy's  approach,  they  having  been  once  de- 
ceived by  a  false  report.  They  were  afterwards  the  vic- 
tims of  their  absurd  statute.  Near  Amy  clae  was  Therapne. 
The  extreme  South-eastern  promontory  of  Laconia  was 
called  Maleat,  now  Cape  Malio,  or  St.  Angela;  and 
the  Gulf  contained  between  it  and  the  South-western 
promontory  of  Tsenarus,  or  Cape  Matapan,  (one  of  the 
fabled  entrances  into  the  infernal  regions  J,)  was  called 
the  Sinus  Laconicus,  or  Gulf  of  Colokythia,  from  the 
antient  town  of  Gfy  theum,  now  Colokythia,  near  the  up- 
per part  of  the  bay. 

*  Tacitis  regnavit  Amyclis,  Virg.  JEn.  X.  564. 

|  Malexque  sequacibus  undis.  Virg.  jEn.  V.  193, 

^  Taenarias  etiam  fauces,  alta  ostia  Ditis 
Ingressus.  Virg.  Georg.  IV.  467. 


95 

West  oi  Laconia  was  Messenia,  the  capital  of  which 
was  Messene,  which  still  retains  its  name,  inland,  above 
the  top  of  the  Sinus  Messeniacus,  now  the  Gu/fofCoron. 
The  fortress  of  Ithome  was  near  it,  and  served  as  its  cita- 
del South-east  of  it,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pamisus,  was 
Stenyclarus,  now  Nisi.  On  the  Western  side  was  the 
Messenian  Methone,  now  Modon;  and  above  it  the  Mes- 
senian  Pylos,  now  Navarin;  off  which  was  the  Island  of 
Sphacteria,  so  memorable  in  Thucydides  for  the  capture 
of  many  of  the  noblest  Lacedaemonians,  01.  88.  3.  In 
the  North,  on  the  confines  of  Elis,  is  the  river  Cyparis- 
sus,  having  at  its  mouth  the  city  of  Cyparissae,  giving 
name  to  the  adjacent  Sinus  Cyparissius  ;  and  inland  the 
fortress  of  Ira,  the  last  which  held  out  against  the  Lace- 
daemonians, who  ejected  the  Messenians,  01.  27.  2.,  and 
held  the  province  from  them  for  300  years,  till  01.  102.  3. 

Above  Messenia  was  Elis,  divided  into  Triphylia,  in 
the  South,  Pisatis,  in  the  middle,  and  Coele,  in  the  North. 
In  Triphylia  we  meet  with  the  Triphylian  Pylos,  which 
disputes  with  the  Messenian  the  honour  of  being  the 
country  of  Nestor;  and  a  little  above  it,  Scilluns,  the  re- 
treat of  Xenophon.  Above  it  was  the  river  Alpheus,  or 
Rofeo,  on  the  Northern  side  of  which  was  the  plain  of 
Olympia,  now  called  the  plain  of  Jintilalo  or  JLntilalla, 
terminated  on  the  West  by  the  little  river  Cladeus,  and 
the  hill  Chronios,  or  the  hill  of  Saturn,  so  often  mention- 
ed by  Pindar.  Near  this  must  have  been  the  city  of 
Pisa,  of  which  no  vestiges  are  now  discoverable.  In  this 
plain,  the  Olympic  games  were  held  in  honour  of  Jupiter 
Olympius.  They  were  of  very  antient  foundation,  and 
revived  B.C.  776,  and  serve  as  the  epoch  of  Graecian 


96 

chronology.  They  were  celebrated  at  the  conclusion  of 
every  fourth  year,  or  rather  of  every  forty-ninth  month, 
and  were  held  for  five  successive  days.  The  Roman 
Lustrum  was  a  period  of  Jive  years.  Elis  itself,  now 
Palaeopoli,  was  situated  on  the  Peneus,  in  the  district  of 
Ccele;  it  was  a  little  North-east  of  Gctstonni  ;  South-east 
of  this  was  a  third  Pylos,  which  has  also  strong  claims  to 
being  allowed  as  the  country  of  Nestor.  Near  it  was  a 
little  stream  called  Geron,  and  a  little  village  called  Ge- 
rena,  whence  Nestor  appears  to  be  so  often  styled  in  Ho- 
mer the  Gerenian.  Pindar,  however,  calls  him  a  King 
of  Messene.  The  port  of  the  Eleans  was  Cyllene,  now 
Chiarenzctj  a  little  North  of  the  bay  and  promontory  of 
Chelonites,  now  Cape  Tornese. 

The  rest  of  the  coast  of  the  Peloponnesus  was  occupied 
by  Achaia,  lying  along  the  Southern  side  of  the  Sinus 
Corinthiacus,  comprising  also  the  districts  of  Sicyon  and 
Corinth,  called  Sicyonia  and  Corinthia.  Before  we  enter 
the  straights  of  the  Sinus  Corinthiacus,  or  Gulf  of  Le- 
panto,  is  Dyme,  on  the  coast  of  the  Ionian  Sea ;  and 
above  it  is  Patrse,  now  Patras,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
straights.  At  the  entrance  into  the  straights  is  Rhium, 
and  on  the  opposite  coast  Antirrhium.  Proceeding  East- 
ward, along  the  shore,  is  JEgium,  where  the  States  of 
Achaia  used  to  meet;  and  South-west  of  it,  within  land, 
is  Tritsea,  now  Triti.  East  of  ^Egium  was  ^Egira,  which 
had  a  port  and  dock-yard  ;  and  South-east  of  it,  within 
land,  was  Pellene ;  East  of  which  is  the  district  of  Si- 
cyonia. Near  the  coast  was  Sicyon,  which,  in  the  mo- 
dern name  of  Basilico,  still  retains  the  memorial  of  hav- 
ing been  the,  most  antient  kingdom  of  Greece.  South  of 


97 

Sicyon,  in  the  interior,  was  the  city  of  Phlius,  which  still 
preserves  its  name  in  Staphlica.  Proceeding  towards 
the  end  of  the  Sinus  Corinthiacus,  we  come  into  the  dis- 
trict of  Corinth,  where  we  meet  with  that  far-famed  city, 
which  was  destroyed  by  Mummius  the  Roman  General, 
B.C.  145,  A.U.C.  609,  and  rebuilt  by  Csesar.  It  is  still 
called  Corito.  It  was  itself  a  little  inland,  but  had  two 
ports,  Lechaeum,  on  the  Sinus  Corinthiacus,  and  Cench- 
reae,  on  the  Sinus  Saronicus  *,  and  a  citadel,  on  a  lofty 
hill  called  Acrocorinthus.  The  pass  between  the  Pelo- 
ponnese  and  the  rest  of  Greece  was  called  the  Isthmus  of 
Corinth,  now  Hexamili,  from  its  being  only  six  modern 
Greek,  or  perhaps  not  five  British  miles  in  breadth.  Here 
the  Isthmian  games  were  celebrated  in  honour  of  Nep- 
tune. The  Emperor  Nero  in  vain  attempted  to  cut 
through  the  Isthmus  and  join  the  Saronic  and  Corinthian 
Gulfs. 

The  province  of  Arcadia  occupied  the  centre  of  the 
Peloponnesus,  being  surrounded  by  the  five  provinces 
already  enumerated.  This  was  the  celebrated  pastoral 
country  of  the  poets  t.  Near  the  North  of  Argolis  was 
the  river,  lake,  and  town  Stymphalus,  now  Zaraka,  the 
fabled  residence  of  those  Harpies  which  were  destroyed 
by  Hercules.  South-east  was  Orchomenus,  now  Kal- 
paki,  bearing  the  same  name  with  a  town  in  Boeotiaj  and 

*  Hence  Horace — 

Bimarisve  Corinthi 

Mcenia.  Od.  I.  7. 

f  Pan  etiam,  Arcadia  mecum  si  judice  certet, 
Pan  etiam,  Arcadia  dicat  se  judice  victum.     Virg.  Ed.  IV.  58. 

13 

» 


98 

Southwards  the  celebrated  city  of  Mantinea,  near  Tripo- 
litza,  where  the  great  Epaminondas,  the  Theban  Gene- 
ral, lost  his  life,  in  the  memorable  victory  he  obtained 
over  the  Lacedaemonians  there,  B.C.  363,  01.  104.  2. 
South-west  of  Mantinea  is  Mount  Msenalus,  from  his  resi- 
dence on  which  Pan  was  called  Maenalius.  South-east 
of  Maenalus  was  the  city  of  Tegea,  now  called  Piali, 
whence  also  Pan  is  called  Tegeaeus*.  The  celebrated 
Atalanta  was  a  native  of  this  place.  In  the  South  of  Ar- 
cadia was  Melgalopolis,  near  a  place  now  called  Leon- 
dari,  or  rather  Sinano.  It  was  built  by  Epaminondas 
to  check  the  inroads  of  the  Lacedaemonians.  It  was  the 
birth-place  of  Polybius  the  historian.  Towards  Mes- 
senia  was  the  celebrated  mountain  Lycaeust,  another 
favourite  residence  of  Pan  and  the  Sylvan  Deities.  Near 
it  was  the  city  of  Lycosura,  now  probably  *Agios  Geor- 
gios,  esteemed  by  the  Greeks  the  most  antient  city  in  the 
world.  It  was  near  the  river  Neda.  A  little  West  of 
which  is  Phigalea,  where  was  a  splendid  temple  of  Apol- 
lo, the  marbles  of  which  are  now  in  the  British  Museum. 
The  inhabitants  of  this  part  of  Arcadia  were  called  Parr- 
hasii,  from  Parrhasius,  a  son  of  Jupiter,  who  built  a  city 
here,  and  the  name  is  sometimes  put  generically  for  that 
of  the  whole  nation  J.  Northward,  on  the  river  Alpheus, 

*  Ipse  nemus  linquens  patrium  saltusque  Lycsei, 
Pan,  ovium  custos,  tua  si  tibi  Msenala  curse, 
Adsis  O  Tegexe  favens,  Virg,  Georg.  I.  16. 

f  Velox  amoenum  ssepe  Lucretilem 
Mutat  Lycxo  Faunus.  Hor.  Od.  I.  17. 

\  Arcadia  derived  its  name  from  Areas  (the  son  of  Jupiter)  and 
the  nymph  Calisto.  Juno  transformed  Calisto  into  a  bear,  whom, 
with  her  son  Areas,  Jupiter  removed  into  heaven,  and  changed 


99 

was  Heraea  ;  and  still  Northward,  Psophis ;  and  North- 
east, on  the  confines  of  Achaia,  Cynethge,  whose  inhabi- 
tants were  remarkable  for  the  barbarous  rusticity  of  their 
manners,  so  as  to  be  despised,  or  almost  excluded  from 
associating  with  the  other  Greeks,  who  attributed  their 
ferocity  to  a  neglect  of  the  study  of  music,  so  much  cul- 
tivated among  the  Greeks  in  general.  Yet  it  is  remarka- 
ble, that  in  their  neighbourhood,  a  little  to  the  East,  was 
the  mountain  Cyllene,  celebrated  as  the  birth-place  of 
Mercury,  the  inventor  of  the  lyre,  of  eloquence,  and  the 
gymnastic  exercise  *,  who  is  so  constantly  distinguished 
among  the  poets  by  the  name  of  Cyllenius.  At  the  foot 
of  Mount  Cyllene  was  the  city  Pheneos,  now  Phonia  ; 
and  in  the  North-western  angle  between  Arcadia  and 
Achaia  was  Mons  Erymanthus. 

We  shall  now  describe  the  remainder  of  Greece, 
or  Greece  properly  so  called,  lying  above  the  Isth- 
mus. The  first  province,  lying  almost  within  the 
Isthmus,  is  the  small  district  of  Megara,  which 


into  constellations  called  Ursa  Major  and  Ursa  Minor, — Ov.  Met. 
VIII.  315.  Hence  the  constellatio^  Ursa  is  called  by  Ovid 
Parrhasis  Arctos ;  and,  as  Calisto  was  daughter  of  Lycaon,  it  is 
called  by  Virgil 

Claramque  Lycaonis  Arcton.  Georg.  I.  138. 

*  Mercuri  facunde,  nepos  Atlantis, 
Qui  feros  cultus  hominum  recentum 
Voce  formasti  catus,  et  decorse 

More  palsestrse: 

Te  canam,  magni  Jovis  et  Deorum 
Nuncium,  curv«eque  lyr»  parentem.  Hor.  Od,  I.  10. 


100 

affected  to  be  independent  of  the  potent  territory 
of  Attica.  To  the  East  was  Attica;  and  to  the 
North-west  of  these  Bceotia;  North-east  of  Bceotia 
and  Attica  (PI.  X.)  was  the  long  narrow  island  of 
Euboea,  separated  by  the  narrow  sea  of  Euripus. 
West  of  Bceotia  was  Phocis ;  South-  west  of  Phocis, 
lying  along  the  Sinus  Corinthiacus,  were  the  Locri 
OzolsB  ;  and  North-east  of  Phocis,  lying  along  the 
Opuntius  Sinus,  were  the  Locri  Epi-Cnemidii,  or 
Locri  of  Mount  Cnemis,  and  the  Locri  Opuntii 
below  them.  North  of  Phocis  was  Doris,  a  small 
tract,  but  which  divided  with  the  lonians  the 
characteristic  features  of  the  language  and  tribes 
of  Greece.  Generally  speaking,  the  Dorian  colo- 
nies were  settled  in  the  Peloponnese,  the  Ionian  in 
Asia  Minor :  the  great  Dorian  state  was  Lacedse- 
mon,  the  great  Ionian  state  Athens.  There  was  a 
marked  distinction  in  their  language  and  manners ; 
the  former  being  more  broad  and  rustic,  the  latter 
more  smooth  and  refined.  West  of  Phocis  was 
.^Etolia ;  and  West  of  jEtolia  was  Acarnania. 
North  of  Phocis  w#s  Thessaly :  North  of  Acar- 
nania was  Epirus : — 

In  Megaris  (PI.  XL)  the  capital  was  Megara,  which 
preserves  its  name,  and  is  a  little  inland.  Its  port  was 
Nysaea.  East  of  Megara,  on  the  coast,  in  Attica,  was 
Eleusis,  now  Lcssina,  so  celebrated  for  the  Eleusinian 
mysteries  in  honour  of  Ceres  and  Proserpine,  which  it 


101 

was  death  to. reveal*.     They  lasted  1800   years,  and 
were  abolished  by  the  Emperor  Theodosius.     The  sta- 
tue of  the  Eleusinian  Ceres,  the   work   of  Phidias,  was 
removed  from  Eleusis  by  Dr.  Clarke,  A.D.  1801,  and  is 
now  in  the  vestibule  of  the  public  library  at  Cambridge, 
and   the   temple  itself   has    since   been  cleared  by  Sir 
W.   Gell.     Opposite  Eleusis,  and  separated  by  a  very 
narrow  sea,  is  the  island  of  Salamis,  the  birth-place  of 
Ajax  and  Teucer,  and  ever-memorable  scene  of  the  de- 
feat of  the  Persian  fleet  by  the  Athenians  under  the  com- 
mand of  Themistocles,  B.C.  480,  Ol.  75,  1;  and  below 
Salamis  is  .^Egina  or  Engia,  giving  name  to  the  Gulf  of 
Engici)  antiently   the  Sinus   Saronicus.      South-east  of 
Eleusis  is  the  illustrious  city  of  Athens,  the  eye  of  Greece 
and  of  the  civilized  world.     It  is  now  called  Jltini^  or 
Setines,  by  a  corruption  we  have  already  noticed.     This 
renowned  city  (PL  XXI.)  is  situated  rather  inland,  be- 
tween two  rivers,  the  Ilissus  below,  and  the  Cephissus 
(bearing  the  same  name  with  a  larger  Boeotian   river) 
above.     It  had  three  ports,  the  Piraeus,  or  principal  port, 
now  Porto  Leone,  which  was  connected  with  the  city  by 
means  of  two  walls  called  the  ^**{*  T«/#JJ,  or  long  walls; 
East  of  the  Piraeus  was  the  second  port  called  Munichia; 
and  still  East  of  it  the  Phalerus,  the  least  frequented  of 
the  three.     The  long  wall,  which  connected  the  Piraeus 
with  the  city,  was  sixty  stadia  (or  rather  more  than  six 
and  a  half  English  miles)  in  length,  and  forty  cubits  (or 
rather  more  than  sixty  feet)  high,  and  broad  enough  for 


Vetabo  qui  Cereris  sacrum 

Vulgarit  arcanae,  sub  isdem 

Sit  trabibus,  fragilemque  mecum 
Solvat  phaselum.  Hor.  Od.  Ill,  2. 


102 

two  waggons  to  pass.  This  wall  was  built  by  Themis- 
tocles,  and  finished  by  Cimon  and  Pericles.  Another 
somewhat  shorter  wall,  towards  the  East,  united  the  har- 
bour of  Phalerum  with  the  walls  of  the  city.  Entering 
by  the  gate  of  the  Piraeus,  a  straight  line  led  to,  2.  the 
Propylsea,  or  vestibules  of,  1.  the  Acropolis,  or  citadel. 
On  the  summit  of  the  citadel,  an  oblong  hill,  was  the 
famous  temple  of  Minerva,  called  the  Parthenon.  At 
the  bottom  of  this  hill,  on  the  South-side,  was,  3.  the 
theatre  of  Bacchus,  where  the  tragedians  exhibited  their 
compositions  ;  and  East  of  it  was,  4.  the  Odeum,  or  thea- 
tre for  musical  competition.  Proceeding  round  the  hill 
of  the  Acropolis,  on  the.  North,  was,  5.  the  Prytaneum, 
or  place  where  those  citizens  who  had  rendered  essential 
service  to  their  country  were  entertained  at  public  ex- 
pense. Opposite  the  North-west  side  of  the  Acropolis, 
was,  6.  the  ever-memorable  hill  of  Mars,  on  which  was 
established  the  court  of  the  Areopagus  ;  and  opposite  the 
Propylsea,  or  Western  end  of  the  Acropolis,  was,  7.  the 
Pnyx,  or  place  of  public  assemblies.  Opposite  to  which, 
on  the  South,  was,  8.  the  hill  of  the  Museum,  having  the 
road  from  the  Piraeus  to  the  Propylsea  between  it  and  the 
Pnyx.  From  the  hill  of  the  Areopagus,  continuing  in  a 
North-west  direction,  we  come  to,  9.  the  Forum,  which 
was  in  a  place  called  the  Ceramicus,  or  pottery  ground. 
The  Forum  had  at  its  Southern  entrance  an  enclosure, 
containing  the  palace  of  the  Senate  and  temple  of  the 
Mother  of  the  Gods.  On  the  South-western  side  of  the 
square  were  the  statues  of  the  Eponymi,  or  ten  heroes  who 
gave  name  to  the  tribes  of  Attica  5  and  at  the  Eastern 
gate  were  two  vestibules,  the  Western  called  that  of  the 
Hermae,  in  which  were  three  statues  of  Mercury,  bear- 
ing the  names  of  those  soldiers  who  had  distinguished 


103 

themselves  in  the  battles  against  the  Persians,  and,  10. 
the  Eastern  called  the  Poecile,  which  was  ornamented 
with  the  works  of  the  first  artists  in  painting  and  statu- 
ary. In  the  Forum  was  also  the  court  of  the  chief  Ar- 
chon,  near  the  statues  of  the  Eponymi,  and  the  camp  of 
the  Scythians  employed  by  the  government  in  the  police 
of  the  city.  The  quarter  to  the  East  of  the  Forum  was 
called  Melita.  At  the  North-east  of  the  city,  without 
the  walls,  was  Cynosarges,  the  school  of  ^the  Cynic 
philosophers,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Anchesmus,  a  branch 
of  Mount  Pentelicus,  so  celebrated  for  its  marble  quar- 
ries; and  below  it  was  the  Lycaeum,  the  school  of  Aris- 
totle, and  the  Peripatetics,  separated  by  the  river  Ilissus 
from  Mount  Hymettus.  A  little  South-west  of  the  Ly- 
ceum, between  the  Acropolis  and  the  Ilissus,  was,  12. 
the  Olympieum,  or  temple  of  Jupiter  Olympius,  original- 
ly projected  by  Pisistratus,  but  completed,  or  perhaps 
rebuilt,  by  the  Emperor  Hadrian,  who  exceedingly  em- 
bellished and  half  rebuilt  the  city.  A  little  East  of  this, 
across  the  Ilissus,  was,  13.  the  Stadium.  On  the  North- 
west was  the  Ceramicus  without  the  walls,  through  which 
a  road  led  to  the  celebrated  gardens  of  the  Academia, 
watered  by  the  Cephisus  on  the  North-west,  and  having 
the  house  of  Plato  to  the  East,  and  to  the  North  the 
Hill  Colonos,  the  scene  of  the  beautiful  tragedy  of  Sopho- 
cles called  the  (Edipus  Coloneus.  The  road  to  Thebes 
passed  over  this  hill.  South-east  of  the  Parthenon  (PL 
XI.)  was  Mount  Hymettus,  celebrated  for  its  bees*; 
and  North-east  of  it  Mount  Pentelicus,  celebrated  for  its 
quarries  of  marble ;  a  Northern  branch  of  which  is  Mons 

*  _  Nisi  Hymettia  mella  Falerno 

Ne  biberis  diluta .  Hor.  Sat.  II.  2. 


104 

Brilessus ;  North  is  Mount  Parnes,  North-west  and 
West,  Mount  JEgaleus  and  Corydalus.  The  extreme 
Southern  promontory  of  Attica  was  called  Sunium, 
where  there  was  a  temple  of  Minerva,  some  columns  of 
which  still  remain,  whence  the  cape  is  now  called  Cabo 
Colonni.  A  long  island  lies  opposite  to  it  called  He- 
lena, or  Macris,  which  still  preserves  the  name  of  Ma- 
cronisi.  Near  Sunium  was  Laurium,  celebrated  for  its 
silver  mines.  Proceeding  upwards,  along  the  North- 
eastern shore  of  Attica,  we  come  to  Brauron,  near  Mons 
Pentelicus.  Here  was  a  celebrated  temple  of  Diana, 
hence  called  Brauronia:  and  the  statue  of  Diana,  brought 
by  Orestes  from  Tauris,  was  preserved  here  till  it  was 
carried  off  by  Xerxes.  North  of  Brauron  is  the  glorious 
plain  of  Marathon,  still  preserving  its  immortal  name, 
where  the  Athenians,  under  the  conduct  of  Miltiades, 
defeated  the  Persian  army,  Sept.  28,  B.  C.  490,  Ol.  72,  3. 
Above  it  is  Rhamnus,  celebrated  for  a  temple  of  the 
goddess  Nemesis,  thence  called  Rhamnusia.  It  was 
built  of  the  marble  brought  into  the  field  by  the  Persi- 
ans, in  order  to  erect  the  trophy  of  their  anticipated  vic- 
tory. Quitting  the  coast,  somewhat  South-west  of 
Rhamnus,  is  Decelia,  so  celebrated  for  having  been  gar- 
risoned by  the  Lacedaemonians  in  the  Peloponncsian 
war,  01.  91.  3.  B.C.  414.  See  Thucyd.  VII.  19.  Be- 
tween this  and  Athens  was  Acharnae,  a  borough  of  At- 
tica, which  has  given  name  to  a  play  of  Aristophanes. 
North  of  Eleusis  is  Thria,  giving  the  name  of  Thriasius 
Campus  to  the  great  plain  extending  towards  Boeotia,  to 
the  North  of  which  was  Phyle,  the  fort  possessed  by 
Thrasybulus  and  the  Athenian  exiles,  who  expelled  the 
thirty  tyrants  from  Athens  after  the  Pelopormesian  war, 
B.C.  401.  Ol.  94,  4. 


105 

Next  to  Attica  is  Boeotia  (P.  X.)  in  which,  above  Me- 
garis,  and  the  Sinus  Corinthiacus,  we  may  observe  Mount 
Cithaeron,  about  midway  between  Thebes  and  Corinth, 
the  celebrated  scene  of  exposure  of  the  infant  (Edipus. 
A  little  North-west  of  Mount  Cithaeron  is  Plataeae,  the 
ever-memorable  scene  of  the  defeat  of  the  Persians,  under 
the  command  of  Mardonius,  by  the  Lacedaemonians,  com- 
manded by  Pausanias,  Sept.  22.  B.C.  479,  01.  75.  2,  and 
of  the  siege  and  cruel  destruction  of  its  inhabitants  by  the 
Lacedaemonians,  in  the  Peloponnesian  war,  B.C.  427, 
01.  88.  2,  so  interesting  an  account  of  which  is  given  by 
Thucydides  in  his  third  book.  A  little  West  of  Plataeae 
is  Leuctra,  so  memorable  for  the  signal  defeat  of  the  La- 
cedaemonians by  the  Thebans,  under  the  conduct  of  Epa- 
minondas,  July  8.  B.C.  371,  01.  102.  2.  Proceeding 
Eastward,  along  the  Athenian  frontier,  we  find  Eleutherae, 
and  following  the  course  of  the  river  Asopus,  we  come 
to  Tanagra  and  Oropus,  now  Oropo,  at  its  mouth.  The 
Athenians  and  Thebans  had  many  disputes  for  the  pos- 
session of  Oropus,  till  at  last  it  was  adjudged  to  the 
Athenians  by  Philip  of  Macedon.  The  plain  along  the 
Asopus  was  called  Parasopias.  North-east  of  Tanagra 
was  Delium,  where  the  Athenians  were  defeated  by  the 
Boeotians,  in  the  Peloponnesian  war,  B.C.  421,  01.  89. 
4. ;  an  account  of  which  may  be  seen  in  the  fourth  book 
of  Thucydides.  Northwards,  at  the  narrowest  point  of 
the  Euripus,  opposite  to  Chalchis,  in  Euboea,  was  Aulis, 
the  memorable  scene  of  the  detention  of  the  Grecian  fleet 
in  their  expedition  to  Troy,  till  Agamemnon  had  appeas- 
ed Diana  by  the  sacrifice  of  his  own  daughter  Iphigenia. 
Still  Northwards  is  Anthedon;  West  of  which  is  the  lake 
Copais,  now  called  Livadia  Limne,  into  which  flows  the 
14 


106 

Boeotian  Cephisus,  celebrated  by  Pindar,  and  larger  than 
the  Athenian  river  of  the  same  name.  On  the  North  of 
this  lake  stood  the  small  town  of  Copse,  whence  it  de- 
rived its  name.  Near  its  Western  extremity  was  Orcho- 
menus,  antiently  called  Minyeia,  a  town  celebrated  for 
its  wealth,  and  for  a  temple  of  the  Graces,  mentioned  by 
Pindar.  Somewhat  South-west  was  the  town  of  Chsero- 
nea,  memorable  for  the  defeat  of  the  Athenians  by  the 
Boeotians, B.C.  447,  01.  33.  2.;  and  much  more  for  their 
irretrievable  defeat  by  Philip,  Aug.  2.  B.C.  338,  01. 110. 
3,  which  put  an  end  to  the  liberties  of  Greece:  it  was  al- 
so the  birth-place  of  Plutarch.  South-east  of  this,  is  Co- 
ronea,  celebrated  also  for  a  defeat  of  the  Athenians,  and 
their  allies,  by  Agesilaus,  King  of  Sparta,  B.C.  394,  01. 
96.  3. ;  Eastward  of  this,  near  the  lake  Copais,  is  Haliar- 
tus,  which  was  destroyed  by  the  Romans  in  the  first  Ma- 
cedonian war.  South-east  was  Onchestus,  sacred  to  Nep- 
tune, and  South-east  of  it,  almost  in  the  centre  of  Boeotia, 
on  the  little  river  Ismenug,  was  Thebes,  founded  by  Cad- 
mus, and  hence  called  Cadmsean,  the  scene  of  the  suffer- 
ings of  (Edipus,  and  the  birth-place  of  Pindar,  whose 
house  and  descendants  were  spared  when  Thebes  was  ut- 
terly destroyed  by  Alexander,  01.  111.  2.,  B.C.  335.  It 
was  rebuilt  by  Cassander  more  than  twenty  years  after. 
South-west  of  it  was  Potnise,  the  residence  of  Glaucus, 
the  son  of  Sisyphus,  who  was  torn  in  pieces  by  his  mares, 
which  was  the  subject  of  one  of  the  lost  tragedies  of 
JEschylus.*  South-west  of  Thebes  above  the  Sinus 


Potniades  mails  membra  absumpsere  quadrigae. 

Virg.  Georg.  III.  267. 


107 

Corinthiacus,  was  Thespiae,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Helicon, 
the  celebrated  abode  of  Apollo  and  the  Muses,  where 
was  the  fountain  Aganippe,  and  the  river  Permessus. 
This  was  the  Southern  extremity  of  the  Parnassian  ridge, 
which  is  a  chain  of  considerable  length  running  North- 
west through  Phocis  also,  as  we  shall  see  hereafter. 
About  twenty  stadia  higher,  was  the  verse-inspiring 
fountain  of  Hippocrene,  said  to  have  been  made  by  the 
hoof  of  Pegasus.  A  part  of  this  mountain  was  called 
Libethrus,  a  little  North-west  of  Ascra,  the  birth-place 
of  Hesiod,  which  is  at  the  foot  of  Helicon.  Hence  the 
Muses  are  called  Libethrides.  *  The  last  place  that  we 
shall  notice  in  Boeotia  is  Lebedaea,  now  Livadia,  where 
was  the  celebrated  cave  of  Trophonius,  into  which  they 
who  entered  were  never  seen  to  smile  afterwards.  From 
this  city  Boeotia  has  acquired  the  modern  name  ofLivadia; 
a  little  North-west  is  the  pass  of  Daulis,  where  Laius  was 
killed  by  CEdipus. 

West  of  Boeotia  is  Phocis,  bounded  by  the  Sinus 
Corinthiacus  on  the  South.  At  the  first  bend  of  this 
gulf  to  the  North  was  the  peninsula  of  Anticyra,  celebra- 
ted for  its  hellebore,  the  great  remedy  for  madness  among 
the  antients.  The  second  bend  is  called  the  Sinus 
Crissaeus,  from  the  city  of  Crissa  at  its  top.  A  little 
North  of  which  is  the  renowned  city  of  Delphi,  and 
above  it  Mons  Parnassus,  sacred  to  Apollo  and  the 
Muses,  at  the  foot  of  which  was  Fons  Castalius,  whence 
the  Muses  are  called  Castalides.  Delphi  was  also  called 
Pytho,  from  the  serpent  of  that  name,  which  was  killed 

*  Nymphs,  noster  amor,  Libethrides.        Virg.  Eel.  VII.  21. 


108 

by  Apollo,  in  honour  of  whom  the  Pythian  games  were 
celebrated  every  fifth  year.  Parnassus  had  two  summits, 
the  one  consecrated  to  Apollo,  the  other  to  Bacchus: 
whoever  slept  on  Parnassus  either  became  an  inspired 
poet  or  mad.*  Delphi  is  now  called  Castri,  and  the 
summit  of  Parnassus  is  called  Lakura,  from  the  antient 
name  of  Lycorea;  it  is  so  high  as  to  be  seen  from  tl\e 
Acropolis  of  Corinth,  eighty  miles  distant.  North-east 
of  Delphi  was  the  Corycian  cave,  also  sacred  to  the 
Muses,  and,  still  North-east,  the  city  of  Elatea,  now 
Turco-corio,  or  rather  Eleuta,  at  the  junction  of  Mounts 
Cnemis  and  GEta,  the  largest  city  in  Phocis,  the  unex- 
pected surprise  of  which  by  Philip  produced  a  shock  at 
Athens,  so  finely  described  by  Demosthenes  in  his  fa- 
mous oration  De  Corona.  Nearly  due  North  of  Delphi, 
on  the  other  side  of  Parnassus,  was  Tithorea,  now 
Vditza. 

North-east  and  South-west  of  Phocis  are  the  Locri, 
divided  into  the  Locri  Ozolas,  to  the  South-west,  the 
Locri  Opuntii  and  Locri  Epicnemidii,  to  the  North-east. 
The  Locri  Ozolse  were  said  to  be  so  called  from  the 
poisoned  arrows  of  Hercules  having  been  buried  in  their 
district  by  Philoctetes,  from  which  a  mephitic  vapour 
arose.  They  occupy  a  narrow  slip  of  land,  broadest  at 
the  Eastern  end  near  Phocis,  and  extending  along  the 
Sinus  Corinthiacus  to  its  narrowest  point.  Their  prin- 
cipal city  was  Amphissa,  now  called  Salona,  whence  also 
the  Sinus  Crissaeus  is  now  called  the  Gulf  of  Salona. 

*  Hence  Persius  — 
Nee  in  bicipiti  somniasse  Parnasso 
Memini  ut  repente  sic  poeta  prodirem-         Pers;  Prof.  V.  2. 


109 

Near  the  narrowest  point  or  entrance  of  the  Sinus 
Corinthiacus  was  Naupactus,  a  celebrated  naval  station, 
the  possession  of  which  was  often  contested  between  the 
Locrians  and  their  more  powerful  neighbours,  the  JEto- 
lians,  who  ultimately  gained  it.  It  is  now  called  Enebect 
or  Lepanto,  giving  its  name  to  the  Corinthian  Gulf;  a 
little  West  of  which,  at  the  very  narrowest  point  of  the 
Gulf,  where  it  is  not  above  three  quarters  of  a  mile  wide, 
was  Antirrhium,  opposite  to  Rhium  in  Achaia.  These 
two  promontories,  being  fortified  with  castles,  have  been 
called  the  Dardanelles  of  Lepanto.  North-east  of  Phocis 
were  the  Locri  Opuntii,so  called  from  their  principal  town 
Opus,  situated  near  the  Northern  extremity  of  Boeotia, 
on  the  Sinus  Opuntius:  and  nearly  North  of  them  were 
the  Locri  Epicnemidii,  also  a  small  tribe,  so  called  from 
their  vicinity  to  Mount  Cnemis.  Their  principal  town 
was  Thronium,  probably  now  Bodonitza,  and  in  their 
extreme  Northern  point  is  the  famous  pass  of  Thermo- 
pylae, on  the  Sinus  Maliacus  having  impassable  moun- 
tains on  the  West,  with  the  sea  and  morasses  to  the 
East.  It  was  only  twenty-five  feet  broad  in  its  narrowest 
part.  Here  was  the  memorable  stand  made  by  Leonidas 
and  his  three  hundred  Spartans,  who  all  perished  but 
two,  against  Xerxes  and  the  Persian  host,  amounting, 
according  to  those  who  take  the  utmost  number,  to  five 
millions.  This  battle  began  Aug.  B.C.  480,  01.  75.  1. 
and  lasted  three  days,  and  was  only  lost  at  last  by  the 
treachery  of  the  Thessalians*,  who  betrayed  the  passes 
over  Mount  (Eta. 

*  A  traveller  through  Wales  can  hardly  fail  to  remark  the  great 
similarity  between  Penmaenmawr  and  Thermopylae,  and  between 
Snowden,  with  its  forked  head  and  sacred  spring  (Ffynnon-Oer), 
Parnassus. 


110 

On  the  North-western  side  of  Phocis  is  a  little  district 
called  Doris,  in  which  springs  the  river  Cephisus.  It  had 
but  four  inconsiderable  cities,  Lilsea,  Erineum,  Citi- 
neum,  Boium,  whence  it  is  called  Tetrapolis;  but"  it  was 
the  mother  of  many  Grecian  states  and  colonies,  as  we 
have  already  observed. 

West  of  Locris,  Phocis,  and  Doris,  was  jEtolia,  now 
called  Vlakia,  from  the  Valaques*,  settled  there  by  the 
Greek  Emperors,  having  the  Sinus  Corinthiacus  for  its 
Southern,  the  river  Achelous  for  its  Western,  and  Thes- 
saly  for  its  Northern  boundary.  The  alliance  formed 
between  the  Romans  and  JEtolians,  B.C.  214,  A.U.C. 
540,  and  their  subsequent  desertion  of  the  Romans  for 
Antiochus,  King  of  Syria,  was  the  cause  of  the  subjuga- 
tion of  Greece.  On  the  river  Evenus,  now  the  Federi, 
a  little  above  the  Sinus  Corinthiacus  t,  West  of  the 
straits  of  Rhium,  was  Calydon,  the  country  of  Meleager, 
and  the  scene  of  the  Calydon  boar-hunt,  described  by 
Ovid.  Met.  VIII.  260,  &c.  and  a  little  North-west  of 
it,  towards  the  river  Achelous,  was  Mount  Aracynthus. 
The  chief  city  of  JStolia  was  in  the  interior,  called 
Thermus.  The  river  Achelous  now  called  Jlspro  Potamo 
or  the  White  River,  is  celebrated  for  a  contest  between 
the  river  god,  in  the  shape  of  a  bull,  and  Hercules,  who 
tore  off  one  of  his  horns,  which  he  gave  to  the  Goddess 
of  Plenty  for  a  cornu  copiae,  a  fable,  the  application  of 
which  is  obvious  to  the  draining  of  the  neighbouring 

*  The  name  still  remains  in  Walachiai  Valach,  in  the  Illyrian 
tongue,  signifies  a  herdsman. 

f  The  Sinus  Corinthiacus  commenced  from  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Achelous. 


Ill 

land  and  one  branch  of  the  river.  At  its  mouth  are  a 
number  of  small  islands,  formed  by  depositions  of  earth 
and  sand,  called  the  Echinades. 

West  of  JEtolia  is  Acarnania,  still  called  Carnia.  Near 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Achelous,  is  the  city  of  (Eniadae, 
and  considerably  North-west  of  it  are  the  islands  called 
the  Teleboides,  and  the  island  of  Leucadia,  or  St.  Maure, 
formerly  a  peninsula  called  Neritos.  *  The  extreme 
South-western  promontory  of  Leucadia  was  called  Leu- 
cate,  where  was  a  temple  of  Apollo,  and  the  celebrated 
rock  from  which  disappointed  lovers  sought  either  death 
or  a  cure  by  leaping  into  the  sea.  The  poetess  Sappho 
was  one  of  the  most  celebrated  adventurers  of  the  lover's 
leap,  on  account  of  her  fruitless  passion  for  Phaon. 
North  of  Leucadia  was  Anactorium,  at  the  entrance  of 
the  Ambracian  Gulf,  and  within  the  Gulf,  which,  at 
its  entrance,  somewhat  resembles  the  passage  called  the 
Sleeve,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic,  was  the  memorable 
city  of  Actium,  the  scene  of  the  great  battle  between 
Antony  and  Augustus,  which  decided  the  fate  of  the 
Roman  world,  Sept.  2.  B.C.  31,  A.U.C.  723.  Actium 
is  still  called  .flzio.  The  North-eastern  part  of  Acar- 
nania was  called  Amphilochia,  from  Amphilochus,  the 
son  of  Amphiaraus  and  Eriphylet,  who  having  slain  his 
mother,  in  revenge  for  having  betrayed  his  father  to  the 
fatal  Theban  war,  retired  from  his  native  country  Argos, 
and  built  here  a  city  of  the  same  name,  called  for  dis- 

*  —Neritos  ardua  saxis.  Virg.  JEn.  III.  271- 

t  • Mcestamque  Eriphylen 

Crudelis  nati  monstrantem  vitlnera  cernit. 

Virg.  &n,  VI,  445, 


112 

tinction  Amphilochium  Argos;  the  country  is  still  called 
Filoquia. 

The  remainder  of  Greece,  above  the  countries 
already  described,  was  divided  into  two  great 
portions,  Thessalia  on  the  East,  and  Epirus  on  the 
West ;  though  Epirus,  especially  towards  the  North, 
was  hardly  recognised  as  a  genuine  Grecian  State. 
Thessaly,  in  fact,  extended  all  over  the  countries 
below,  except  the  North-west  part  of  Acarnania, 
and  was  bounded  on  the  South  by  the  chain  of 
Mount  (Eta,  on  the  West  by  that  of  Pindus,  on 
the  North  by  that  of  Olympus  and  the  Cambunii 
Montes,  and  on  the  East  by  the  Sea.  It  contained 
several  tribes  or  districts.  On  the  confines  of 
^Etolia  and  Phocis,  above  Doris,  are  the  ^Enianes ; 
Eastward,  towards  the  coast,  was  Phthiotis,  still 
North-east,  along  the  coast,  Magnesia,  and  North 
of  that,  Pelasgiotis ;  in  the  North  was  Perrhsebia ; 
in  the  North-western  angle,  the  -^Ethices ;  below 
these,  along  the  Western  side  were  Estiaeotis,  Ape- 
rantio,  and  Dolopia ;  in  the  centre,  Thessaliotis. 

The  Sinus  Maliacus,  so  called  from  the  little  city  of 
Malia,  is  now  the  Gulf  of  Zeiton,  so  called  from  the 
town  of  Zeiton,  anciently  perhaps  Trachis,  or  Trachinia, 
called  also  Trachinia  Heraclea,  the  scene  of  one  of  the 
tragedies  of  Sophocles  on  the  death  of  Hercules,  who 
burnt  himself  on  a  funeral  pile  raised  on  the  neighbour- 


113 

ing  Mount  (Eta.  Above  this,  the  river  Sperchius  flows 
into  the  Maliac  Gulf :  the  beauty  of  its  banks  is  cele- 
brated by  Virgil  *.  On  this  river  was  the  city  Hypata, 
or  Neopatra,  celebrated  for  the  skill  of  its  inhabitants  in 
magic  t,  in  which  the  Thessalians  ^rere  proverbially 
thought  t©  excel.  Near  the  mouth  W  the  Sperchius  is 
another  Anticyra,  equally  famous  for  its  hellebore,  and 
above  it  Lamia,  on  the  river  Achelous,  where  Antipater 
was  besieged  by  the  Athenians  after  the  death  of  Alex- 
ander, B.C.  323,  01.  114.  2.,  but  at  last  escaped,  and 
compelled  the  Athenians  to  beg  a  peace,  and  give  up 
Demosthenes,  who  poisoned  himself  to  avoid  falling  into 
his  hands.  At  the  entrance  into  the  Sinus  Pagasius,  or 
Pelasgicus,  now  the  Gulf  of  f^olo,  we  find  Aphetae,  now 
Fetio,  from  which  the  ship  Argo  is  said  to  have  taken  her 
departure  for  Colchis.  Proceeding  along  the  coast  a  little 
inland  is  the  Phthiotic  Thebes,  and  above  it  is  the  river 
Amphrysus,  on  whose  banks  Apollo  is  said  to  have  fed 
the  herds  of  Admetus  king  of  PheraeJ.  North-west- 
ward, but  considerably  inland,  is  a  city  called  Thauma- 
cia  from  the  beauty  of  its  situation,  now  Thaumaco. 
The  river  Ohchestus,  which  rises  a  little  beyond  the 
lake  Bsebis,  flows  into  the  Northern  extremity  of  this 

*  ____  o  ubi  campi 

Sperchiusque  et  virginibus  bacchata  Lacsenis 
Taygeta,  Virg.  Georg.  II.  486. 

|  Quse  saga,  quis  te  solvere  Thessalis 
Magus  venenis,  quis  poterit  Deus,  ffor.  Od.  I.  27. 

•$.  Cynthius  Admeti  vaccas  pavisse  Pheraeas 
Fertur  et  in  parva  delituisse  casa.          Ov.  Art.  Am,  II.  238. 
Te  quoque,  magna  Pales,  et  te  memorande  canemus 
Pastor  ab  Amphryso.  Virg,  Georg.  Ill,  1. 

15 


114 

gulf,  and  at  the  top  of  the  gulf  was  the  city  of  Pagasse 
giving  name  to  it,  and  Demetrias,  or  Volo,  built  by 
Demetrius  Poliorcetes.  Here  were  also  two  promon- 
tories, preserving  the  memory  of  the  great  Thessalian 
Deluge,  in  the  names  of  Pyrrha  and  Deucalion.  Near 
the  junction  of  ttffe  Onchestus  and  a  little  stream  called 
the  Anaurus,  was  Pherae  or  Pheres,  and  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Onchestus  was  lolcos,  the  country  of  Jason,  in  the 
district  of  Magnesia,  whence  the  Argo  is  called  Magne- 
sian  by  Ovid  *.  And  on  the  ^gean  side  of  the  Cherso- 
se,  formed  by  the  gulf  and  the  ^Egean,  is  the  city  of 
iagnesia,  above  which  was  the  promontory  of  Sepias, 
sow  Cape  St.  George,  where  the  fleet  of  Xerxes  suffered 
greatly  from  shipwreck.  From  this  promontory  all 
along  the  coast  to  the  North  of  Thessaly  stretch  the 
ranges  of  mountains,  Pelion,  Ossa,  and  Olympus  t.  Be- 

*  Cur  unquam  Colchi  Magnetida  vidimus  Argo. 

Ov.  Med.  Jas.  V.  9. 

f  Here  we  may  remark  the  excess  of  critical  refinement  in  those 
commentators  who  compare  Homer's  ladder  of  the  giants  with 
Virgil's,  and  give  the  preference  to  the  more  judicious  arrange- 
ment of  the  former.  For,  say  they,  Homer  places  Olympus  at 
the  bottom,  Ossa  on  Olympus,  and  Pelion  on  Ossa;  Virgil  uses 
the  contrary  order — 

Ter  sunt  conati  imponere  Pelio  Ossam 

Scilicet,  atque  Ossze  frondosum  involvere  Olympum ; 

Georg.  I.  281, 

'vhich  makes  a  pyramid  resting  on  its  point,  Pelion  being  the 
least,  and  Olympus  the  greatest  of  these  mountains.  The  fact  is, 
Homer  enumerates  them  in  their  direction  from  the  North,  or 
highest,  to  the  South,  or  lowest  point ;  Virgil,  an  Italian,  who 
lived  South  of  them,  and  would  naturally  visit  the  Southern  point 
first  in  his  journey  thither  from  Athens,  enumerates  them  in  the 
order  in  which  they  would  present  themselves  to  his  view. 


115 

x 

tween  the  two  last  flows  the  Peneus,  or  Salampria, 
through  the  celebrated  vale  of  Tempe,  the  beauty  of 
which  was  proverbial  among  the  antients.  It  is  about 
five  miles  long,  but  in  general  very  narrow,  in  many 
places  not  above  an  acre  and  a  half  in  breadth.  See 
JElian,  Var.  Hist.  III.  1.  West  of  Tempe,  the  Titare- 
sius  flows  into  the  Peneus,  without  mingling  with  it,  a 
fact  noticed  by  Homer  and  other  writers ;  and  still  West, 
but  on  the  river  Peneus,  is  Larissa,  the  principal  city  of 
Thessaly,  which  retains  its  name.  In  the  North  of 
Thessaly  was  Azorus,  now  Sorvitz,  and  North-west  of 
it,  Oxynia.  South  of  this  is  Gomphi,  and  below  it  Tric- 
ca,  now  Trikala.  To  the  East,  about  the  middle  of 
Thessalia,  on  the  river  Enipeus,  is  the  plain  and  city  of 
Pharsalia,  the  memorable  scene  of  the  decisive  battle 
between  Caesar  and  Pompey,  May  12,  B.C.  48,  A.U.C. 
706,  in  which  Caesar  obtained  the  empire  of  the  Roman 
world.  Below  it  is  Hellas,  preserving  the  name  which 
was  afterwards  common  to  all  Greece. 

West  of  Thessalia  was  Epirus,  now  part  of  Al- 
bania, comprising,  in  the  South,  Molossia,  above 
which,  on  the  Western  shore,  is  Thesprotia,  and 
above  it  Chaonia,  and,  still  North/ Orestis. 

On  the  Sinus  Ambracius,  or  Gulf  of  Jlrta,  was  Am- 
bracia,  the  royal  city  of  Pyrrhus  and  his  descendants. 
Opposite  the  promontory  of  Actium,  on  this  gulf,  was 
Nicopolis,  a  city  built  by  Augustus  on  the  site  of  his 
camp,  in  honour  of  his  decisive  victory.  North-west,  in 
Thesprotia,  was  the  lake  called  Palus  Acherusia,  into 
which  two  rivers  flowed,  the  Cocytus  and  Acheron,  and 


116 

still  North-west  the  river  Thyamis,  where  Cicero's 
friend,  Atticus,  had  a  country  seat  called  Amaltheum. 
North-west  of  this  was  Buthrotum,  now  Butrinto,  and 
above  it  Panormus,  now  Panormo  ;  above  which  is  Ori- 
cum  and  the  Acro-Ceraunian  Mountains*,  so  called  from 
their  abrupt  summits  being  often  struck  by  lightning. 
They  were  remarkable  for  attracting  storms,  and  dreaded 
by  mariners  on  this  account.  In  the  interior  of  Epirus 
was  the  celebrated  grove  and  oracular  or  vocal  oaks  of 
Dodona,  sacred  to  Jupiter.  It  was  on  Mons  Tomarus, 
on  the  confines  of  Thesprotia  and  Molossia. 

Extending  over  Thessaly  and  Epirus,  from  the 
-flEgean  to  the  Ionian  Sea,  was  Macedonia,  (PL 
IX.),  in  its  utmost  limits  as  a  Roman  province; 
but  the  Western  part  of  Macedonia,  above  Chao- 
nia,  was,  more  strictly  speaking,  part  of  Illyri- 
cum,  now  Albania.  The  pure  Greeks  aifected  to 
disclaim  the  Macedonians  and  part  of  the  Epirots ; 
and  Demosthenes  always  discriminates,  in  very 
pointed  terms,  between  the  Macedonian  upstart 
Philip  and  the  Greeks,  especially  the  Athenians, 
who  claimed  their  descent  from  remotest  antiquity, 
and  wore  golden  grasshoppers  in  their  hair,  to 
mark  their  aboriginal  extraction.  The  splendid 
victories  of  Philip  and  Alexander  subdued  some- 

*  —  Hie  flagrant! 

Aut  Atho,  aut  Rhodopen,  aut  alta  Ceraunia  telo 
Disjicit.  Virg.  Georg*  I.  331. 

Infames  scopulos  Acro-Ceraunia.  Hor.  Od.  I.  3. 


117 

what  of  this  haughty  spirit  among  their  Southern 
neighbours.  Macedon  was  bounded  on  the  South 
by  Thessalia,  on  the  East  by  Thracia,  on  the  North 
by  Moesia  and  Dardania,  and  on  the  West  by  Illy- 
ricum.  It  was  possessed  by  several  tribes,  whose 
situations  are  not  very  correctly  known. 

In  the  North-eastern  part  was  Pseonia,  in  the  North- 
western Pelagonia ;  along  the  central  part  was  Sintica, 
bordering  on  Thrace,  South-west  of  this,  Mygdonia  and 
JEmathia,  and  West  the  Lyncesta3  and  Eordani ;  along 
the  Southern  boundary,  to  the  East,  was  Edonis,  border- 
ing on  Thrace,  South-west  of  it  Chalcidice,  lying  be- 
tween the  Sinus  Strymonicus  and  Thermaicus.  Within 
the  Sinus  Thermaicus,  on  the  South-east,  was  Pieria, 
bordering  on  Thessaly,  and  to  the  South-west  Elymiotis. 
Immediately  above  Thessalia,  on  the  Sinus  Thermaicus, 
now  the  Gulf  of  Saloniki,  was  Dium,  now  Stan-dia, 
according  to  a  corruption  already  noticed ;  above  it  was 
the  river  Haliacmon,  and  above  it  Pydna,  now  Kitra,  so 
frequently  mentioned  in  Demosthenes,  and  memorable 
also  as  being  the  place  where  Olympias,  the  mother  of 
Alexander,  was  besieged  and  put  to  death  by  Cassander, 
and  where  the  decisive  battle  was  fought  between  the 
Romans,  under  the  conduct  of  Paulus  jiEmilius,  and 
Perseus,  the  last  King  of  Macedon,  June  22.  B.C.  168, 
A.U.C.  586,  which  ended  in  the  overthrow  of  Perseus, 
and  the  reduction  of  Macedonia  to  the  form  of  a  Roman 
province.  Above  Pydna  was  Methone,  now  Leutero- 
chori,  also  memorable  in  the  eontentions  between  Philip 
and  the  Athenians,  and  the  scene  of  his  first  victory  over 


118 

them,  B.C.  360,  01.  105,  1.  A  little  North-west  of  the 
top  of  the  Sinus  Thermaicus  (PL  X.)  is  Pella*,  the  royal 
city  of  Macedon ;  its  ruins  are  still  called  Palatiza,  or 
the  Little  Palace.  It  was  situated  on  a  lake  communica- 
ting by  a  smaller  stream  with  the  Axius,  or  Vardari, 
the  greatest  of  the  Macedonian  rivers,  which  falls  into  the 
Sinus  Thermaicus.  Somewhat  South-west  of  Pella  was 
Bercea,  now  Cara  Verio,,  a  city  which  has  merited  the 
eulogium  of  St.  Paul  for  the  docility  and  ingenious  dis- 
position of  its  inhabitants  (see  Acts  xvii.  10.,  &c.);  and 
North  of  it  was  -^Ege,  or  Edessa,  the  antient  royal  city, 
now  called  Vodina.  At  the  North-eastern  extremity  of 
the  Sinus  Thermaicus,  was  the  city  of  Therma,  which 
gave  name  to  it,  afterwards  called  Thessalonica,  and  now 
Saloniki,  a  city  well  known  from  the  preaching  and 
epistles  of  St.  Paul.  The  district  between  the  Sinus 
Thermaicus  and  Strymonicus  we  have  already  said  was 
called  Chalcidice.  The  lower  part  of  it  formed  three 
peninsulas.  The  first,  contained  between  the  Sinus  Ther- 
maicus and  a  smaller  gulf  called  the  Sinus  Toronaeus, 
now  the  Gulf  of  Cassandria,  was  called  Phlegra,  or 
Pallene.  At  its  entrance  was  the  city  of  Potidaea,  so  ce- 
lebrated in  the  orations  of  Demosthenes;  it  was  founded 
by  the  Corinthians,  taken  by  the  Athenians,  and  taken 
from  them  by  Philip,  and  by  him  given  to  the  Olynthi- 
ans.  It  was  afterwards  called  Cassandria,  from  Cassan- 
der,  which  name  it  still  bears.  At  the  top  of  the  Sinus 
Toronaeus,  a  little  North-east  of  Potidaea,  was  Olynthus, 
the  scene  of  so  many  contests  between  Philip  and  the 

*  Hence  Alexander  is  called  the  Pell<ean  youth: 

Unus  Pellaeo  juveni  non  sufficit  orbis.  Juv.  Sat.  X.  168. 
And  as  Pella  was  in  ^Emathia,  and  jEmathia  the  most  distinguish- 
ed province  of  Macedonia,  it  is  often  put  for  the  whole  country. 


119 

Athenians :  the  cause  of  its  inhabitants  was  pleaded  in  the 
Olynthian  orations  of  Demosthenes.  A  little  North-east 
of  Olynthus  is  Chalcis,  giving  name  to  the  district.  The 
next  gulf  was  called  the  Sinus  Singiticus,  or  Gulf  of 
Monte  Santo,  and  the  peninsula  contained  between  it 
and  the  Sinus  Toronseus,  was  called  Sithonia.  On  the 
Western  side  of  this  peninsula  was  Torone,  or  Toron, 
which  gave  name  to  the  Sinus  Toronaeus;  and  on  the 
Eastern  was  Singus,  giving  name  to  the  Sinus  Singiticus. 
In  the  third  and  last  peninsula,  called  Acta,  between  the 
Sinus  Singiticus  and  Strymonicus,  or  Gulf  of  Contessa, 
was  the  celebrated  mountain  Athos,  now  called  Monte 
Santo,  from  the  number  of  religious  houses  there.  The 
Southern  promontory  of  Athos  was  called  Nymphaeum, 
the  Eastern  Acro-Athos.  A  narrow  tongue  of  land  which 
connects  the  North-west  of  Athos  with  the  continent, 
near  the  cities  of  Acanthus,  on  the  East,  and  Sana,  on 
the  West,  was  the  spot  so  memorable  for  having  been 
dug  through  by  Xerxes,  to  afford  a  passage  for  his  fleet, 
and  save  it  from  doubling  the  dangerous  promontory  of 
Acro-Athos.  Above  this  on  the  Sinus  Strymonicus,  is 
Stagyra,  now  Stauros,  the  birth-place  of  Aristotle,  who 
is  hence  called  the  Stagyrite,  near  to  which  was  the  tomb 
of  Euripides.  The  river  Strymon  flows  into  the  North- 
ern extremity  of  the  Sinus  Strymonicus,  separating  Ma- 
cedonia from  Thrace.  At  its  mouth  was  the  city  of 
Amphipolis,  another  of  the  causes  of  contention  between 
Philip  and  the  Athenians,  as  also  between  the  Athenians 
and  Spartans,  for  it  was  an  Athenian  colony.  It  was  also 
called  Ennea  Hodoi,  or  the  nine  ways,  because  Phyllis, 
who  had  been  deserted  by  Demophoon,  made  nine  jour- 
neys here  to  watch  for  his  return ;  and  it  was  predicted 
that  the  Athenians  should  suffer  here  as  many  defeats. 


120 

It  is  now  called  lamboli.  It  is  unnecessary  to  mention 
many  of  the  obscure  and  inconsiderable  towns  in  the 
interior  and  North  of  Macedonia.  In  the  central  parts 
(PI.  IX.)  were  Heraclea,  North-west  of  Pella,  and  North- 
wards of  this,  Stobi;  and  to  the  South-west  of  this  was 
Lychnidus,  now  Jlkrida,  in  the  district  of  the  Lyncestae. 
The  Western  coast  of  Macedonia,  above  Epirus,  we 
hare  already  said,  was  properly  Illyricum.  Immediately 
above  Epirus  was  Apollonia,  now  Polina,  on  the  river 
Aous,  or  Lao;  and  North  of  it  Epidamnus,  afterwards 
called  Dyrrachium,  which  was  greatly  frequented  by  the 
Romans,  as  being  nearly  opposite  to  Brundusium,  in 
Italy.  We  may  call  the  latter  the  Dover,  and  the  former 
the  Calais,  of  antiquity.  The  rest  of  the  Eastern  shore 
of  the  Adriatic  was  occupied  by  the  Illyricae  gentes,  or 
Illyricum,  already  described. 

East  of  Macedonia  was  Thracia,  now,  together 
with  the  upper  part  of  Macedon,  called  Roumelia, 
which,  though  a  barbarous  country  in  the  interior, 
had  many  Greek  colonies  on  the  coast.  But  the 
geography  of  Thrace,  as  well  as  Macedonia,  is  by 
no  means  accurately  ascertained.  It  was  separated 
from  Macedonia  by  the  Strymon  and  the  ridge  of 
Mount  PangsBus  and  Mount  Rhodope*  on  the 
West,  from  Mcesia  by  Mount  Hs&mus  on  the 


•  Flerunt  Rhodopeise  arces, 

Altaque  Pangxa,  et  Rhfcsi  Mavortia  tellus, 
Atque  Getse,  atque  Hebrus,  et  Actias  Orithyia. 

Georg.  IV.  461, 


IS  I 

North  ;  on  the  East  was  the  Euxine,  and  on  the 
South  was  the  jEgean  Sea. 

The  principal  nations  of  Thrace  were  the  Bessi,  a  very 
savage  people,  in  the  North  West,  and  the  Maedi  below 
them,  in  the  South-west,  at  the  top  of  the  ^Egean;  their 
maritime  parts  were  inhabited  by  the  small  tribes  of  the 
Bristones  and  Ciconii.  In  the  centre  were  the  Odrysae, 
in  the  South-east  the  Paeti,  and  in  the  North-east  the 
Astae.  We  have  considered  the  Strymon  as  the  Eastern 
boundary  of  Macedonia,  but  in  its  utmost  extent  it  reach- 
ed as  far  as  Mons  Pangaeus  and  the  river  Nessus,  or 
Mestus,  now  Mesto,  which  flows  into  the  ^Egean  a  little 
East  of  the  island  of  Thasus;  the  Strymon,  however,  is 
the  more  antient  and  natural  boundary. 

East  of  Amphipolis  was  Philippi,  the  celebrated  scene 
of  the  defeat  of  Brutus  and  Cassius  by  Antony  and  Au- 
gustus, B.C.  42,  A.U.C.  712.  The  poet  Horace  was  a 
tribune  in  the  vanquished  army  *,  but  afterwards  found  a 
more  congenial  and  more  profitable  employment  in  the 
service  of  the  muses  and  his  patron  Mecaenas.  This  city 
is  also  well  known  in  the  travels  and  epistles  of  St.  Paul. 
At  the  mouth  of  the  river  Nessus  was  Abdera,  the  birth- 

*  Quod  mihi  pareret  legio  Romana  tribune. 

HOT.  Sat.  I.  6.  58. 

Unde  simul  primum  me  dimisere  Philippi 

Decisis  humilem  pennis,  inopemque  paterni 

Et  laris  et  fundi,  paupertas  impulit  audax 

Ut  versus  facerem. Hor.  JS/iist.  II.  2,  49. 

Philippos  et  celerem  fugam 

Sensi,  relicta  non  bene  parmula.  Hor,  Od.  II.  7,  9. 

16 


place  of  the  philosopher  Democritus.  Eastward  are 
Maronea,  Mesembria,  Sarrum,  or  Serrhium,  and  .^Enos, 
now,  respectively,  Marogna,  Miseira,  Saros,  and  JEno, 
JEtnos  is  at  the  Eastern  mouth  of  the  river  Hebrus,  now 
the  Maritza.  Inland,  on  the  Western  side  of  the  He- 
brus, was  Scapta-hyla,  or,  as  Lucretius  calls  it,  Scapte- 
sula*,  where  Thucydides,  who  had  some  gold  and  silver 
mines  there  in  right  of  his  wife,  retired  after  his  banish- 
ment from  Athens,  to  write  his  history  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  War;  it  is  still  called  Skepsilar.  The  river  Me- 
las  runs  into  the  small  gulf  called  Melanis  Sinus,  at  the 
top  of  which  was  the  city  of  Cardia,  destroyed  by  Lysi- 
machus  when  he  founded  the  city  of  Lysimachia,  a  little 
South  of  it;  it  was  afterwards  called  Hexamilium,  now 
Hexamili,  because  the  isthmus  is  six  miles  across.  The 
peninsula  contained  between  the  Melanis  Sinus  and  the 
Hellespontus  was  called  the  Chersonesus  Thracius,  of 
which  we  have  frequent  mention  in  Demosthenes.  The 
Hellespontus,  which  was  so  called  from  Helle,  the  sister 
of  Phryxus,  who  was  drowned  there,  is  now  called  the 
Straight  of  the  Dardanelles.  The  town  of  Sestos  was 
on  its  Western  or  European  shore,  nearly  opposite  to 
Abydos,  on  the  Eastern  or  Asiatic:  this  was  the  place 
where  Xerxes  built  his  famous  bridge  of  boats,  and  where 
Leander  was  drowned  in  swimming  from  Abydos  in  the 
night  to  visit  his  mistress  Hero,  who  was  priestess  of 
Venus  here.  It  is  now  called  Zermunic,  and  is  the  first 
place  that  was  seized  by  the  Turks  in  passing  from  Asia 
to  Europe.  Above  it  is  the  fatal  little  stream  of  ^Egos 
Potamos,  where  the  Athenian  fleet  was  totally  defeated 

*  Quales  expirat  ScaptesuJa  subtus  odores. 

Lucre t.  VI.  810. 


120 

by  Lysander,  Dec.  13.  B.C.  405,  01.  93,  4.,  which  put 
an  end  to  the  Peloponnesian  war.  Still  North  is  Calli- 
polis,  now  Gallipoli.  At  the  North  part  of  the  Hel- 
lespont the  sea  widens  again,  and  was  antiently  called  the 
Propontis,  because  it  was  before  the  Pontus  Euxinus,  or 
Black  Sea;  it  is  now  called  the  White  Sea,  or  Sea  of 
Marmora,  from  the  little  island  of  Proconnesus,  now 
Marmora,  which  it  contains.  At  its  North-western 
angle  was  Bisanthe,  or  Rhoedestus,  now  Rodosto.  About 
one-third  along  the  Northern  coast  was  Perinthus,  after- 
wards Heraclea,  now  corrupted  into  Erekli,  from  which 
a  wall,  called  Macron  Tichos,  was  built  across  to  the 
Euxine  by  the  Emperor  Anastasius.  East  of  it  was  Se- 
lymbria,  now  Selibria;  and  at  its  North-eastern  extremi- 
ty, called  from  its  beauty  Chrysoceras,  or  the  Horn  of 
Gold,  was  the  renowned  city  of  Byzantium,  fixed  on  by 
Constantine  the  Great  as  the  seat  of  the  Roman  Empire, 
A.D.  330,  and  from  him  called  Constantinople,  a  name 
which  it  has  always  preserved,  though,  by  a  familiar  cor- 
ruption already  noticed,  it  is  called,  by  the  Turks,  Estam- 
boul  *.  That  part  of  the  city  which  was  the  antient  By- 
zantium is  now  the  seraglio.  The  Turkish  sultan,  Ma- 
homet the  Second,  took  Constantinople,  May  28.  A.D. 
1453,  and  it  has  ever  since  been  the  seat  of  the  Turkish 
empire.  On  this  occasion  many  of  the  captive  Greek  in- 
habitants fled  into  Italy  and  the  West;  and  this  event, 
with  the  invention  of  printing,  which  was  nearly  con- 
temporary, may  be  considered  as  instrumental,  under 
Providence,  to  the  restoration  of  learning  and  pure  reli- 
gion in  the  world.  A  very  narrow  strait,  antiently  called 
the  Thracian  Bosphorus,  now  the  Channel  of  Constan- 


124 

iinople,  connects  the  Propontis  with  the  Pontus  Euxinus, 
or  Black  Sea,  which  it  enters  near  some  well  known 
rocks,  antiently  called  the  Cyaneae,  or  Symplegades  *, 
which,  from  their  appearing  more  or  less  open  or  con- 
fined, according  to  the  course  of  the  vessel,  were  said  by 
the  poets  to  open  and  shut  upon  the  ships  which  entered, 
and  crush  them  to  pieces;  the  Argo  had  a  narrow  escape, 
as  we  are  told  by  Apollonius  Rhodius,  with  the  loss  of 
her  rudder.  Proceeding  along  the  North  coast  of  the 
Euxine  we  find  Halmydessus  or  Salmydessus,  a  place 
celebrated  for  its  shipwrecks;  it  is  still  called  Midjeh. 
A  little  above  it  is  Bizya,  the  residence  of  Tereus,  the 
husband  of  Procne.  Above  it  is  the  promontory  of 
Thynias,  whence  came  the  Thyni,  who  settled  afterwards 
in  Asia,  and  gave  name  to  Bithynia.  Above  it  was 
Apollonia,  afterwards  Sozopolis,  now  Sizeboli :  above  it, 
at  the  North-eastern  extremity  of  Thrace,  was  Hsemi- 
extrema,  now  Emineh-borun;  and  almost  at  the  North- 
western extremity  was  Philippolis,  so  called  from  Philip, 
the  father  of  Alexander,  which  preserves  its  name.  In 
the  centre  was  Adrianopolis,  or  Adrianople,  near  the 
confluence  of  the  three  rivers,  the  Hebrus,  Tonsus,  and 
Ardiscus,  by  whose  waters  Orestes  was  purified  from  the 
pollution  of  his  mother's  blood,  whence  the  place  was 
formerly  called  Orestias. 

*  Compresses  utinam  Symplegades  clisissent. 

Ovid.  Efiist.  Her.  Med.  Jas.  119. 

f  Lamprid,  in  Elagab. 


CHAPTER  X. 


GRECIAN  ISLANDS. 


A.G.  Plates  XII.  XIII. 


THESE  we  shall  describe,  beginning  from  the  North  of 
the  JEgean  Sea,  or  Archipelago,  along  the  coast  of 
Greece;  and  afterwards  those  on  the  coast  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor. South-west  of  the  mouth  of  the  Hebrus  (PI.  XII.) 
was  the  island  of  Samothrace,  or  Samothraki,  remark- 
able for  the  sanctity  of  its  asylum,  and  the  mysterious 
worship  of  four  deities  called  the  Cabiri.  Its  reputation 
even  continued  to  the  time  of  Juvenal  *.  Below  it  was 
Imbrus,  or  Imbro,  where  also  the  same  deities  were 
worshipped.  North-west  of  Samothrace,  and  a  little 
West  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  Nestus,  was  Thasos,  now 

*  Jures  licet  et  Samothracum 

Et  nostrorum  aras. Juv.  Sat.  III.  144. 


126 

Thapso,  remarkable  for  its  fertility,  its  wines,  and  its 
marble  quarries.  South-west  of  Imbrus,  and  about  mid- 
way in  the  ^Egean  sea,  between  the  coast  of  Greece  and 
Asia  Minor,  was  the  island  of  Lemnos,  fabled  to  have 
received  Vulcan  when  he  fell  from  heaven,  who  is  there- 
fore called  the  Lemnian  god.  It  is  now  called  Stalimine^ 
according  to  a  corruption  which  we  have  frequently  no- 
ticed. Lemnos  was  infamous  for  the  massacre  committed 
by  the  Lemnian  women  on  their  husbands  and  all  the 
male  inhabitants  of  the  island,  a  full  account  of  which  is 
given  by  Valerius  Flaccus,  in  the  second  book  of  his 
Argohautic  expedition.  Its  principal  town  was  Myrina, 
now  Palaeocastri,  in  whose  forum  was  the  famous  statue 
of  the  ox,  made  by  Myron;  the  back  of  which,  at  the 
winter  solstice,  was  overshadowed  by  Mount  Athos, 
though  87  miles  distant.  South-west  of  Lemnos  was  the 
small  island  of  Peparethus,  or  Piperi;  and  South-west 
of  it  Halonesus,  or  Dromo.  Westward  of  which,  off  the 
coast  of  Magnesia,  were  the  islands  of  Scopelos  and 
Sciathos,  which  keep  their  names.  South  of  these,  be- 
low the  Maliacus  Sinus,  was  the  large  island  of  Euboea, 
lying  along  the  coast  of  Locris,  Boeotia,  and  Attica.  Op- 
posite to  Aulis,  in  Boeotia,  the  channel  between  the  conti- 
nent and  the  island  of  Euboea  is  very  narrow  and  re- 
ceives the  name  of  Euripus.  Chalcis,  one  of  the  princi- 
pal cities  of  Euboea,  was  opposite  to  Aulis;  from  a  cor- 
ruption of  Euripus,  it  is  now  called  Egripo;  and  then 
corrupted  by  mariners  into  Negropont.  The  next  prin- 
cipal city  in  Euboea  was  Eretria,  now  Gravalinais,  a 
little  below  Chalcis.  At  the  South  extremity  of  Euboea 
are  two  celebrated  promontories;  the  Western,  called 
Carystus,  now  Caristo,  remarkable  for  its  fine  marble 
quarries;  the  other,  on  the  Eastern,  or  JEgean  side,  cal- 


127 

led  Caphareus*,  memorable  for  the  shipwreck  of  the 
Grecian  fleet  on  their  return  from  Troy.  At  the  North- 
ern extremity  of  Euboea  was  Istisea,  or  Oreus,  now  Orio. 
This  part  of  the  coast  of  Euboea  was  called  the  Artemi- 
sium  littus.  East  of  this  part  of  Euboea  was  the  island 
Scyros,  or  Skyro,  where  Achilles  was  brought  up  in  the 
court  of  Lycomedes,  disguised  as  a  female,  to  avoid  be- 
ing sent  to  the  Trojan  war.  Below  Euboea,  inclining  to- 
wards the  East,  we  find  a  cluster  of  islands,  called  the 
Cyclades.  The  island  nearest  to  Euboea  is  Andros,  or 
JLndro;  and  below  it  Tenos,  or  Tine,  which  is  separated 
from  it  only  by  a  narrow  channel.  A  little  to  the  West, 
lying  as  it  were  between  Andros  and  Tenos,  is  the  little 
island  Gyarust,  or  Jour  a,  where  the  Roman  exiles  were 
sent;  and  a  little  South-west  of  Tenos  is  Syros,  or  Syr  a. 
West  of  Tenos,  off  the  coast  of  Attica  and  promontory 
of  Sunium,  is  Ceos,  or  Zia;  a  little  South-east  of  which 
is  Cythnus,  now  Thermia;  and  a  little  below  it  is  Seri- 
phus,  now  Serpho.  South-east  of  Seriphus  is  Siphnus, 
or  Siphanto;  and  South-west  of  Siphnus  is  Cimolus,  now 
Jlr geniier  &  >  and  Melos,  or  Milo.  East  of  Melos  are  the 
inconsiderable  islands  of  Pholegandros,  Sicinos,  and  los, 
now  PolecandrOy  Sikino,  and  Nio.  Below  los  is  Thera, 
or  Santorin,  whose  inhabitants  colonized  Gyrene,  in  Af- 
rica; East  of  which  is  Anaphe,  or  Namphio;  and  North- 
east of  it  Astypalsea  £,  or  Stampalia.  North-west  of 

Scit  triste  Minervsc 

Sidus,  et  Euboicae  cautes,  ultorque  Caphareus. 

Virg.  JEn.  XI.  260, 
f  jEstuat  infelix  angusto  limite  mimdi 
.  Ut  Gyarze  clausus  scopulis  parvaque  Seripho. 

Juvenal,  Sat.  X.  169, 
±  Cinctaque  piscosis  Astypalrca  vadis,  Ov.  Art*  11.82. 


128 

Astypalaea  is  Amorgus,  now  Jlmorgo ;  North-west  of 
which  is  Naxos*,  now  Naxia,  celebrated  for  its  worship 
of  Bacchus;  and  adjoining  it  to  the  West  was  Paros,  and 
the  smaller  island  of  Olearos,  or  Antiparos,  which  retain 
the  names  of  Paro  and  *ftntiparo:  this  was  the  celebra- 
ted region  of  the  finest  white  marble t.  Above  Paros 
was  the  small  but  celebrated  island  of  Delos,  the  birth- 
place of  Apollo  and  Diana;  it  was  held  so  sacred,  that 
all  sick  persons  were  transported  to  the  neighbouring 
island  of  Rhena,  lest  it  should  be  polluted  by  their  death. 
On  the  opposite  or  North-eastern  side,  was  the  island  of 
Myconus,  or  Myconi.  Thus  we  may  see  that  the  Cy- 
clades  were  spread  in  a  semicircular  form  round  Delos, 
as  the  centre,  whence  they  derive  their  name. 

The  antient  names  of  Delos  were  Asteria  and  Ortygia, 
the  latter  being  derived  from  the  number  of  quails  which 
frequented  the  island.  The  antients  believed  the  island 
to  have  been  moveable  formerly,  and  carried  about  by 
the  waves,  but  that  when  Apollo  was  born  there  it  be- 
came fixed  J. 

*  Bacchatamque  jugis  Naxon,  viridemque  Donusam, 
Olearon  niveamque  Paron,  sparsasque  per  sequor 
Cycladas,  et  crebris  legimus  freta  consita  terris. 

Virg.  &n.  III.  125. 

f  Splendentis  Pario  marmore  purius,  Hor.  Od.  I.  19.  6. 

:f:  Sacra  mari  colitur  medio  grattissima  tellus, 
Nereidum  matri  et  Neptuno  ^Egseo; 
Quam  plus  Arcitenens  oras  et  littora  circum 
Errantem,  Mycone  celsa  Gyaroque  revinxit, 
Immotamque  coli  dedit,  et  contemnere  ventos. 

Virg.  &n.  III.  75. 


129 

Below  the  Cyclacles  was  the  great  island  of  Crete, 
now  Candid)  renowned  among  the  antients  as  having 
been  the  birth-place  of  Jupiter.  The  Western  extremity 
of  Crete  was  a  promontory  called  Criu  Metopon,  or  the 
ram's  forehead,  now  Crio;  its  Eastern  was  called  Samo- 
nium,  now  SaZmone;  its  Northern  was  called  Cimarus, 
now  Spada.  About  the  centre  of  Crete  was  the  cele- 
brated Mount  Ida  *,  where  Jupiter  was  nursed,  whence 
came  the  worship  of  Cybele,  and  the  priests  called  the 
Curetes,  or  Idsei  Dactyli.  On  the  Northern  coast, 
towards  the  Western  end  of  the  island,  was  Cydonia, 
now  Canea.  The  Cretans  were  celebrated  archers,  and 
the  Cydonianst,  were  the  best,  or  most  esteemed  among 
them.  Towards  the  Eastern  part,  where  the  shore  bends 
to  the  South,  was  the  city  of  Gnossus,  the  kingdom  of 
Minos,  so  celebrated  for  his  justice  as  to  have  been  made 
one  of  the  judges  in  the  infernal  regions:  with  this  place 
we  shall,  of  course,  associate  the  names  of  Ariadne, 
Theseus,  Daedalus,  the  labyrinth,  and  Minotaur.  South 
of  it  was  Lyctos,  now  Lassite.  Dicte$  was  a  mountain 
at  the  Eastern  extremity  of  the  island,  sometimes  giving 
name  to  the  whole  island.  In  a  cave  of  this  mountain 


*  Crcta  maris  magni  medio  jacet  insula  ponto, 
Mons  Idxus  ubi,  et  gentis  cunabula  nostrx. 

*  *  #  * 

Hinc  mater  cultrix  Cybele,  Corybantiaque  rcra, 

Idxumquc  nemus. Virg.  Mn*  IIL  104. 

f  Primusve  Teucer  tcla  Cydonio 
Dircxit  arcu.  Hor.  Od.  IV.  9.  17, 

£ Dictoca  negat  tibi  Jupiter  arvn, 

Virg.  JEn<  III    171, 

17 


130 

Jupiter  is  said  to  have  been  fed  by  the  bees  with  honey* 
Along  the  South  shore,  at  the  narrowest  part  of  the 
island,  Hiera  pytna,  is  now  Gira  petra;  West  of  which 
is  Gortyna,  near  to  which  are  said  to  be  some  ruins  re- 
sembling a  subterraneous  labyrinth.  Off  the  North  shore 
of  Crete  is  the  little  island  of  Dia,  now  Standia;  and 
below  the  South  shore  is  Gaulos,  now  Gozo  of  Candia, 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  Gozo  of  Malta.  North-west 
of  Crete,  and  off  the  promontory  of  Malea,  we  find  the 
island  of  Cythera,  now  Cerigo,  sacred  to  Venus,  who 
was  supposed  to  have  risen  from  the  sea  in  its  neighbour- 
hood, and  is  hence  called  Cytherea. 

Off  the  coast  of  Elis,  on  the  Western  side  of  Greece 
(PL  XL),  is  Zacynthus,  now  Zante;  South  of  which  are 
the  islands  of  the  Strophadest,  now  Strivali,  so  called 
because  Calias  and  Zethus  here  turned  back  from  pursu- 
ing the  harpies.  Above  Zacynthus,  almost  opposite  the 
Sinus  Corinthiacus,  is  Cephallenia,  now  Cefalonia;  on 
the  Eastern  coast  of  which  the  city  of  Same  still  retains 
its  name.  The  island  of  Ithaca  (PI.  X.),  lies  to  the 
North-east  of  it,  and  is  now  called  Theaki.  Above 
these,  off  the  coast  of  Thesprotia,  lies  the  island  of  Cor- 
cyra,  now  Corfu.  It  was  originally  colonized  by  the 
Corinthians,  and  is  memorable  for  having  given  occasion 
to  the  Peloponnesian  wars,  and  for  a  dreadful  sedition 

*          '   '    '  Pro  qua  mercede,  canoros 
Curetum  sonitus  Corybantiaque  sera  secutae, 
Dictao  regem  superum  pavere  sub  antro. 

Virg.  Georg.  IV.  150. 

|  i.  Strophades  Graio  stant  nomine  dictse 

Insulae  lonio  in  magno:  quas  dira  Celano, 
Harpyiseque  colunt  alise.  Virg,  &n.  III.  211: 


131 

which'  prevailed  there  during  part  of  that  war,  which  is 
finely  described  by  Thucydides,  in  his  third  book.  This 
island  was  called  Phseacia  by  Homer,  who  describes  the 
gardens  and  orchards  of  its  king  Alcinous. 

We  shall  now  proceed  to  describe  the  Grecian  Islands 
adjoining  the  coast  of  Asia  *.  A  little  below  the  Helles- 
pont (PL  XII.),  off  the  coast  of  Troas,  is  a  small  island 
which  keeps  its  name,  Tenedost,  the  fatal  station  to 
which  the  Grecian  fleet  retired  for  concealment  while 
awaiting  the  result  of  their  stratagem  for  the  capture  of 
Troy.  Below  it,  off  the  coast  of  Mysia,  is  Lesbos,  now 
called  Mitylin,  from  Mitylene,  its  ancient  capital,  on  its 
Eastern  coast.  It  was  the  birth-place  of  Sappho,  and 
Alcaeus.  Above  Mitylene,  in  the  North-eastern  extre- 
mity of  Lesbos,  was  Methymna,  now  Porto  Petera. 
Below  Lesbos,  off  the  coast  of  Ionia,  was  Chios,  or 
Scio,  one  of  the  reputed  birth-places  of  Homer,  where 
his  school  is  still  shown  J:  the  Chian  and  Lesbian 

•  Asia  itself  has  not  yet  been  described,  but  it  is  thought  more 
convenient  to  enumerate  these  islands  in  this  place;  and  the  sec- 
tion itself  may  be  reserved,  at  the  option  of  the  teacher,  for  the 
conclusion  of  the  chapter,  in  Asia  Minor. 

f  Est  in  conspectu  Tenedos  notissima  fama 

Insula,  dives  opum  Priami  dum  regna  manebant, 
Nunc  tantum  sinus,  et  statio  malefida  carinis. 
Hue  sc  diversi,  secreto  in  littore  condunt, 
Nos  abiisse  rati,  et  vento  petiisse  Mycenas. 

Virg.  JEn.  II.  21. 

\  The  places  which  contended  for  the  birth-place  of  Homer 
are  enumerated  in  those  well  known  lines  — 
Septem  urbes  certant  de  stirpe  insignis  Homeri, 
Smyrna,  Rhodes,  Colophon,  Salamis,  Chios,  Argos,  Athenae. 
Of  these  Chios  and  Smyrna  have  the  best  claim.     I  am  not  one  of 


132 

wines*  were  antiently,  and  still  are,  in  high  repute. 
West  of  it  is  Psyra,  now  Ipsara.  Below  Chios,  off  the 
Southern  extremity  of  Ionia,  is  Samos,  which  keeps  its 
name.  Junot  was  worshipped  here  with  peculiar  hon- 
ours. A  little  West  of  Samos  was  Icaria,  now  Nicaria. 
Below  these,  off  the  coast  qf  Caria,  are  a  number  of 
scattered  isles,  called  from  that  circumstance  the  Spo- 
rades.  Below  Icaria  is  Patmos,  to  which  St.  John  was 
banished.  Below  it  is  Leros,  which  also  keeps  its  name, 
and  Calymna,  now  Calmina.  Below  this  was  Cos,  a 
larger  island,  off  the  coast  of  Doris,  now  Stan  Co*  the 
birth-place  of  Apelles  and  Hippocrates.  Below  it,  Ni- 
syrus  and  Telos,  are  now  Nisiri  and  Procopia;  and  un- 
der Doris,  where  the  shore  of  Asia  Minor  turns  to  the 
East,  is  the  celebrated  island  of  Rhodus,  or  Rhodes,  so 
well  known  in  the  history  of  the  Grecians,  Persians, 
Romans,  and  Mahometans.  Its  principal  city  was 
Rhodes,  where  was  the  celebrated  Colossus  of  the  Sun, 
the  legs  of  which  are  commonly  but  falsely  supposed  to 
have  stood  on  each  side  of  the  harbour,  and  admitted  be- 
tween them  ships  in  full  sail.  It  was  the  work  of  Chares, 
the  pupil  of  Lysippus,  erected  about  300  B.C.,  and 


those  who  doubt  his  existence.  The  uniformity  of  plan  and  dic- 
tion convinces  me  that  the  Iliad,  with  possibly  a  small  exception, 
is  the  work  of  one  man.  The  Odyssey  is  fierhaps  attributable  to 
a  different  hand,  and  to  a  somewhat  later  but  very  early  age. 

*  Capaciores  affer  hue,  puer,  scyphos, 
Et  Chia  vina  aut  Lesbia.  Hor.  Efiod.  IX.  33. 

I  Quam  Juno  fertur  terris  magis  omnibus  imam 

Posthabita  coluissc  Samo,  — 
says  Virgil,  speaking  of  Carthage  Mn,  I.  15. 


133 

thrown  down  by  an  earthquake  about  120  years  after; 
in  which  state  it  continued  till  it  was  sold  by  the  Sara- 
cens, after  their  conquest  of  Rhodes,  A.  D.  672,  to  a  Jew, 
who  broke  it  up,  and  loaded  900  camels  with  the  brass. 
About  midway  between  Rhodes  and  Crete,  the  island  of 
Carpathus,  now  Scarpanto,  gave  name  to  the  Carpathian 
Sea.  In  the  Eastern  part  of  the  Mediterranean,  off  the 
coast  of  Cilicia  (PL  XIII.),  was  the  island  of  Cyprus, 
sacred  to  Venus.  Its  principal  city  was  Salamis,  towards 
the  East,  founded  by  Teucer*,  when  banished  by  Tela- 
mon  from  the  island  of  Salamis  in  the  Sinus  Saronicus, 
it  was  overwhelmed  by  the  sea,  afterwards  rebuilt  in  the 
fourth  century,  under  the  name  of  Constantia,  and  is  still 
called  Constanza.  A  little  below  it  is  the  present  capi- 
tal of  Cyprus,  called  Famagosta,  from  the  antient  pro- 
montory of  Ammochostos,  or  the  sand  hill.  South-west 
of  this  was  Citium,  now  Cito,  the  birth-place  of  the  great 
Stoic  philosopher  Zeno.  South-west  of  which  was 
Amathus;  whence  Venus,  who  was  worshipped  there, 
was  called  Amathusia.  West  of  this  was  Curium,  now 
Fiscopia;  and  in  the  Western  extremity  was  the  much 
famed  city  of  Venus,  Paphos,  now  Limmeson  tftntica. 
On  the  Northern  coast,  Soli  is  now  Solia,  Lapethus 

*    Teucer  Salamina  patremque 

Cum  fugeret,  tamen  uda  Lyxo 
Tempora  populea  fertur  vinxisse  corona, 

Sic  tristes  affatus  amicos : 
Quo  nos  cunque  feret  melior  fortuna  parente, 

Ibimus,  O  socii  comitesquc, 
Nil  desperandum,  Teucro  duce  ct  auspice  Teucro, 

Certus  enim  promisit  Apollo, 
Ambiguam  tellure  nova  Salamina  futuram. 

Hot,  Od.  I.  7,  2i: 


134 

Lapeto,  and  Chytrus  Cytria;  Idalium*  is  thought  to 
have  been  about  the  centre  of  the  Eastern  part  of  the 
island 

The  Grecian  Seas  (PI.  XII.)  were  distinguished  by 
various  names:  the  Southern  part  of  the  Hadriatic, 
washing  the  Western  coast  of  Greece,  was  called  Mare 
Ionium  t;  the  sea  between  Crete  and  Africa  was  called 
LibycumJ  Pelagus;  above  Crete,  Mare  Creticum§;  be- 
tween Crete  and  Rhodes,  Carpathium  Pelagus  || ;  near  the 
island  of  Icaria,  Icarium  Mare  If;  between  Attica  and  the 
Cyclades,  Myrtoum  Mare**;  all  the  rest  of  the  Archi- 
pelago was  called  by  the  general  name  of  the  Mare 
^gaeum.  The  modern  term  of  Archipelago  is  rather 
of  doubtful  and  somewhat  curious  derivation.  It  is 
doubted  whether  Egio  Pelago  or  Agio  Pelago  be  the 
original  modern  term,  the  former  a  corruption  of  the 
word  JEgaeum,  and  the  latter  derived  from  the  sanctity 

*  Est  Paphos  Idaliumque  tibi,  sunt  alta  Cythera. 

Virg.  JEn.  X.  86. 

|  Nosse  quot  lonii  veniant  ad  littora  fluctus, 

Virg.  Georg.  II.  108. 

%  Delphinum  similes  qui  per  maria  humida  nando 

Carpathium  Libycumque  secant.  Virg.  Mn*  V.  595, 

§  Tradam  protervis  in  mare  Creticum 

Portare  ventis,  Hor.  Od.  I.  26.  2. 

\\  Quicunque  Bithina  lacessit 

Carpathium  pelagus  carina,  //or.  Od.  I.  35.7  . 

Tf  Luctantem  Icariis  fiuctibus  Africum 

Mercator  metuens.  ffor.  Od.  1. 1.  15. 

**  Ut  trabe  Cypria 

Myrtoum  pavidus  nauta  seoet  mare,  Hor*  Od.  I.  1,  13.    * 


135 

of  the  monasteries  on  Mount  Athos  and  in  the  islands 
From  one  or  the  other  of  these,  mariners  are  thought  to 
have  adopted  the  corruption  of  Archipelago,  which 
having  itself  a  manifest  similarity  to  another  Greek  root, 
has  been  generally  supposed  to  be  derived  from  it. 
Even  the  most  illustrious  of  geographers,  D'Anville,  to 
whom  I  owe  so  many  obligations,  falls  into  the  vulgar 
error. 


136 


CHAPTER  XI 


ASIA  MINOR, 


Plate  XIII. 

THE  country  which  we  call  Asia  Minor  (a  term 
not  in  use  among  the  Antients,  who  called  it  sim- 
ply Asia,)  is  now  called  Anatolia,  or  rather  Jlna- 
doli,  from  «y*ToA^  the  East.  It  comprises  the  pro- 
vinces between  the  Euxine  and  Mediterranean 
Seas.  Along  the  shore  of  the  Pontus  Euxinus, 
adjoining  the  Propontis,  is  Bithynia;  next  to 
which  is  Paphlagonia;  and  East  of  it  Pontus, 
reaching  to  the  river  Ophis,  where  the  shore  of 
the  Pontus  Euxinus  begins  to  turn  to  the  North. 
Below  the  Eastern  part  of  Bythynia  and  Paphlago- 
nia is  Galatia.  South  of  the  Propontis  is  Mysia, 
below  it  Lydia,  and  below  Lydia  is  Caria.  These 
three  provinces  lie  along  the  Eastern  shores  of  the 
./Egean,  but  their  coasts  are  chiefly  occupied  by 


137 

Grecian  colonies.  Below  the  Hellespont,  the  coast 
of  Mysia  is  called  Troas,  the  celebrated  scene  of 
the  Iliad  of  Homer.  The  South  coast  of  Mysia 
and  a  little  of  the  North  of  Lydia  is  called  ^Eolis^ 
or  jEolia.  The  remaining  coast  of  Lydia  is  called 
Ionia.  There  were  also  some  Ionian  cities  on  the 
coast  of  Caria ;  and  the  South-west  coast  of  Caria 
was  called  Doris.  East  of  Caria  was  Lycia ;  and 
East  of  Lycia,  Pamphylia ;  with  Pisidia  to  the 
North,  and  to  the  North-east  Isauria  and  Lycaonia. 
East  of  Pamphylia  was  Cilicia.  In  the  centre^ 
East  of  Lydia,  was  the  large  province  of  Phrygia ; 
and  East  of  Phrygia  was  Cappadocia. 

Bithynia  was  originally  called  Bebrycia:  two  Thra- 
cian  nations,  the  Thyni  and  Bithyni,  who  settled  there, 
gave  it  the  name  of  Bithynia.  It  is  separated  from  My- 
sia by  the  Rhyndacus  on  the  West,  and  from  Paphla- 
gonia  by  the  Parthenius  on  the  East;  on  the  North  it  is 
bounded  by  the  Pontus  Euxinus,  and  on  the  South  by 
Phrygia  and  Galatia.  On  the  Western  frontier,  the 
great  mountain  of  Olympus  gave  the  name  of  Olympena 
to  the  surrounding  territory.  At  the  foot  of  Olympus 
was  the  city  Prusa,  or  Bursa,  which  gave  the  title  of 
Prusias  to  the  kings  of  Bithynia.  One  of  this  name  was 
the  betrayer  of  Hannibal  to  the  Romans,  who  poisoned 
himself  to  escape  falling  into  their  hands,  B.C.  183, 
A.U.C.  571.  The  next  city  we  shall  mention  is  Nicaea. 
now  Isnik,  on  the  banks  of  the  lake  Ascanius,  North- 
cast  of  Prusa.  Here  was  the  famous  General  Council 
held  under  Constantine  the  Great,  when  the  Nicene 
18 

>jSr 


138 

Creed  was  drawn  up,  A.D.  325,  North  of  Nicaea  is 
Nicomedia,  now  called  Isnickmid;  and  West  of  it,  to- 
wards the  Bosporus,  is  Libyssa,  now  Gebise,  which  de- 
rived its  name  from  containing  the  tomb  of  the  great 
African  general,  Hannibal.  At  the  point  where  the  Pro- 
pontis  begins  to  contract  was  Chalcedon,  called  the  city 
of  the  blind,  in  derision  for  its  founders  having  over- 
looked the  more  delightful  and  advantageous  situation  of 
Byzantium :  it  is  now  Kadikeui.  Opposite  to  Byzanti- 
um, or  Constantinople,  was  Chrysopolis,  now  Scutari. 
On  the  Bosporus  was  a  celebrated  temple  of  Jupiter  Uri- 
us,  the  dispenser  of  favourable  winds:  it  is  now  called 
loron.  The  Thyni,  a  Thracian  nation,  were  settled  on 
this  part  of  the  shore  of  the  Euxine,  extending  from  the 
Bosporus  to  the  river  Sangarius,  or  Sagaris,  now  the  Sa- 
karia.  On  the  East  of  the  Sangarius  were  the  Ma-rian- 
dyni,  in  the  North-eastern  part  of  whose  district  was  the 
powerful  city  of  Heraclea  Pontica,  now  Erekli ;  a  small 
peninsular  promontory  to  the  North-west  is  called  Ache- 
rusia,  and  it  is  said  that  Hercules  dragged  Cerberus  from 
hell  through  a  cavern  in  this  promontory.  North-east 
of  the  Mariandyni  are  the  Caucones,  adjoining  Paphla- 
gonia. 

Paphlagonia  extends  from  the  river  Parthenius,  or 
Partheni,  to  the  great  river  Halys,  now  called  Kizil- 
Ermak,  or  the  red  river  *.  In  the  North  were  the  He- 
neti,  who  are  said  to  have  passed  over  into  Italy  after 
the  Trojan  war,  where  they  established  themselves  under 

*  The  river  Halys  was  the  boundary  of  the  dominions  of  Crce- 
sus  King  of  Lydia,  to  whom  the  celebrated  oracle  was  given, 
KpoiffofAtvvfictCs  jiaya'xwv  ccp%*v  x*Taxw£m,  a  line  which  might  well  have 
been  applied  to  the  late  Emperor  of  France  when  he  crossed  the 
Vistula. 


139 

the  name  of  Veneti.  The  principal  cities  were  on  the 
coast  of  the  Euxine:  Amastris*,  now  JZmastreh,  and 
Cytorus,  now  Kitros;  North-east  of  which  was  the  Pro- 
montory of  Carambis,  now  Cape  Karampi,  which  we 
have  noticed  as  opposite  to  Criu  Metopon  in  the  Tauric 
Chersonese;  and  just  as  the  shore  has  bent  downwards  is 
Sinope,  a  celebrated  Grecian  colony,  founded  by  the 
Milesians,  and  the  birth-place  of  the  philosopher  Dio- 
genes; it  was  the  capital  of  Pontus  in  the  reign  of  the 
great  Mithridates,  and  is  still  called  Sinub. 

Under  the  Eastern  part  of  Bithynia,  and  Paphlagonia, 
is  Galatia.  A  colony  detached  from  the  great  Gaulish 
emigration,  under  Brennus,  B.C.  270,  crossed  the  Hel- 
lespont, and  settled  themselves  in  the  North  of  Phrygia 
and  Cappadocia,  where,  mingling  with  some  Grecian 
colonies,  they  caused  the  country  to  obtain  the  name  of 
Gallo-Grsecia,  or  Galatia;  and,  what  is  singular,  they 
continued  to  speak  the  Celtic  language  even  in  the  days 
of  St.  Jerome,  600  years  after  their  emigration.  On  the 
confines  of  Phrygia  and  Bithynia  was  the  city  of  Pessi- 
nus,  originally  Phrygian,  and  Mount  Dindymus,  remark- 
able for  the  worship  of  Cybele,  hence  called  Dindy- 
menet,  whose  image  was  brought  from  this  place  to 
Rome,  with  a  remarkable  miracle  attending  it  J,  in  the 

*  Amastri  Pontica  et  Cytore  buxifer.  Catull.  IV.  13. 

f  Non  Dindymene,  non  adytis  quatit 
Mentem  sacerdotum  incola  Pythius, 
Non  Liber  zeque Hor.  Od.  1. 16.  5. 

\  Claudia,  a  vestal,  had  been  accused  of  incontinence,  and  the 
goddess  was  prevailed  upon  by  her  prayers  to  vouchsafe  her  tes- 
timony to  her  innocence,  by  enabling  her  to  remove  by  her  girdle 
the  ship  which  had  grounded  in  the  Tiber.— Ovid.  Fast.  IV,  315, 


140 

second  Punic  war.  A  little  East  of  Pessinus  was  Gor- 
dium,  also  originally  in  Phrygia,  where  Alexander  cut 
to  pieces  the  Gordian  knot,  respecting  which  there  was 
an  antient  tradition,  that  the  person  who  could  untie  it 
should  possess  the  Empire  of  Asia.  Still  East  was  An- 
cyra,  now  Jlngora,  from  whence  the  celebrated  shawls 
and  hosiery  made  of  goats'  hair  were  originally  brought. 
Near  this  place  Bajazet  was  conquered  and  made  pri- 
soner by  Timour  the  Great,  A.D.  1402.  North-east  of 
this,  on  the  confines  of  Paphlagonia,  Gangra,  now  Kan- 
kiari,  was  the  residence  of  Cicero's  friend,  Deiotarus, 
one  of  the  tetrarchs  or  princes  of 'Galatia,  in  whose  favour 
we  have  an  oration  of  Cicero  to  the  senate.  This  city, 
however,  was  also  sometimes  considered  as  one  of  the 
principal  in  Paphlagonia.  It  is  not  necessary  to  enter 
into  the  detail  of  the  other  cities  in  Galatia;  but  we  may 
observe  in  proof  of  the  Gaulish  origin  of  the  people,  that 
the  Northern  part  of  them  were  called  the  Tectosages. 

East  of  Paphlagonia  and  Galatia  is  Pontus,  extending 
along  the  coast  of  the  Euxine,  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Halys  to  the  Ophis.  It  was  originally  part  of  Cappa- 
docia,  and  was  formed  first  into  a  Satrapy,  and  then  into 
an  independent  kingdom,  about  B.  C.  300.  Leaving 
the  mouth  of  the  Halys,  the  first  important  city  we  shall 
notice  is  Amisus,  now  Samsun,  a  Greek  colony,  aggran- 
dised by  Mithridates.  The  sea  here  forms  a  gulf  called 
Amisenus  Sinus,  into  which  the  river  Iris  flows,  called 
now  Jekil-Ermarkj  or  the  green  river.  Upon  its  banks, 
considerably  inland,  was  Amasea,  now  rfmasie/i,  the 
most  considerable  of  the  cities  of  Pontus,  and  the  birth- 
place of  the  great  Mithridates  and  Strabo  the  geographer. 
North  of  it  was  Magnopolis,  built  by  Pompey  the  Great; 


141 

and  below  it,  in  a  direction  nearly  South,  was  Zele? 
where  Caesar  overcame  Pharnaces,  son  of  the  great  Mi- 
thridates,  with  such  rapidity,  that  he  wrote  his  account 
of  his  victory  to  the  senate  in  those  three  famous  words, 
"Veni,  vidi,  vici."  North-east  of  Zele  was  Comana, 
now  perhaps  JUmons,  or  Tocat,  called  Pontica,  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  another  of  the  same  name  in  Cappadocia: 
both  were  celebrated  for  their  temples,  and  college  of 
priests,  consecrated  to  Bellona,  who  was  however  wor- 
shipped by  those  oriental  nations  rather  as  the  Goddess 
of  Love  than  of  War.  North  of  it  is  Neo-Csesarea,  now 
Niksar.  Advancing  towards  the  sea  we  find  the  river 
Thermodon,  or  Terme,  which  runs  through  the  plains  of 
Themiscyra,  the  antient  residence  of  those  warlike  fe- 
males the  Amazons*.  East  of  this  was  Polemonium, 
now  Fatija,  built  by  Polemon,  who  was  established  in 
the  kingdom  by  Marc  Antony,  and  East  of  it  was  Cera- 
sus,  now  Keresoun,  from  which  Lucullus  introduced  the 
first  cherries  into  Italy  in  the  Mithridatic  war.  Con- 
siderably East  of  it,  almost  on  the  confines  of  Colchis, 
was  Trapezus,  or  Trebisond,  so  famous  antiently  as  the 
first  Greek  colony  which  received  the  10,000  Greeks  in 
their  immortal  retreat  under  Xenophon,  and  subsequent- 
ly as  the  seat  of  Grecian  Emperors,  so  well  known  in 
romance,  and  so  little  read  of  in  history.  South-east  of 
Trapezus,  above  the  banks  of  the  river  Ophis,  (PI. 
XVII.)  was  Teches,  or  Tesqua,  now  Tekeh,  the  moun- 
tain from  which  the  troops  of  Xenophen  had  their  first 
view  of  the  sea,  the  account  of  which  is  so  finely  de- 

*    '  Cum  flumina  Thermodontis 

Pulsant,  ct  pictis  bcllantur  Amazones  armis. 

Virg.  /£w.  XI.  659. 


142 

scribed  by  him  in  the  latter  part  of  the  fourth  book  of 
the  Anabasis.  The  South-eastern  part  of  Pontus  was  oc- 
cupied by  the  tribes  of  Chalybes,  or,  as  Strabo  calls 
them,  the  Chaldasi. 

Returning  to  the  coast  of  the  ^Ggean,  (PI.  XIII.)  the 
first  province  is  Mysia,  bounded  by  Bithynia  on  the 
East,  the  Propontis  on  the  North,  the  JEgean  on  the 
West,  and  Lydia  on  the  South.  The  Rhyndacus,  often 
mistaken  by  modern  travellers  for  the  Granicus,  separates 
it  from  Bithynia.  Proceeding  from  thence  Westward, 
along  the  shore  of  Propontis,  we  come  to  the  island  of 
Cyzicus,  now  a  peninsula,  which  preserves  its  name;  it 
was  antiently  a  very  flourishing  city.  A  little  West  of 
it  is  the  river  Granicus,  the  famous  scene  of  the  first 
great  battle  between  Alexander  and  the  armies  of  Darius, 
May  22.,  B.C.  334.,  01.  111.  3.,  where  30,000  Mace- 
donians are  said  to  have  defeated  600,000  Persians;  it  is 
now  a  torrent  called  Ousvola.  The  city  of  Lampsacus, 
now  Lamsaki,  is  on  the  Hellespont.  It  was  famous  for 
the  worship  of  Priapus,  hence  called  the  Hellespontian , 
or  Lampsacan  God*.  Alexander  resolved  to  destroy 
this  city  on  account  of  the  vices  of  its  inhabitants,  but  it 
was  saved  by  the  philosopher  Anaximenes,  who  know- 
ing that  Alexander  had  sworn  to  deny  his  request,  • 
begged  him  to  destroy  it.  A  little  below  is  Percote, 
which  was  given  by  Artaxerxes  to  Themistocles,  to 
maintain  his  wardrobe.  Below  it  is  Abydos,  which  we 
have  already  mentioned  as  nearly  opposite  to  Sestos,  but 
a  little  more  to  the  South.  South  of  it,  towards  the 

*  Hellespontiaci  servet  tutela  Priapi. 

Vtrg.  Georg.  IV.  111. 


143 

mouth  of  the  Hellespont,  is  the  sacred  plain  of  Troy, 
immortalized  by  the  first  and  greatest  of  poets.  The 
coast  of  Mysia,  between  the  Hellespont  and  the  Promon- 
tory of  Lectum,  has  received  the  names  of  Troas,  from 
Troy,  and,  in  its  Northern  part,  Dardania,  from  the  city 
of  Dardanus,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Hellespont,  which, 
though  now  destroyed,  still  gives  to  the  Hellespont  the 
name  of  the  Dardanelles.  Modern  travellers  very  much 
differ  in  their  accounts  of  this  celebrated  plain,  and  in 
the  position  they  assign  to  the  antient  city  of  Troja,  or 
Ilium.  Sir  W.  Gell,  in  his  accurate  and  interesting  sur- 
vey of  the  Troad,  accompanied  with  many  beautiful  and 
faithful  coloured  engravings,  thinks  he  has  discovered 
some  vestiges  of  this  most  famous  city  near  the  village  of 
Bounarbachi ;  but  the  fact  probably  is,  that  though  some 
great  and  strong  outlines,  such  as  Ida,  and  the  promon- 
tory of  Rhcetaeum  and  Sigaeum,  may  remain,  the  lapse  of 
3000  years  may  have  caused  so  great  a  change  in  the 
general  face  of  the  country,  as  to  have  obliterated  every 
vestige  of  the  antient  city,  and  even  several  of  those 
minor  features,  which  may  be  said  to  have  outlived  even 
nature  herself  in  the  immortal  poem  of  Homer.  Troy 
was  more  than  once  rebuilt  under  the  names  of  Troja 
and  Ilium,  generally  in  a  situation  nearer  the  sea  than 
the  antient  city  is  supposed  to  have  occupied.  It  stood 
between  two  rivers,  the  Scamander,  or  Xanthus,  and  the 
Simois,  which  formed  a  junction  before  they  entered  the 
Hellespont.  The  Simois  rose  in  Mount  Ida,  a  very 
lofty  range  of  mountains  East  of  Troy.  The  sources  of 
the  Scamander  were  hot  and  cold  springs  near  Troy. 
The  summit  of  Ida  was  called  Gargarus.  The  Northern 
promontory  of  the  shore,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Helles- 
pont, was  called  the  promontory  of  Rhoetxum,  and  the 


144 

Southern  that  of  Sigaeum;  between  these  the  Grecian 
camp  and  ships  were  stationed.  South  of  the  island  of 
Tenedos  was  Chrysa  or  Sminthium,  where  was  the 
temple  of  the  Sminthian  Apollo,  and  the  residence  of 
his  priest  Chryses,  the  father  of  Chryseis.  Below  it  is 
the  promontory  of  Lectum,  now  called  Cape  JBaba. 
South-east  of  it  is  Assus,  now  <ftsso;  South-east  of  which 
was  Antandrus,  now  Jlntandro.  Inland,  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  Troad,  was  Scepsis,  memorable  as  being  the 
place  where  the  original  writings  and  library  of  Aristotle 
were  discovered,  as  we  are  told  by  Strabo,  much  injured 
by  having  been  buried  carelessly  in  a  damp  place  by  the 
descendants  of  Neleus,  the  scholar  of  Theophrastus,  to 
whom  Aristotle  had  left  them,  in  order  to  preserve  them 
from  being  seized  by  Eumenes,  king  of  Pegamus,  for 
his  library:  they  were  at  length  dug  up  and  sold  to 
Apellicon  of  Teios,  for  a  large  sum.  North-east  of 
Scepsis  was  the  city  of  Zeleia,  mentioned  in  Homer,  and 
South-west  of  it  the  Hypoplacian  Thebes,  the  birth-place 
of  Andromache,  which  was  occupied  by  a  Cilician  colo- 
ny in  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war :  a  little  below,  the 
shore  begins'  to  turn  to  the  South.  The  remainder  of 
the  coast  of  Mysia,  and  part  of  Lydia,  to  the  river  Her- 
mus*,  whose  sands  were  mingled  with  gold,  was  called 
JEolia,  or  JEolis,  being  occupied,  after  the  fall  of  Troy, 
by  JEolian  Greeks.  Here  is  Adramyttium,  or  Jldra- 
mitti,  an  Athenian  colony,  mentioned  in  the  Acts,  ch. 
xxvii.  2.  Inland,  South-east  of  Adramyttium,  was  Perga- 
mus,  now  Bergamo,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  which  the 
Romans  considerably  enlarged  in  favour  of  Eumenes,  af- 
ter they  had  defeated  Antiochus,  king  of  Syria,  and 

* Auro  turbidus  Hermus.  Virg*  Georg*  II,  137. 


145 

which  was  left  to  the  Roman  people  by  Attalus,  the  last 
king,  B.C.  133,  A.U.C.  621.  Here  was  the  famous  li- 
brary founded  by  Eumenes,  in  opposition  to  that  of 
Ptolemy  at  Alexandria,  who,  from  motives  of  jealousy, 
forbad  the  exportation  of  Egyptian  papyrus,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  Eumenes  invented  vellum,  called  hence 
Pergamena.  This  library,  having  contained  200,000 
volumes,  was  transported  to  Alexandria  by  Antony  and 
Cleopatra.  Pergamus  is  one  of  the  churches  mentioned 
in  the  Revelation  of  St.  John,  ch.  ii.  11.  Here  also  the 
great  physician  Galen  was  born.  It  stood  on  the  banks 
of  the  Caicus,  and  its  port  Elsea  is  now  lalea.  Between 
Adramyttium  and  Elasa  were  the  cities  of  Lyrnessus,  the 
original  country  of  Briseis,  Atarneus,  and  Pitane,  the 
first  of  which  is  inland,  the  two  others  are  on  the  coast; 
and  a  little  bolow  Elsea  was  the  promontory  of  Cana,  or 
Coloniy  near  which  were  the  little  islands  called  Arginu- 
SD3,  where  the  Lacedemonian  fleet  was  completely  de- 
feated by  the  Athenians,  B.C.  406,  01.  93.  3.,  who  after- 
wards ungratefully  put  their  victorious  generals  to  death. 

\ 

Below  the  river  Caicus  was  Lydia,  called  antiently 
Mseonia,  having  Mysia  on  the  North,  Phrygia  on  the 
East,  Caria  on  the  South,  and  the  ^Egean  on  the  West. 
The  coast  of  Lydia,  nearly  to  the  Hermus,  or  Sarabat, 
was  called  JEolis,  and  below  the  Hermus,  having  been 
occupied  by  Grecian  colonies  about  B.C.  900,  obtained 
the  name  of  Ionia,  the  cities  of  which  we  shall  first  de- 
scribe, before  we  give  an  account  of  the  interior,  or  Per- 
sian part  of  it.  Below  the  Caicus  was  Cyme,  or  Cuma3, 
the  most  powerful  of  the  JEolian  colonies,  now  affording 
but  a  few  vestiges  at  a  place  called  Nemourt ;  a  colony 
from  hence  founded  the  city  of  Cumae,  on  the  coast  of 
19 


146 

Campania,  in  Italy,  the  residence  of  the  Cumsean  Sibyl, 
Below  it  is  Phocaea*,  now  Fochia,  an  Ionian  colony, 
whose  inhabitants  deserted  it,  to  avoid  being  subject  to 
the  power  of  Cyrus,  and  having  sworn  never  to  return 
till  a  mass  of  iron,  which  they  sank,  should  rise  to  the 
surface,  founded  the  city  of  Marseilles,  in  Gaul,  about 
540  B.C.  Below  Phocsea  was  the  celebrated  city  of 
Smyrna,  now  called  Ismur,  one  of  the  reputed  birth- 
places of  Homer,  and  a  flourishing  city  of  Anatolia.  The 
little  river  Meles,  which  flows  by  Smyrna,  has  given  to 
Homer  the  name  of  Melesigenes,  he  having  been  said  to 
have  been  born  on  its  banks;  he  is  also  called  Mseoniust, 
from  having  been  born  in  Lydia.  Smyrna  stands  at  the 
Eastern  extremity  of  a  Gulf  called  the  Smyrnseus  Sinus, 
which  forms  a  peninsula,  near  the  entrance  of  which  is 
Clazomenae,  now  Vourla^  the  birth-place  of  the  philoso- 
pher Anaxagoras  and  other  great  men;  North-west  of  it 
is  Erythrse,  the  residence  of  one  of  the  Sibyls,  opposite 
to  the  Island  of  Chios.  At  the  Southern  entrance  of  this 
peninsula  was  Teos,  the  birth-place  of  Anacreon,  hence 
called  the  Teian  bard,  and  below  it  Lebedus,  which  was 
ruined  by  Lysimachus,  and  continued  so  in  the  days  of 
Horace;]:.  Below  it  was  Colophon,  another  of  the  cities 

*  Sed  juremus  in  hsec;  simul  imis  saxa  renarint 

Vadis  levata,  ne  redire  sit  nefas: 
Nulla  sit  hac  potior  sententia,  Phocxorum 

Velut  •profugit  execrata  civitas.  Hor.Rp.od.  XVI.  25. 

I  have  reversed  the  order  of  the  lines  in  Horace,  for  the  conve- 
nience of  shortening  the  quotation. 

|  Non  si  priores  Mceonius  tenet 

Secies  Homerns.  Hor.  Od.  IV.  9.  5, 

•|.  Scis  Lebedus  quid  sit,  Gabiis  desertior  atque 

Fidcnis  virus  Hor  Efiist,  I,  11.  6, 


147 

which  contended  for  the  birth  of  Homer:  it  was  the 
native  city  of  Mimnermus  and  Nicander.  The  Colo- 
phonian  cavalry  generally  turned  the  scale  on  the  side 
on  which  they  fought:  hence  Colophonem  addere  be- 
came a  proverb  for  putting  an  end  or  finish  to  a  business, 
and  in  the  early  periods  in  the  art  of  printing,  the  account 
which  the  printer  gave  of  the  place  and  date  of  the  edi- 
tion, being  the  last  thing  printed  at  the  end  of  the  book, 
was  called  the  Colophon.  Below  Colophon,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Cayster,  was  the  renowned  city  of  Ephesus, 
celebrated  for  its  temple  of  Diana,  one  of  the  wonders  of 
the  antient  world.  It  is  now  a  mass  of  ruins,  under  the 
name  of  Jliosoluc,  a  corruption  of  Agio-Tzeologus,  the 
modern  Greek  epithet  for  St.  John  the  founder  of  the 
church  here.  It  is  almost  unnecessary  to  add,  that  this 
city  is  memorable  in  the  writings  and  travels  of  St.  Paul, 
and  is  the  first  of  the  churches  mentioned  by  St.  John  in 
the  Revelation,  ch.  ii.  1.  The  Cayster  flowed  through 
a  marsh  called  the  Asian  marsh,  much  frequented  by 
water  fowl*,  and  mentioned  by  Homer  and  Virgil;  this 
river  is  now  called  the  Kit 'chik- Minder ,  or  little  Maean- 
der.  Below  Ephesus,  inland,  was  Magnesia  on  the 
Meander,  to  be  distinguished  from  another  city  of  the 
same  name  near  Mount  Sipylus,  in  the  inland  parts  of 
Lydia.  Here  Themistocles  died,  B.C.  449,  01.  83.  4., 
West  of  it,  and  opposite  the  island  of  Samos,  is  Mount 
Mycale,  so  celebrated  for  the  defeat  and  destruction  of 
the  Persian  fleet  by  the  Grecians,  Sept.  22,  B.C.  479, 
01.  75.  2.,  on  the  very  same  day  that  their  land  army, 

*  Jam  varias  pelagi  volucres,  et  quas  Asia  circum 
Dulcibus  in  stagnis  rimantur  prata  Caystri. 

Virg.  Gtorg.  I.  383. 


148 

under  Mardonius,  was  defeated  at  Plataeas.  At  the  foot 
of  this  mountain  was  Priene,  the  birth-place  of  Bias, 
one  of  the  seven  contemporary  sages  of  Greece.  The 
river  Maeander,  so  celebrated  for  its  windings,  is  the 
boundary  of  Lydia  and  Caria.  We  shall  now  quit  the 
Ionian  coast  of  Lydia,  and  take  a  short  view  of  the  inte- 
rior, or  Persian  part.  Beginning  at  the  North,  nearly 
East  of  Cumse,  is  Thyatira,  one  of  the  churches  men- 
tioned in  the  Revelation  of  St.  John,  eh.  ii.  18,  now 
Jlk-hisar;  South  of  which  is  Magnesia,  or  Magnisa, 
where  the  Romans  gave  a  signal  defeat  to  Antiochus 
King  of  Syria,  A.U.C.  564.  B.C.  190.  This  Magnesia 
is  called  Magnesia  Sipyli,  or  Magnesia  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Sipylus,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  other  Magne- 
sia ad  Maeandrum,  now  Guzel  Hissar.  Mount  Sipylus 
was  the  residence  of  Niobe,  hence  called  Sipyleian*;  it 
is  on  the  Southern  side  of  the  Hermus.  Nearly  East  of 
it  was  Sardis,  the  capital  of  Lydia,  and  royal  residence 
of  Cro2sust,  the  last  and  proverbially  rich  King  of 
Lydia,  who  was  taken  by  Cyrus,  B.C.  548,  Ol.  58.  1. 
Sardis  was  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Tmolus,  now  Bour- 
dag,  or  the  cold  mountain,  and  watered  by  the  river 
Pactolus,  whose  sands,  like  those  of  the  Hermus,  were 
mingled  with  gold.  It  is  one  of  the  churches  mentioned 
in  the  Revelation  of  St.  John,  ch.  iii.  1,  and  is  now  a 
small  village,  called  Sart.  South  of  Sardis,  near  the 

*  Nee  tantum  Niobe  bis  sex  ad  busta  superba 
Solicito  lachrymas  depluit  e  Sipylo. 

Profierf.  II.  20.  7. 

f  Quid  tibi  visa  Chios,  Bullati,  notaque  Lesbos, 
Quid  concinna  Samos  ?  quid  Crcesi  regia  Sardis  ? 
Smyrna  quid  et  Colophon  ?  majora  minoranc  fama  ? 

Hor.  Efiist.  I.  11   1. 


149 

confines  of  Caria,  a  little  North-east  of  the  Mseandrian 
Magnesia,  was  Tralles,  antiently  a  strong  city  but  now 
only  a  small  place  called  Sultan-hisar.  South-east  of 
Sardis,  towards  Phrygia,  was  Philadelphia,  now  Allah 
Shehr,  another  of  the  Seven  Churches,  Rev.  iii.  7, 
which,  together  with  Sardis  and  ten  more  of  the  princi- 
pal cities  of  Asia,  was  overwhelmed  by  an  earthquake, 
in  the  reign  of  the  Emperor  Tiberius,  A.D.  17.  A 
great  tract  of  this  and  the  adjoining  country  of  Phrygia 
was  called  Catakekaumene,  or  the  burnt  country,  in  con- 
sequence of  these  frequent  earthquakes  and  subterranean 
fires. 


Caria  is  separated  from  Lydia  by  the  Mseander,  and  is 
bounded  on  the  West  by  the  ^Egean,  on  the  South  by 
the  Mediterranean,  and  on  the  East  by  Phrygia  and 
Lycia.  The  inhabitants  of  Caria  were  proverbially  con- 
sidered as  barbarous  and  despicable  among  the  Greeks, 
and  the  name  of  Carian  was  synonymous  to  that  of 
slave.  The  name  of  Ionia  was  continued  to  the  North- 
ern part  of  the  coast  of  Caria,  and  here  we  find  the  city 
of  Miletus,  once  a  great  and  flourishing  state,  which  sent 
out  many  colonies,  and  had  a  leading  influence  in  the 
Ionian  affairs,  but  its  actual  site  is  now  unknown,  except 
that  it  must  be  somewhat  inland,  the  sands  brought 
down  by  the  river  Latmus  having  choked  up  its  har- 
bour. Thales,  one  of  the  wisest  of  the  seven  con- 
temporary Grecian  sages,  was  a  native  of  this  place, 
as  were  also  Anaximenes,  Hecatseus,  Timotheus,  the 
celebrated  musician,  and  several  other  great  men.  This 
was  the  last  of  the  Ionian  cities,  but  Grecian  colo- 
nies still  occupied  the  Western  coast.  Below  Miletus 
was  lassus,  now  Jlssam  Kalasi,  and  in  a  peninsula. 


150 

formed  by  the  lassian  and  Ceramic  gulfs,  was  Myndus, 
now  Myndes,  and  opposite  to  it,  on  the  Ceramic  gulf, 
was  the  celebrated  city  of  Halicarnassus,  now  Sodron, 
a  Grecian  colony,  once  the  residence  of  the  Kings  of  Ca- 
ria.  Here  was  the  splendid  tomb,  built  by  Artemisia, 
Queen  of  Caria,  for  her  husband  Mausolus,  which  was 
one  of  the  wonders  of  the  antient  world,  and  has  given 
to  all  magnificent  sepulchres  the  name  of  mausoleums. 
It  was  the  birth-place  of  Herodotus  the  father  of  history, 
of  Dionysius  Halicarnassenis,  of  Heraclitus,  and  many 
other  great  men,  and  is  memorable  also  for  the  long  siege 
it  maintained  against  Alexander,  under  the  skilful  com- 
mand of  Memnon,  the  general  of  Darius.  The  penin- 
sula between  the  Sinus  Ceramicus  (so  called  from  the 
city  of  Ceramus,  or  Keramo,)  and  Sinus  Doridis,  was 
called  Doris,  being  peopled  by  Dorian  colonies.  Here 
was  the  city  of  Cnidos,  sacred  to  Venus*,  near  a  pro- 
montory called  Triopium,  now  Cape  Crio.  In  the  inte- 
rior of  Caria,  Alabanda  was  a  principal  city,  situated 
near  the  Mseander.  Towards  the  Southern  coast  was 
Stratonicea,  or  Eski  Shehr,  so  called  from  Stratonica, 
the  wife  of  Antiochus  Soter;  and  on  the  confines  of 
Phrygia  was  Aphrodisias,  now  Gheira. 

Lycia  was  bounded  by  Caria  on  the  West,  by  Phrygia 
on  the  North,  by  Pisidia  and  Pamphylia  on  the  East, 
and  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  South,  and  indeed,  in 
great  measure,  on  the  West  and  East.  At  the  head  of 
the  Western  gulf  was  Telmissus,  now  Maori,  the  inha- 

*        — —  Qux  Cnidon 
Fulgentcsque  tenet  Cycladas  et  Paphon 
Junctis  visit  oloribus.  Nor.  Od.  III.  28.  13. 


151 

bitants  of  which  were  reputed  skilful  magicians;  the 
gulf  has  taken,  both  in  antient  and  modern  times,  the 
name  of  the  city,  but  was  also  called  Glaucus,  from  the 
celebrated  Lycian  hero  of  that  name  in  Homer.  Mount 
Cragus*,  sacred  to  Diana,  runs  along  this  gulf:  the 
fabulous  monster  Chimera,  said  to  have  been  subdued 
by  Bellerophon,  was  a  volcano  iu  this  ridge,  which  he 
cultivated.  South  of  it  was  the  river  and  city  of  Xan- 
thus,  now  Eksenide^,  and  a  little  below  it  Patara,  now 
Patera,  remarkable  for  having  been  thought  the  resi- 
dence of  Apollo  during  one  half  the  year  J.  East  of  Pa- 
tara is  Myra,  now  Cacamo,  the  ruins  of  which  are  mag- 
nificent; East  of  which  was  the  Lycian  mountain  and 
city  of  Olympus,  near  the  Promontorium  Sacrum,  and 
the  Chelidonia3  Insulae,  now  Cape  Kelidoni;  this  is  con- 
sidered as  the  commencement  of  the  great  ridge  of 
Mount  Taurus.  Above  it  is  Phaselis,  now  Fionda, 
where  is  a  passage  along  the  sea,  so  contracted  by  a 

*          Vos  Lxtam  fluviis,  et  nemorum  coma, 
Quzecunque  aut  gelido  prominet  Algido, 
Nigris  aut  Erymanthi 
Sylvis  aut  viridis  Cragi.  Hor.  Od.  12. 1.  5. 

f  Xanthus  is  memorable  for  the  obstinacy  of  the  defence  which 
its  inhabitants  made  against  Brutus,  having  set  their  city  on  fire, 
and  rushed  into  the  flames  with  such  resolution,  that  although  he 
offered  a  reward  for  every  Xanthian  that  was  brought  to  him  alive, 
he  could  save  only  150,  and  those  much  against  their  will. 

^  Hence  Horace — 

Phoebe,  qui  Xantho  lavis  amne  crines. 

Hor.  Od.  IV.  6.  26. 

Delius  et  Patareus  Apollo.  Hor.  Od.  III.  4.  64. 

—  Qualis  ubi  hybernam  Lyciam  Xanthique  mienta 
Deserit,  ac  Delon  maternam  invisit  Apollo. 

Virg.  JEn.  IV.  143, 


152 

sleep  ridge  of  Mount  Taurus,  called  Climax,  that  the 
army  of  Alexander,  which  passed  it  in  the  winter,  were 
in  the  utmost  danger,  being  compelled  to  wade  a  whole 
day  up  to  their  middles  in  water. 

East  of  Lycia  are  Pamphylia  and  Pisidia,  two  coun- 
tries whose  respective  limits  we  cannot  ascertain,  farther 
than  by  observing  that  Pamphylia  lay  on  the  coast,  and 
Pisidia  more  inland.  The  first  place  of  importance  in 
Pamphylia  is  Perga,  its  antient  metropolis,  now  Kara- 
hisar,  or  the  black  castle,  a  little  inland,  on  the  river 
Oestrus.  South-east  of  it  was  Aspendus,  on  the  river 
Eurymedon;  South  of  Aspendus  is  Side,  on  the  river 
Melas,  and  still  South-east  is  Coracesium,  where  Pompey 
destroyed  the  formidable  Isaurian  and  Cilician  pirates, 
B.C.  67.  A.U.C.  687.  Advancing  inland,  in  the  North- 
western angle,  which  meets  the  confines  of  Lycia  and 
Phrygia,  are  the  Solymi,  against  whom  we  are  told  in 
Homer,  Bellerophon  was  sent,  with  the  hope  of  his  be- 
ing killed  in  a  combat.  Their  city  was  Terniessus,  in 
the  intermediate  frontier  of  Pamphylia  and  Pisidia. 
North-east  of  it,  in  the  interior  of  Pisidia,  was  Cremna, 
a  strong  Roman  colony,  now  called  Kebrinaz ;  and 
South-east  of  it  was  Selga,  the  greatest  city  of  Pisidia, 
of  Lacedaemonian  origin,  and  still  called  Isparte. 

North-east  of  Pisidia  was  Isauria :  the  inhabitants  were 
a  fierce  and  rapacious  people,  conquered  by  Publius  Ser- 
vilius,  the  Roman  general,  in  the  time  of  the  Mithridatic 
war,  who  thence  obtained  the  surname  of  Isauricus. 
Their  capital  was  Isaura,  on  a  lake,  now  called  JBei- 
sheheri.  Below  it,  in  the  Eastern  angle  of  Isauria,  are 
two  cities,  mentioned  in  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  ch. 


153 

xiv.,  Lystra  and  Derbe,  the  latter  derives  its  name  from 
the  word  Darb,  a  gate,  and  was  perhaps  one  of  the  passes 
of  Mount  Taurus,  now  called  Jllahdag,  or  the  pass  of 
the  high  mountains. 

Cilicia  is  bounded  by  Pamphylia  and  Pisidia  on  the 
West,  by  Cappadocia  on  the  North,  by  Syria  on  the 
East,  and  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  South.  It  was 
divided  into  two  parts:  the  Western,  adjoining  Pamphy- 
lia and  Pisidia,  was  extremely  mountainous  and  rugged, 
hence  called  Cilicia,  Trachea,  or  the  rugged  Cilicia, 
which  was  subsequently  considered  as  a  continuation  of 
Isauria;  and  Cilicia  Campestris,  or  the  level  Cilicia.  In 
Cilicia  Trachea,  the  first  place  East  of  Pamphylia,  on  the 
coast,  is  Selimus,  now  Selena,  where  the  Emperor  Tra- 
jan died,  A.D.  117.  South-east  of  it  Anemurium,  on  a 
promontory  opposite  Cyprus,  is  still  called  */2nemur,  or 
•ftnemurieh.  North-east  of  it  is  Seleucia  (called  Tra- 
chea, to  distinguish  it  from  other  cities  of  that  name,)  on 
the  river  Calycadnus,  now  Kelikidni,  or  Yersak:  it  was 
antiently  the  principal  city  of  Cilicia  Trachea,  and  main- 
tains its  rank  under  the  name  of  Seletkeh.  Inland,  on 
the  confines  of  Isauria,  was  a  strong  fortress  called  Ho- 
monada,  now  Ermenah. 

In  Cilicia  Campestris  the  first  place  that  presents  itself 
is  Corycus*,  now  Curco,  a  place  greatly  celebrated 
amongst  the  antients  for  its  saffron,  and  for  a  cave  inha- 
bited by  the  monstrous  Titan  Typhon.  North-east  of  it 

*  Ut  cum  scena  croco  Cilici  perfusa  recens  est. 

Lueret.  II.  421. 

Corycioque  croco  sparsum  stetit.  Hor.  Sat.  II,  4,  68. 

20 


154 

is  Soli,  an  antient  but  decayed  town  in  the  time  of  Pom- 
pey,  who  established  there  the  Cilician  pirates,  whom  he 
admitted  to  a  capitulation,  and  gave  it  the  name  of  Pom- 
peiopolis:  it  stands  on  the  river  Lamus,  whence  the  ad- 
jacent territory  was  called  Lamotis,  now  Lamuzo. 
North-eastward  is  Anchiale,  said  to  have  been  built,  as 
well  as  Tarsus,  in  one  day,  by  Sardanapalus  *,  the  last 
and  most  effeminate  of  Assyrian  kings,  who  burnt  him- 
self, with  his  palace,  B.C.  820.  At  the  Northern  point 
of  the  shore,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Cydnus,  was  the 
city  of  Tarsus,  the  birth-place  of  St.  Paul,  and  so  much 
celebrated  for  the  learning  and  refinements  of  its  inhabi- 
tants, as  to  be  the  rival  of  Athens  and  Alexandria.  It 
was  here  that  Alexander  nearly  lost  his  life,  by  bathing 
when  hot  in  the  cold  stream  of  the  Cydnus,  and  here  that 
Cleopatra  paid  her  celebrated  visit  to  Antony,  in  all  the 
pomp  and  pageantry  of  Eastern  luxury,  herself  attired 
like  Venus,  and  her  attendants  like  Cupids,  in  a  galley 
covered  with  gold,  whose  sails  were  of  purple,  the  oars 
of  silver,  and  cordage  of  silk,  a  fine  description  of  which 
may  be  seen  in  Shakspear's  play  of  Antony  and  Cleopa- 
tra, Act.  II.  Scene  2.  It  is  still  called  Tarsous,  but  is  sub- 
ject to  Adana,  a  city  somewhat  to  the  East,  which  still 
preserves  its  name,  on  the  Sarus,  or  Stihoun*  Above 
Adana  is  the  famous  pass  of  Mount  Taurus  called  the 
Pylse  Cilicise,  or  gates  of  Cilicia,  on  the  frontier  of  Cap- 
padocia.  South-east  of  Adana,  is  the  city  of  Mopsus,  or 
Mopsuestia,  now  Messis,  North-east  of  which  is  Ana- 

*  , Et  potiores 

Herculis  zerumnas  ducat  sxvosque  labores 
Et  venere  et  coenis  et  plumis  Sardanapali. 

Juv.  Sat,  X,  360. 


155 

zarbus,  or  Jlnzarbe,  of  considerable  importance  under 
the  Eastern  Emperors.  South-east  of  it  is  Castabala, 
and  below  it  Issus,  now  i/Iiasse,  the  ever-memorable 
scene  of  the  victory  of  Alexander  over  Darius,  Oct.  B.C. 
S33,  01.  111.  4.  and  afterwards  of  another  most  impor- 
tant victory  obtained  by  the  Roman  emperor  Severus 
over  his  rival  Niger,  A.D.  194.  The  river  Pinarus, 
which  runs  through  the  plain  of  Issus  into  the  Issian 
Gulf,  is  now  called  the  Deli-sou.  At  the  point  where 
the  Mediterranean  bends  Southward  were  the  Pylae  Sy- 
riae,  a  very  difficult  and  strong  pass,  on  the  frontiers  of 
Syria  and  Cilicia,  between  Mount  Amanus  and  the  sea. 
We  must  not  forget  that  Cicero  was  pro-consul  of  Cili- 
cia, and  was  vain  enough  to  hope  for  the  honours  of  a 
Roman  triumph,  in  consequence  of  some  successes  ob- 
tained by  himself  and  his  lieutenant  over  the  neighbour- 
ing barbarous  tribes. 

Wo  are  now  to  describe  the  two  inland  provinces  of 
Asia  Minor,  Phrygia,  and  Cappadocia.  Phrygia  receiv- 
ed the  appellation  of  Major  to  distinguish  it  from  a  part 
of  Mysia,  near  the  Hellespont,  which  was  occupied  by 
some  Phrygians  after  the  Trojan  war,  and  from  them 
called  Phrygia  Minor*.  It  is  bounded  on  the  North  by 
Bithynia  and  Galatia,  on  the  West  by  Mysia,  Lydia,  and 
Caria,  on  the  South  by  Lycia,  Pisidia,  and  Isauria,  and 
on  the  East  by  Cappadocia.  In  the  North,  adjoining 
Bithynia,  on  the  river  Thymbrus,  is  the  city  Dorylaeum, 
now  Eski-shehr.  Southward  is  Cotyaeum,  now  Kutaieh 
and  still  South,  Peltae,  mentioned  by  Xenophen  in  his 

*  Hence  it  appears  that  the  term  Phrygians  is  applied  impro- 
perly or  by  anticipation,  to  the  Trojans  in  Virgil. 


156 

Anabasis,  now  Uschah.  On  the  Southern  confines  of 
Lydia  was  Laodicea,  now  Ladik,  and  a  little  North-east 
of  it  is  Colossae,  now  Chonos.  In  the  Southern  angle, 
between  Caria  and  Lycia,  is  Cibyra*,  a  considerable 
trading  city,  now  Buraz ;  to  the  North-east,  is  Themi- 
sonium,  or  Teseni,  and  above  Themisonium,  to  the  North, 
is  Apamea  Cibotus,  antiently  a  very  rich  and  flourishing 
city,  which  occupied  the  site  of  a  more  antient  city  called 
Celsenae ;  it  is  situated  near  the  sources  of  the  Mseandcr, 
on  the  river  Marsyas,  on  whose  banks  the  celebrated 
musician  of  that  name  is  said  to  have  been  flayed  alive 
by  Apollo,  and  his  skin  was  shown  at  Celaensc.  North- 
east of  Celaense,  on  the  confines  of  Galatia.  was  Synnada, 
whose  marble  was  held  in  great  estimation  among  the 
Romans;  a  little  South-east  is  the  plain  of  Ipsus,  where 
the  famous  battle  was  fought  between  the  surviving  gene- 
rals of  Alexander,  Antigonus  and  his  son  Demetrius  on 
the  one  side,  and  Lysimachus,  Seleucus,  Ptolemy,  and 
Cassander  on  the  other,  in  which  Antigonus  was  defeated 
and  died  of  his  wounds,  B.C.  301,  01.  119.  4.  South  of 
Ipsus  was  an  Antiochia,  called,  for  the  sake  of  distinc- 
tion, Antiochia  ad  Pisidiam,  or  Antiochia  near  Pisidia; 
it  is  now  called  M-shehr,  or  the  White  city:  and  East 
of  Ipsus  is  Thymbrium,  mentioned  by  Xenophon  in  his 
Anabasis,  now  Tshakteula;  but  later  writers  give  this 
name  to  Tyrixum  a  little  South  of  it.  The  remaining 
Eastern  part  of  Phrygia  was  called  Lycaonia;  the  first 
place  of  importance  in  which  was  Laodicea  Combusta, 
or  Ladikie,  and  ;  South  -east  of  it  was  Iconium,  now 

Cave  nc  portus  occupet  alter, 

Nc  Ciby ration,  ne  Bythyna.  ncgotia  perdns. 

//•->/-.  Ejiist.  I,  6.  3J, 


157 

Konieh,  mentioned  in  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  cli.  xm 
51.     In  the  North  of  Lycaonia  was  a  long  and  salt  pool 
called  Tatta  Palus,  now  Tuzla^  or  the  salt. 

Cappadocia  was  bounded  on  the  West  by  Phrygia,  on 
the  North  by  Pontus,  on  the  East  by  the  Euphrates,  and 
on  the  South  by  Phrygia.     The  Cappadocians  are  remark- 
able for  having  refused  liberty  when  offered  them,  pre- 
ferring to  live  under  their  kings,  who  seem  to  have  had 
a  number  of  slaves  on  the  royal  domains,  somewhat  like 
our  feudal  barons  *.     Cappadocia  was  divided  into  a  num- 
ber of  districts,  which  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  enumer- 
ate.    On  the  confines  of  Lycaonia,  Archelais  was  a  Ro- 
man colony,  founded  under  the  Emperor  Claudius,  now 
Erkeli.     East  of  it  was  Nazianzus,  the  birth-place  of 
Gregory,  one  of  the  early  fathers  of  the  church,  who 
died  A.D.  389.     East  of  it  was  Tyana,  the  birth-place  of 
a  celebrated  impostor  called  Apollonius,  whose  life  and 
miracles  are  recorded  by  Philostratus:  he  flourished  A.D. 
90:  it  was  in  a  district  called  Catania.      North-east  of 
Tyana  was  Comana,  celebrated  for  its  temple  of  Bellona, 
reputed  the  richest  and  most  sacred  in  the  East;  it  was 
plundered  by  Antony.     South-east  of  which,  on  the  con- 
fines of  Cilicia,  was  Cucusus,  or  Cocsan,  a  remarkably 
gloomy  and  retired  place,  among  the  mountains  of  Tau- 
rus, to  which  the  great  St.   Chrysostom  was  banished, 
And  North-eastward,  on  a  small  stream  between  the  riv- 
ers Melas  and  Euphrates,  was  Melitene,  now  Malatia, 
the  antient  capital  of  Armenia  Minor.     Returning  to  the 

*  Hence  Horace — 

Mancipiis  locuples  eget  asris  Cappadocum  rex. 

Hor.  Ejiist.  II.  6.  49, 


158 

confines  of  Phrygia,  in  the  North  of  Cappadocia,  is  Nys- 
sa,  or  Noris-shehr,  the  birth-place  of  another  Gregory, 
also  a  father  of  the  church,  who  died  A.D.  396.     East  of 
it  is  Mazaca,  the  capital  of  Cappadocia,  called  Csesarea  in 
the  time  of  Tiberius,  with  the  addition  of  ad  Argseum,  to 
signify  its  position  at  the  foot  of  the  very  lofty  Mon8 
Argaeus,  from  which  both  the  Euxine  and  Mediterranean 
seas  might  be  discovered;  it  is  now  called  Kaisarieh, 
and  the  mountain  Argseus  is  J2rgeh-Dag :  the  river  Me- 
las,  now  Korah-Sou,  or  the  Black  Water,  rises  in  it;, 
one  source  of  the  Halys  rises  not  far  distant    The  North- 
eastern part  of  Cappadoeia,  on  the  Western  bank  of  the 
Euphrates,  was  called  Armenia  Minor.     Towards   the 
confines  of  Pontus  is  Sebaste,  now  Sivas,  more  antiently 
called  Cabira;  it  was  taken  from  Mithridates  by  Pompey ; 
and  a  little  North-east  of  it  was  an  almost  impregnable 
fortress  called  Novus,  now  Hesen-Now9  where  Mithri- 
dates kept  his  principal  treasures.     Still  North-east  is 
Nicopolis,  or  Tephrice,  now  DevriM,  built  by  Pompey, 
after  he  had  forced  Mithridates  across  the  Euphrates: 
and  in  the  extreme  North-eastern  angle,  on  the  confines 
of  Pontus  and  Armenia  Major,  was  Satala,  now  Jlrzin- 
gan. 


159 


CHAPTER  XII. 


ORIENS. 

PART  i. — SYRIA;  CONTAINING  PHOENICIA,  P^LJESTINA= 


Plates  I.  XIV.  XV.  XVI.  XVIL 


THE  remainder  of  Asia  shall  be  described  under 
the  general  title  of  Oriens,  or  the  East. 

Below  Cilicia,  on  the  Eastern  coast  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, is  Syria  (PI.  XV.),  but  the  Southern 
part  of  the  coast  is  called  Phoenicia,  and  below  it 
Palsestina,  or  Holy  Land,  in  the  upper  part  of 
which  was  Galilsea,  in  the  middle  Samaria,  and  the 
lower  Judaea.  Below  Judaea,  at  the  top  of  the  Si- 
nus Arabicus,  or  Red  Sea,  (Pl.L),  was  Arabia  Pe- 
trsea,  or  the  Stony  Arabia;  lower,  towards  the  en- 
trance of  the  Sinus  Arabicus,  was  Arabia  Felix,  or 
the  Fruitful,  and  the  rest  of  the  vast  plain  between 


160 

the  Arabian  and  Persian  Gulfs  was  Arabia  Deserta, 
or  the  Desert  Arabia.  East  of  Arabia,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Euphrates,  at  the  top  of  the  Persian 
Gulf  (PI.  XIV.),  is  Chaldea,  and  above  it,  Babylo- 
nia. Between  the  rivers  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  is 
Mesopotamia;  on  the  East  of  the  Tigris  is  Assy- 
ria, East  of  which  is  Media,  and  South  of  it  Persia; 
that  part  of  Persia  near  the  Tigris  is  called  Susi- 
ana.  North  of  Mesopotamia  is  Armenia  Major, 
on  the  East  bank  of  the  Euphrates ;  Armenia  Mi- 
nor (PL  I.  XVII.)  was  on  the  Western  bank  of  the 
Euphrates,  being  originally  part  of  Cappadocia. 
Above  Armenia,  on  the  Eastern  coast  of  the  Pon- 
tus  Euxinus,  was  Colchis,  and  East  of  it  Iberia, 
and,  still  East,  on  the  shore  of  the  Caspian,  Alba- 
nia. Above  them,  between  the  Palus  Mseotis  and 
Northern  part  of  the  Caspian,  was  Sarmatia  Asiati- 
ca.  East  of  Persia  (PL  XIV.)  was  Carmania,  and 
South-east  of  it  Gedrosia,  reaching  nearly  to  the 
river  Indus.  The  great  country  between  the  In- 
dus and  the  Ganges  (PL  I.)  was  India  intra  Gan- 
gem,  and  that  East  of  the  Ganges,  which  was  very 
little  known,  was  India  extra  Gangem,  South-east 
of  which  were  the  SinsB.  East  of  Media  was  Aria 
and  Bactriana.  North  of  Media,  at  the  Southern 
extremity  of  the  Caspian,  was  Hyrcania  and  Par- 
thia,  and  North  of  Hyrcania  the  Chorasmii,  to  the 
North-east  of  whom  were  the  Massagetse,  and  to 
the  South-east  Sogdiana,  and  still  Eastward  the 


161 

Sacse.  All  the  country  to  the  North  was  called 
Scythia  intra  Imaum,  or  Scythia  within  the  moun- 
tain Imaus,  and  South-east  of  it  was  Scythia  extra 
Imaum,  somewhat  North-east  of  which  was  Serica, 
which  approached  to  the  North-western  frontier 
of  China. 

We  may  consider  Syria  (PI.  XV.),  including  the 
coasts  of  Phoenicia  and  Faustina,  as  bounded  by  Cili- 
cia  on  the  North,  by  the  Euphrates  and  Arabia  on  the 
East,  by  Arabia  and  Egypt  on  the  South,  and  by  the 
Mediterranean  on  the  West.  Immediately  on  the  Cili- 
cian  confines  was  Alexandria,  now  Jllexandretta,  or 
Scanderona.  South-east,  but  somewhat  inland,  is  the 
famous  city  of  Antiochia,  or  Antioch,  now  almost  depo- 
pulated, and  called  Jlntakia.  It  was  built  by  Seleucus 
Nicator,  the  son  of  Antiochus,  who  called  it  after  his 
father's  name.  Seleucus  was  one  of  the  most  powerful 
of  Alexander's  generals,  who  obtained  Syria  for  his 
share  in  the  dismemberment  of  the  Macedonian  empire, 
and  the  kings  of  Syria,  his  descendants,  were  called  Se- 
leucidae.  We  learn  from  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  ch. 
xi.  26.,  that  the  disciples  were  first  called  Christians  in 
Antioch,  and  after  the  prevalence  of  Christianity  it  re- 
ceived the  appellation  of  Theopolis,  or  the  divine  city. 
It  was  built  on  the  river  Orontes,  or  El  *ftesi,  the  only 
important  river  in  Syria,  if  we  except  its  Eastern  bound- 
ary, the  Euphrates.  About  five  miles  below  it  was  a 
delightful  grove  and  fountains,  called  Daphne,  celebrated 
for  the  worship  of  Venus,  and  the  licentiousness  of  its 
visitors;  it  is  now  called  Beit  el  Ma,  or  the  House  of 
Water.  Near  the  mouth  of  the  Orontes  was  Seleucia, 
21 


162 

founded  by  Seleucus  Nicator,  now  Savedia,  and  South 
of  it  was  Mons  Casius,  said  to  be  so  high  that  the  sun- 
rising  might  be  seen  from  the  summit  when  the  bottom 
of  the  mountain  was  yet  enveloped  in  darkness.  Con- 
siderably South,  near  the  small  river  Marsyas,  which 
flows  into  a  lake  on  the  Orontes,  was  Apamea,  now  Fa- 
miehj  an  important  city,  founded  by  Seleucus  Nicator, 
who  kept  five  hundred  war  elephants  there;  and  below 
it  is  Epiphaneia,  or  Hamah.  South-east  of  Epiphaneia 
is  the  city  of  Emesa,  or  Hems,  where  was  a  famous  tem- 
ple of  Elagabalus,  or  the  sun,  the  priest  of  which,  a  youth 
of  fourteen,  was  made  Emperor  by  the  licentious  Roman 
soldiers,  A.D.  218,  and  disgraced  himself  and  the  purple, 
during  a  reign  of  almost  four  years,  by  the  most  horrid 
cruelties  and  unheard-of  licentiousness.  South-west  of 
Emesa,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Orontes,  is  Heliopolis, 
or  J3albec9  where  are  still  to  be  seen  the  ruins  of  a  most 
magnificent  temple  of  the  sun.  It  is  in  a  valley  between 
two  parallel  ridges  of  mountains,  Libanus  and  Anti  La- 
banus.  This  valley  was  called  Aulon,  or  the  hollow,  by 
the  Greeks,  and  all  this  part  of  Syria  was  called  Ccele 
Syria,  or  the  Hollow  Syria.  Almost  South  of  Heliopo- 
lis,  but  with  a  little  declination  towards  the  East,  was 
Damascus,  or  Demesk,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  cities 
of  Asia,  both  in  sacred  and  profane  geography.  It  was 
beautifully  situated  in  a  valley,  still  called  Gouteh  De- 
mcsk,  or  the  Orchard  of  Damascus,  and  watered  by  a 
river  called  by  the  Greeks  Bardine,  or  Chrysorrhoas,  the 
Golden  Stream,  now  Baradi.  We  shall  next  describe 
the  interior  of  Syria  to  its  Eastern  boundary,  the  Eu- 
phrates. The  Northern  extremity  of  Syria,  on  the  de- 
clevity  of  Mount  Taurus  and  Amanus,  was  called  Coma- 
gene:  its  principal  city  was  Samosata,  now  Semisat^  on 


163 

the  Euphrates,  the  birth-place  of  Lucian.  Somewhat 
South-west  of  it  is  Pindenissus,  now  Behesni,  which  was 
besieged  and  taken  by  Cicero,  when  proconsul  of  Cilicia, 
after  a  siege  of  twenty-five  days,  A.U.C.  702,  B.C.  52. 
South-east  of  it  is  Zeugma,  the  principal  passage  of  the 
Euphrates;  South  of  which  is  Hierapolis,  so  called  from 
its  being  the  seat  of  worship  of  the  Syrian  goddess  Ater- 
gatis;  by  the  Syrians  it  was  called  Bambyce,  or  Mabog, 
now  Menbigz.  Near  it  was  Batnse,  now  ifldaneh,  the 
delightful  situation  of  which  rivalled  the  Antiochian 
Daphne.  South-west  of  it  was  a  city  antiently  called 
Chalybon,  but  by  the  Macedonians  of  Alexander,  Beroea, 
now  celebrated  under  the  modern  name  of  Haleb,  or 
Aleppo.  South-west  of  this  was  a  city  called  Chalcis, 
now  Old  Haleb,  and  North  of  it  Cyrrhus,  now  Corus. 
These  three  cities  gave  the  name  of  Chalybonites,  Chal- 
cidice,  and  Cyrrhestica,  to  the  surrounding  districts. 
Considerably  to  the  East  of  Beroea  is  Resapha,  which 
preserves  its  name;  and  South-east  of  it  are  the  celebra- 
ted fords  of  the  Euphrates  at  the  city  of  Thapsacus,  now 
El-Der.  This  ford  was  first  passed  by  Cyrus,  in  his  ex- 
pedition against  Artaxerxes,  immortalized  by  Xenophon, 
B.C.  401,  01.  94,  4.;  afterwards  by  Darius,  after  his  de- 
feat by  Alexander  at  Issus,  B.C.  333,  01.  111.  4.;  and 
near  three  years  after  by  Alexander,  in  pursuit  of  Dari- 
us, previous  to  his  final  and  decisive  victory  of  Arbela. 
Below  it  is  Orouros,  or  Gorur,  which  was  fixed  by  Pom- 
pey  as  the  boundary  of  the  Roman  Empire,  when  he  re- 
duced Syria  to  a  Roman  province.  To  the  West  about 
midway  between  Orouros  and  Emesa,  in  the  vast  desert 
which  connects  Syria  with  Arabia,  is  Palmyra,  or  Tada- 
mora,  (the  city  of  Palmtrees,)  said  to  have  been  founded 
by  Solomon,  now  Tadmor  in  the  wilderness.  It  was  a 


164 

most  powerful  city  under  its  celebrated  Queen  Zenobia, 
the  wife  of  Odenatus.  She  opposed  the  Emperor  Aure- 
lian,  in  the  plains  of  Syria,  at  the  head  of  700,000  men, 
and  had  nearly  defeated  him,  but  was  overthrown  and 
carried  captive  to  Italy,  A.D.  273,  where  she  had  large 
possessions  assigned  to  her  near  Tibur.  She  was  no  less 
an  accomplished  than  brave  princess,  and  had  for  her  se- 
cretary the  celebrated  Longinus,  the  author  of  the  well- 
known  treatise  on  the  Sublime. 

That  part  of  Syria  which  occupied  the  coast  of  the 
Mediterranean,  with  the  exception  of  the  Northern  dis- 
trict, was  called  Phoenicia,  and  is  most  justly  memorable 
for  having  made  the  earliest  progress  in  civilization  and 
the  arts.  Navigation  was  invented  and  greatly  cultiva- 
ted by  the  Phoenicians,  who  are  thought  to  have  visited 
the  Scilly  islands  at  a  period  unknown  to  history.  The 
Greeks  ascribe  the  origin  of  letters  to  Cadmus,  a  Phoeni- 
cian; and  we  know  from  the  sacred  books  that  Tyrian, 
that  is,  Phoenician  artists,  presided  over  the  most  glori- 
ous building  recorded  in  Scripture,  the  Temple  of  Solo- 
mon. Nearly  opposite  the  Eastern  promontory  of  Cy- 
prus was  Laodicea,  now  LadikieH;  below  it  is  Aradus, 
now  Ravad ;  below  it  is  Tripolis,  now  Taraboli,  or  Tri- 
poli ;  below  which  is  the  little  river  Adonis,  now  Nahr 
Ibrahim,  the  streams  of  which,  at  the  anniversary  of  the 
death  of  Adonis,  which  was  in  the  rainy  season,  were 
tinged  red  with  the  ochrous  particles  from  the  mountains 
of  Libanus,  and  were  fabled  to  flow  with  his  blood*. 

*  The  story  is  told  by  Milton: 

Thammuz  next  came  behind, 

Whose  annual  wound  in  Lebanon  allur'd 


165 

Below  it  is  Berytus,  now  Berut ;  below  it  is  Sidon,  so 
renowned  in  sacred  and  profane  history,  now  Say  da ; 
and  a  little  below  it,  Sarepta,  the  scene  of  Elijah's  mira- 
cles; and  still  lower,  the  city  of  Tyre,  now  Sar,  so  great- 
ly celebrated  by  all  writers,  sacred  and  profane.  Tyros 
was  a  colony  of  Sidonians,  founded  before  the  records  of 
history,  and  consisted  of  two  cities,  one  on  an  island,  and 
the  other,  called  Palaetyros,  on  the  shore;  the  two  were 
about  nineteen  miles  in  circumference,  but  Tyros  alone 
was  not  more  than  four.  It  was  taken  after  a  seige  of 
seven  months,  and  a  most  obstinate  resistance,  attended 
with  innumerable  difficulties,  by  Alexander,  Aug.  20., 
B.C.  332,  01.  112.  1.,  who  thus  fulfilled  the  many  pre- 
dictions of  its  destruction  delivered  by  the  prophets  in 
the  Scriptures:  it  is  now  almost  in  ruins. 

Palaestina,  or  Palestine,  (PI.  XVI.),  derived  that  name 
from  the  Philistsei,  who  inhabited  the  coast,  but  as  it  was 
the  promised  inheritance  of  the  seed  of  Abraham,  and  the 
scene  of  the  birth,  sufferings,  and  deatjpf  our  Redeemer, 
we  are  accustomed  to  designate  it  by  the  more  religious 
appellation  of  the  Holy  Land.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
North  by  Phosnicia  and  Crelesyria,  on  the  East  by  Ara- 
bia Deserta,  on  the  South  by  Arabia  Petraea,  and  on  the 
West  by  the  Mediterranean,  called  in  the  Bible  the 
Great  Sea.  It  will  be  the  most  convenient  to  invert 


The  Syrian  damsels  to  lament  his  fate 

In  amorous  ditties  all  a  summer's  day, 

While  smooth  Adonis  from  his  native  rock 

Ran  purple  to  the  sea,  supposed  with  blood 

Of  Thammuz  yearly  wounded,  Par,  Lost,  Book  I, 


166 

the  order  of  time,  and  first  describe  it  as  it  existed  in  the 
time  of  our  Saviour,  and  then  to  state  briefly  the  settle- 
ment of  the  twelve  tribes  under  Joshua.  The  river  Jor- 
don,  which  rises  in  Mount  Hermon,  a  branch  of  Anti- 
Libanus,  flows  into  the  North  end  of  a  lake  called  the 
Lake,  of  Gennesareth,  or  Sea  of  Tiberias,  and  issuing 
from  its  Southern  extremity  passes  through  a  long,  spa- 
cious, and  fertile  valley  called  Aulon,  or  Magnus  Cam- 
pus, at  the  end  of  which  it  enters  a  much  larger  lake 
called  the  Lacus  Asphaltites,  or  Mare  Mortuum,  in  the 
sacred  writings  the  Dead  Sea,  or  Salt  Sea.  On  the 
Western  side  of  Jordan  were  the  three  countries  of  Ju- 
deaea  in  the  South,  Samaria  in  the  middle,  and  Galilaea 
in  the  North:  on  the  Eastern  side  of  Jordon  was  Peraa. 
In  a  work  like  this  we  can  only  take  a  brief  review  of 
the  principal  cities  of  this  most  interesting  country.  In 
the  kingdom  of  Judaea,  about  midway  between  the  Medi- 
terranean and  the  Northern  extremity  of  the  Dead  Sea, 
stood  the  sacred  city  of  Hierosolyma,  or  Jerusalem^ 
thought  to  have  JBen  the  Salem  of  which  Melchisedec 
was  King.  It  was  sometimes  called  Jebus,  from  having 
been  possessed  by  the  Jebusites,  a  Canaanitish  people 
from  whom  it  was  taken  by  David,  and  made  his  resi- 
dence. It  was  built  on  several  hills,  the  largest  of  which 
was  Mount  Sion,  which  formed  the  Southern  part  of  the 
city.  A  valley  towards  the  North  separated  this  from 
Acra,  the  second,  or  lower  city,  on  the  East  of  which 
was  Mount  Moriah,  the  site  of  the  temple  of  Solomon. 
Still  North  of  which  was  Bethesda,  where  was  the  pool  . 
at  which  the  cripple  was  healed  by  our  Saviour,  as  rela- 
ted in  the  Gospel  of  St.  John,  chapter  v.  North-east  oi 
Mount  Moriah  was  the  Mount  of  Olives,  lying  beyond 
the  brook  and  vallev  of  Kedron,  which  bordered  Jerusa 


167 

lem  on  the  East:  this  valley  is  also  thought  to1  be  the 
valley  of  Jehoshaphat;  on  the.  South  was  the  valley  of 
Hinnom,  and  at  the  North  was  Mount  Calvary,  the  scene 
of  the  crucifixion  of  our  Lord.  Near  Jerusalem,  on  the 
North-east,  was  Bethan}%  and  on  the  South,  Bethlehem. 
Jerusalem  was  utterly  destroyed  by  Titus,  according  to 
the  prophecy  of  our  Saviour,  Sept.  8.  A.  D.  70. 

Beginning  at  the  South,  along  the  coast  of  Philistsea 
was  Gaza,  and  above  it,  Ascalon,  which  preserve  their 
names,  and  above  that,  Azotus,  or  Jlsdod;  still  'North  of 
this,  but  rather  more  inland,,  is  Accaron  or  Ekron,  which 
preserves  its  name,  and  a  little  South-east  of  it  is  Gath. 
Returning  again  to  the  South  of  Judaea,  which  in  the 
time  of  the  second  temple  was  called  Daromas,  now  Da- 
rom,  extending  to  the  North  and  North-west  of  Idumasa, 
or  the  antient  Edom,  we  find  Gerara,  or  Gerar,  and  Ber- 
sabe,  or  Beersheba,  the  well  of  the  oath,  so  often  men- 
tioned in  Scripture  as  the  Southern  limit  of  the  country 
possessed  by  the  children  of  Israel.  North-east  of  it  was 
Hebron  the  original  name  of  which  we  find  from  the 
books  of  Moses  was  Kirjath-Arba.  This  was  the  burial- 
place  of  Abraham  and  his  family,  and  is  now  called  Cabr 
Ibrahim,  or  the  Tomb  of  Abraham.  North-west  of  Je- 
rusalem was  Emmaus,  recorded  in  sacred  history  as  the 
place  to  which  the  two  disciples  were  going  to  whom  our 
Saviour  showed  himself  after  his  resurrection,  and  in  pro- 
fane, as  the  place  where  Vespasian  defeated  the  revolted 
Jews.  Directly  North  of  Jerusalem  was  Bethel :  a  rug- 
ged mountainous  country  lay  between  Jerusalem  and  Hi- 
erichus,  or  Jericho,  to  the  North-east.  Below  Jericho, 
towards  the  top  of  the  Dead  Sea,  was  Engaddi,  celebra- 


168 

ted,  like  Jericho,  for  its  palm-trees,  as  was  all  Judaea  and 
Idumaea*. 


Samaria  and  Galilee  lie  above  Judaea.  In  the  former, 
the  original  royal  city  was  Sichem,  North  of  Jerusalem, 
afterwards  called  Neapolis,  now  Nablous ;  it  lay  in  a 
valley  enclosed  by  Mount  Ebal  on  the  North-east,  and 
Mount  Geriziin  on  the  South-west,  from  the  former  of 
which  the  curses,  from  the  latter  the  blessings,  attached 
to  the  law  were  read  to  the  people  by  Joshua.  At  the 
foot  of  Mount  Gerizim  was  the  temple  of  the  Samari- 
tans. The  city  of  Samaria  itself  had  been  destroyed  by 
the  Asmonean  princes,  and  was  fortified  and  embellished 
by  Herod,  who  called  it  Sebaste,  in  honour  of  Augus- 
tus: it  was  North  of  Sichem.  But  the  principal  city  of 
Samaria  was  North-west  of  Samaria,  in  the  plain  of 
Megiddo,  on  the  coast,  called  Csesarea,  which  was  the 
seat  of  the  Roman  governors  ;  it  was  antiently  called 
Turris  Stratonis,  but  was  made  a  magnificent  city  and 
port  by  Herod,  who  called  it  Caesarea,  in  honour  of  Au- 
gustus Caesar.  Considerably  below  it,  on  the  coast,  was 
Joppa,  now  Jafa,  known  also  in  profane  history,  or  fa- 
ble, as  the  spot  where  Andromeda  is  said  to  have  been 
chained  to  a  rock  to  be  devoured  by  a  sea-monster,  from 
which  she  was  rescued  by  Perseus.  Inland,  East  of 
Joppa,  but  within  the  Judsean  frontier,  is  Lydda,  now 
Lody  called  by  the  Greeks  Diospolis,  and  South-west  of 
it  is  Arimathea. 

*  Primus  Idumseas  referam  tibi,  Mantua,  palmas. 

Virg.  Georg.  III.  12. 

Przeferat  Herodis  palmetis  pinguibus. 

Hor.  £fli8t.  II.  2.  184, 


169 

Above  Samaria  is  Galilee,  the  lower  part  of  which 
was  called  Galilaea  Inferior,  being  principally  inhabited 
by  Jews,  the  upper  part,  or  Galilsea  Superior,  adjoining 
Coelesyria,  was  called  Galilsea  Gentium,  or  Galilee  of  the 
Gentiles,  or  foreign  nations.  At  the  entrance  into  Gali- 
lee from  Samaria  was  the  city  of  Jesrael,  situated  in  a 
spacious  plain,  to  which  it  gave  name,  and  which  is  still 
called  the  Plain  of  Esdrelon;  North-west  of  it,  along 
the  coast,  is  Mount  Carmel.  At  the  North  of  Mount 
Carmel  is  the  brook  Kison,  which  rises  in  Mount  Tabor, 
or  Itabyrius,  and  flows  into  the  sea  a  little  below  Ptole- 
mais,  so  called  from  the  Ptolemies,  kings  of  Egypt,  but 
antiently  Aco,  and  so  memorable  in  the  time  of  the  cru 
sades,  under  the  name  of  *flcre,  for  the  exploits  of  our 
king  Richard  the  First,  and  in  our  own  time  for  the  de- 
feat of  Buonaparte  by  Sir  Sidney  Smith.  South-east  of 
Ptolemais  was  the  strong  city  of  Sepphoris,  afterwards 
called  Dio  Csesarea,  now  Sefouri;  South  of  it  was  Naza- 
reth, and  a  little  South-east  of  Nazareth  was  Mount  Ta- 
bor, or  Itabyrius,  thought  by  some  to  have  been  the 
scene  of  the  Transfiguration,  a  little  North  of  which  was 
Cana  of  Galilee.  Considerably  South-east  of  Mount  Ta- 
bor, near  the  Jordan,  is  Bethsan  or  Scythopolis,  now 
Baitsan;  it  was  the  chief  of  the  cities  of  Decapolis, 
or  the  ten  confederate  cities,  which  being  not  inhabited 
by  Jews,  formed  a  confederation  for  mutual  protection 
against  the  Asmonean  princes  of  Judaea.  Between 
Mount  Tabor  and  Scythopolis  was  Endor,  near  Mount 
Hermon,  which  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  great 
range  of  the  same  name  East  of  the  Jordan.  South-east 
of  Endor,  was  Gelbus  or  Gilboa,  where  Saul  perished 
after  his  interview  with  the  witch  of  Endor.  The  city 
Tiberias  or  Tabaricij  so  named  by  Herod  Antipas  in 


170 

honour  of  Tiberius  Caesar,  stood  on  the  Western  shore  of 
the  lake  to  which  it  gave  name,  which  is  also  called  the 
Sea  of  Gennesareth,  from  a  pleasant  district  called  Gen- 
nesar,  near  Capernaum,  at  the  northern  extremity  of  the 
lake*.  A  little  North  of  Tiberias  was  Magdala,  West  of 
which  was  Bethulia,  or  Saphet,  where  the  Jews  were 
delivered  by  Judith  from  the  power  of  Holofernes.  Ca- 
pernaum stood  about  midway  between  Bethsaida,  to  the 
South,  and  Chorazin,  upon  the  Northern  point  of  the 
lake.  North-west  of  the  lake  is  Jotapata,  where  the 
Jewish  historian  Josephus  sustained  a  siege  against  Ves- 
pasian. On  the  Northern  confines  of  Palestine  was  the 
district  of  Trachonitis,  in  which  was  the  city  of  Paneas, 
antiently  Laish,  which  Herod's  son  Philip  called  Ca3sa- 
rea,  and  which  received  the  addition  of  Philippi  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  the  Csesarea  already  noticed.  A  little 
West  was  Dan,  the  Northern  boundary  of  the  kingdom 
of  Israel,  as  Bethel  was,  on  the  South. 

The  country  on  the  East  of  Jordan,  between  the  two 
lakes,  was  called  Paeera,  perhaps  from  xtpctv  beyond,  ex- 
tending from  the  brook  Arnon,  which  flows  into  the 
North-eastern  end  of  the  Dead  Sea,  to  the  mountains  of 
Galaad,  near  the  sea  of  Tiberias.  At  some  distance  from 
Jordan,  and  almost  opposite  to  Jericho,  are  Mounts  Aba- 
rim  and  Nebo,  from  which  Moses  had  a  view  of  the 
Promised  Land.  A  little  East  of  Mount  Nebo  is  Hes- 
bon,  and  North-west  of  it  the  very  strong  fortress  of 
Amathus,  or  Jlssalt^  commanding  the  plain  of  Aulon,  or 
JEl-Gour,  along  the  banks  of  the  Jordan,  considerably 
above  which  is  Bethabara.  North-east  of  Peraea  is  the 

*  Mutth.  xi.  21. 


171 

district  called  Galaaditis,  from  Mount  Galaad,  in  which, 
on  the  brook  Jabbok,  is  to  be  found  Ramoth,  or  Ramoth 
Gilead.  North  of  Galaaditis  is  Batanaea,  or  Batania, 
the  antient  territory  of  Og,  king  of  Basan,  South  of 
which  lay  the  possessions  of  Sihon,  king  of  the  Amo- 
rites.  A  strong  fortress  called  Gaulon  gave  the  name  of 
Gaulonitis  to  the  Eastern  shores  of  the  lake  Gennesa- 
reth,  at  the  Southern  extremity  of  which  was  the  im- 
pregnable fortress  of  Gamala;  and  near  it  Gadara,  or  the 
country  of  the  Gadarenes,  on  the  torrent  Hieromax,  or 
Yermak,  so  signalized  by  the  fatal  defeat  of  the  Christian 
forces  by  the  Saracens,  under  Abu  Obeidah,  November 
9.  A.D.  636.  East  of  Gadara  is  Adraa,  or  Edrei,  now 
Jldreat.  Southward  of  this  is  Gerasa  or  Jerash,  which 
contains  many  splendid  remains  of  antiquity.  North  of 
the  lake  Mount  Hermon  separates  Palestine,  properly  so 
called,  from  the  adjacent  countries  of  Trachonitis,  (a  rug- 
ged district,  as  its  name  imports,  adjoining  Coelesyria,) 
Itursea,  and  Auranitis,  the  chief  city  of  which,  Bostra, 
now  JBosra,  was  the  metropolis  of  a  province  formed  un- 
der the  name  of  Arabia.  Below  Auranitis  was  Ammo- 
nitis,  or  the  land  of  the  children  of  Ammon,  whose  chief 
city  was  Rabbath  Ammon,  called  afterwards  Philadel- 
phia, but  now  Jlmman;  and  below  it  was  Moabitis,  or 
the  land  of  Moab,  the  chief  city  of  which  was  Areopolis, 
or  Rabbath  Moab,  now  Maab,  or  El-Raba,  and  a  little 
above  it  Aroer,  near  the  river  Arnon. 

We  shall  now  briefly  review  the  situation  of  the  tribes 
of  Israel  when  settled  under  Joshua.  The  largest  por- 
tion was  that  of  Judah,  along  the  Western  side  of  the 
lake  Asphaltites,  and  West  of  Judah  was  Simeon,  bor- 
dering on  the  Philistines,  who  occupied  the  Mediterra- 


172 

nean  coast.  North  of  Judah  was  the  smaller  tribe  of 
Benjamin,  in  which  was  Jerusalem;  and  West  of  Benja- 
min the  still  smaller  tribe  of  Dan,  reaching  to  the  coast, 
having  the  Philistines  to  the  South.  Above  Dan  and 
Benjamin  was  a  considerable  district,  from  the  coast  to 
Jordan,  the  portion  of  Ephraim;  above  Ephraim,  extend- 
ing in  a  like  manner,  was  half  the  tribe  of  Manasseh. 
The  coast  then  became  that  of  Syro-Phrenicia,  along 
which,  but  rather  inland,  lay  the  tribe  of  Asser,  forming 
a  Western  barrier  to  the  three  following  tribes: — Issa- 
char,  (which  lay  above  Manasseh,  reaching  to  the  South- 
ern extremity  of  the  sea  of  Tiberias,)  Nephtali,  and  Za- 
bulon.  The  whole  North-western  coast  of  the  sea  of  Ti- 
berias, and  as  far  as  Dan,  considerably  North  of  it,  was 
occupied  by  the  tribe  of  Nephtali,  and  between  Nephtali, 
Issachar,  and  Asser  lay  the  tribe  of  Zabulon.  The  whole 
Eastern  side  of  Jordan,  to  the  Southern  extremity  of  the 
Sea  of  Tiberias,  was  occupied  by  the  other  half  tribe  of 
Manasseh;  below  it  was  Gad,  reaching  about  half  way 
between  the  two  lakes;  and  below  it  Reuben,  reaching 
to  the  plains  of  Moab  at  the  North-eastern  corner  of  the 
Lacus  Asphaltites.  These  two  tribes  and  a  half  were  the 
first  settled,  though  their  warriors  crossed  over  Jordan  to 
assist  their  brethren  in  subduing  the  Canaanites  on  the 
Western  side. 


173 


CHAPTEU  XIII. 


ORIENS. 


PART    II. CONTAINING    THE     REMAINDER    OF    ASIA. 


A.  G.  PL  I.  XIV.  XV.  XVII.  XX. 


A  MORE  succinct  description  may  suffice  in  a  work  like 
this  for  the  remainder  of  Asia. 

Arabia  (PI.  I. )  is  divided  into  Arabia  Petrsea,  Arabia 
Felix,  and  Arabia  Deserta.  Arabia  Petrsea  extends  from 
the  South  of  Holy  Land  along  the  two  gulfs  which  form 
the  extremity  of  the  Sinus  Arabicus,  being  bordered  by 
Egypt  on  the  West,  and  Arabia  Deserta  on  the  East. 
That  part  of  it  which  borders  on  Judaea  was  called  Idu- 
maea,  or  Edom,  and  was  possessed  by  the  posterity  of 
Esau.  The  Arabians  in  general  recognize  for  their  an- 
cestors Jectan,  or  Kahtan  the  son  of  Eber,  and  Ismael, 
the  son  of  Abraham  by  his  concubine  Hagar.  In  Arabia 
Petroea  were  Mount  Sinai  and  Horeb  (PL  XX.),  between 


174 

the  two  gulfs,  but  nearer  the  Eastern  gulf,  which  branches 
from  the  extremity  of  the  Red  Sea,  and  which  was  called 
^Elanites,  from  the  city  of  ^Elana,  or  Ailath,  at  its  North- 
ern point.  The  other  gulf  was  called  the  Sinus  Hero- 
opolites,  or  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  from  the  city  of  that  name 
built  on  it.  The  Nabathsei  (PI.  I.)  were  a  nation  of  Ara- 
bia Petrasa,  deriving  their  name  from  Nebaioth,  the  son 
of  Ismael.  Here  was  Madian,  the  country  of  Jethro,  the 
father-in-law  of  Moses.  Towards  Dirse,  or  the  Straights 
of  Babel  Mandeb,  were  the  Sabasi,  in  Arabia  Felix,  or 
Yemen,  East  of  which  is  the  thurifera  regio.  The  best 
frankincense  being  white,  in  Arabic  Liban,  Libanos  also 
became  a  Greek  name  for  it,  corrupted  among  the  mo- 
dern merchants  into  Olibanum.  A  little  island,  South 
of  this  region  called  Dioscoridis  Insula,  is  now  Socotora, 
whence  the  best  aloes  are  brought.  Off  the  coast  of 
Arabia  Deserta,  in  the  Sinus  Persicus  (PI.  XIV.),  was 
the  little  island  of  Tylos,  or  Bahram,  celebrated  for  its 
pearl  fishery. 

At  the  top  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  on  each  side  of  the 
Euphrates  (PI.  XIV.)  is  Babylonia;  the  part  nearest  the 
gulf  is  Chaldsea,  which  is  sometimes  taken  for  the  name 
of  the  whole  country.  It  is  properly  called  Irak,  a  name 
which  has  extended  to  the  adjacent  country  of  Mesopo- 
tamia and  part  of  Media,  now  Irak  Jlrabi.  The  princi- 
pal city  of  Babylonia  was  Babylon,  one  of  the  most  an- 
tient  in  the  world,  built  by  Belus,  who  is  thought  to 
have  been  the  same  with  Nimrod.  It  is  near  a  place 
now  called  Hellah,  on  the  East  bank  of  the  Euphrates, 
about  47  miles  South  of  Bagdad.  It  was  surrounded 
with  a  prodigious  strong  wall,  said  to  have  been  480  sta- 
dia in  circumference  (an  exaggeration  probably  for  the 


175 

surrounding  region,  as  this  would  give  an  enclosure  of  60 
miles),  50  cubits  thick,  and  200  cubits  high.  It  was 
built  by  the  celebrated  Queen  Semiramis,  of  bricks  baked 
in  the  sun,  and  cemented  with  bitumen,  abounding  in  the 
country.  It  was  the  residence  afterwards  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, who  destroyed  Jerusalem,  June  9,  B.  C.  587,  and 
transplanted  the  Jews  to  this  country,  and  was  taken  by 
Cyrus,  B.C.  538,  according  to  the  prediction  of  the 
Jewish  prophets,  after  he  had  diverted  the  waters  of  the 
Euphrates  into  a  new  channel,  and  marched  his  troops 
by  night  into  the  town  through  the  antient  bed  of  the 
river.  The  city  is  said  to  have  been  so  large  that  the 
inhabitants  at  the  opposite  extremity  did  not  know  of  its 
fate  till  the  next  evening.  However,  when  we  consider 
that  the  Eastern  cities  contained  enclosures  for  the  pas- 
ture and  protection  of  cattle  during  a  siege,  there  is  not 
reason  to  think  that  the  inhabited  part  of  Babylon  was 
larger  than  London.  A  full  account  of  the  seige  is  to 
be  seen  in  Herodotus.  Babylon  also  is  memorable  for 
the  death  of  Alexander  the  Great,  April  21,  B.C.  323. 
It  is  now  in  ruins;  but  the  vestiges  of  the  temple  of 
Belus  remain.  After  the  death  of  Alexander,  Seleucus 
Nicator  founded  a  city  called  Seleucia  a  little  above  it, 
on  the  Tigris,  which  he  designed  for  the  capital  of  the 
East,  and  the  kings  of  Parthia  founded  one  on  the  other 
side  called  Ctesiphon,  which  they  made  their  ordinary 
residence :  they  are  now  called  «#/  Modain,  or  the  two 
cities.  A  little  below  Ctesiphon  is  the  river  Gyndes, 
which  was  an  impediment  to  Cyrus  in  his  march  to 
Babylon,  who  lost  his  favourite  horse  there:  in  revenge 
he  divided  it  into  360  channels,  so  that  it  might  be 
forded  only  knee-deep.  The  Chaldeans  or  Babylo- 


176 

mans,  as  is  well  known,  were   greatly  addicted  to  as- 
trology *. 

Above  Babylon  is  Mesopotamia  (PL  XV.),  lying,  as 
its  name  imports,  between  the  two  rivers,  the  Euphrates, 
which  divides  it  from  Syria  on  the  West,  and  the  Tigris, 
which  separates  it  from  Assyria  on  the  East.  Towards 
the  Southern  boundary  of  Babylonia,  the  rivers  approach 
each  other  so  as  to  make  it  considerably  narrower  than 
on  the  confines  of  Armenia,  its  Northern  frontier.  The 
lower  part  of  Mesopotamia  is  now  Irak  *fl.rabi,  the  up- 
per Diar  Bekr.  The  North-western  part  of  Mesopota- 
mia was  called  Osroene,  from  Osroes,  a  prince  who 
wrested  from  the  Seleucida3  a  principality  here,  about 
B.C.  120.  Its  capital  was  called  by  the  Macedonians 
Edessa,  now  Or  ha,  or  Orfa.  South-west  of  Edessa,  at 
the  pass  of  Zeugma,  was  a  city  called  Apamea,  and 
South-east  of  it  Carrhag,  a  very  antient  city,  the  Charran 
of  Scripture,  from  which  Abraham  departed  for  the  land 
of  Canaan,  and  the  fatal  spot  at  which  Crassust,  the  Ro- 
man triumvir  lost  his  life,  in  his  expedition  against  the 
Parthians,  who  cut  off  his  head,  and  poured  melted  gold 
down  his  throat,  B.C.  53,  A.U.C.  701.  The  inhabitants 
were  greatly  addicted  to  Sabaism,  or  the  worship  of  the 

*  Tu  ne  quajsieris,  scire  nefas,  quern  mihi  quern  tibi 
Fin  em  Dii  dederint,  Leuconoe,  nee  Babylonios 
Tentaris  numeros.  Hor.  Od.  I.  11.  1, 

Principis  angusta  Caprearum  in  rupe  sedentis 
Cum  grege  Chaldzeo. Ju-v.  Sat.  X.  93. 

t Miserando  funere  Crassus 

Assyrias  Latio  maculavit  sanguine  Carras. 

Lucan.  I.  104. 


177 

host  of  heaven,  particularly  the  moon,  under  the  mascu- 
line denomination  of  the  Deus  Lunus.  The  antient  name 
of  Charran  is  still  retained  in  Haran.  Descending  the 
Euphrates,  nearly  opposite  to  Thapsacus  in  Syria,  we 
find  Circesium,  on  the  river  Chaboras:  the  emperor  Dio- 
clesian  fortified  this  city,  and  made  it  a  frontier  of  the 
empire;  it  is  now  called  Kirkesieh.  In  Xenophon's  ac- 
count of  the  expedition  of  Cyrus  the  Chaboras  is  called 
the  Araxes.  A  little  below  Circesium  is  the  tomb  of  the 
younger  Gordian,  who  was  killed  there  by  Philip,  who 
himself  succeeded  to  the  Roman  empire,  A.D.  245.  Be- 
low it,  at  a  bend  of  the  Euphrates,  is  Anatho,  or  %/inah; 
below  this  on  the  confines  of  Babylonia,  near  a  canal 
which  joined  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  was  the  celebra- 
ted plain  of  Cunaxa,  where  Cyrus  was  defeated  and  slain 
by  Artaxerxes,  B.C.  401.  01.  94.  4.  From  this  spot 
the  10,000  Greek  auxiliaries  of  Cyrus  commenced  their 
immortal  retreat,  of  which  so  interesting  a  history  is 
given  by  Xenophon,  who  was  himself  one  of  their  gene- 
rals, and  ultimately  their  chief.  Nearly  opposite  to 
Edessa,  but  East,  and  rather  nearer  the  Tigris  than  the 
Euphrates,  was  Nisibis,  or  Nisbon,  the  most  important 
station  in  Mesopotamia,  and  long  a  frontier  of  the  Ro- 
man empire,  till  it  was  ceded  to  Sapor,  king  of  Persia, 
by  the  treaty  which  was  made  after  the  death  of  Julian, 
A.D.  363,  and  below  it  was  Singara,  now  Singar. 

Above  Mesopotamia  is  Armenia  (PL  XVII.),  bounded 
towards  the  South  also  by  Assyria,  on  the  West  by  the 
Euphrates,  which  separates  it  from  that  part  of  Cappado- 
cia  called  Armenia  Minor,  after  which  a  ridge  of  Anti- 
Taurus  separates  it  from  Pontus;  on  the  North  it  is 
bounded  by  Colchis  and  Iberia,  and.  on  the  East  by  the 
23 


178 

barbarous  nations  North  of  Media,  It  was  a  province 
particularly  fluctuating  between  the  Persians  and  Ro- 
mans, lying  as  it  were  between  the  two  empires.  North- 
east of  the  river  Lycus,  which  flows  into  the  Euphrates, 
was  Arza,  now  Erze-Roum,  signifying  that  it  belonged 
to  the  empire  of  the  Greeks  or  Roumelia.  Eastward  is 
a  district  called  Phasiana,  through  which  the  Araxes*, 
or,  as  Xenophon  calls  it,  the  Phasis,  flows,  giving  name 
to  the  country:  the  beautiful  birds  which  we  call  phea- 
sants still  preserve  in  their  name  the  traces  of  their  na- 
tive country.  The  Araxes,  or  J2ras,  flows  from  West 
to  East  till  it  falls  into  the  Caspian,  a  little  South  of  the 
river  Cyrus,  now  the  Kur  or  Terek  ;  and  the  Euphrates 
flows  from  East  to  West,  from  its  fountains  in  Mount 
Ararat,  till  its  approach  to  the  Syrian  frontier.  Still 
proceeding  Eastward,  along  the  Araxes,  South-east  of 
Mount  Ararat,  was  Artaxatat,  a  celebrated  and  strong 
royal  city.  Returning  Westward,  between  the  principal 
stream  of  the  Euphrates  and  Mount  Masius,  which  forms 
the  barrier  of  Mesopotamia  and  Armenia,  the  district 
xvas  called  Sophene,  now  Zoph.  In  this  district,  a  little 
above  Mons  Masius,  was  Amida,  now  Kara-Jimid^  or 
Diar-Btkr,  a  celebrated  city  in  the  lower  Roman  em- 
pire. East  of  it,  at  the  foot  of  Mons  Niphates,  among 
the  Carduchi,  was  Tigranocertat,  built  by  Tigranes  in 
the  Mithridatic  war:  it  was  taken  by  Lucullus,  who 

*  -  Pontem  indignatus  Araxes.  Virg.  jEn.  VIII.  728. 

f  Sic  prastextatos  referunt  Artaxata  mores. 

.  Sai.  ii.  iro. 


£  Horace  has  been  thought  to  allude  to  it  in  his  story  of  the 
soldier  of  Lucullus,  who  having  been  robbed  of  his  accumulated 
savings,  — 


179 

found  a  great  treasure  there.  We  should  not  forget  that 
Niphates*  has  been  thought  by  some  to  be  the  Jirarat 
on  which  the  Ark  rested  after  the  Deluge,  which,  how- 
ever, is  much  more  to  the  North-east.  Eastward  of 
Mons  Niphates  is  the  Arsissa  Palus,  a  large  salt  lake 
now  called  the  lake  of  Van. 

Colchis,  the  celebrated  scene  of  the  fable  of  the  Golden 
Fleece  and  the  Argonautic  expedition,  is  bounded  by 
Armenia  on  the  South,  by  the  head  of  the  Euxine  on  the 
West,  by  Iberia  on  the  East,  and  by  Mount  Caucasus  on 
the  North :  it  is  now  called  Mingrelia.  Its  principal  river 
was  the  Phasis,  or  Faz-Rione,  preserving  both  its  own 
name  and  that  of  the  Rheon,  a  stream  which  flows  into 
it.  Its  principal  cities  were  JEa,  on  the  river  Phasis, 
and  Cyta,  within  land,  on  the  Rheon,  where  Medea  was 
born,  who  is  hence  called  Cytasist. 

Iberia,  now  called  Imeriti  and  Georgia,  is  bounded  on 
the  West  by  Colchis,  on  the  North  by  Mount  Caucasus, 

Presidium  regale  loco  dejecit,  ut  aiunt, 
Summe  munito  et  multarum  divite  rerum. 

Hor.Efiist.il.  2.  30. 

But  I  cannot  think  this  interpretation  sufficiently  authorised  by  the 
words  of  the  poet. 
*  Horace,  speaking  of  the  conquests  of  Augustus,  says — 

Nova 

Cantemus  August!  tropaea 
Cae saris,  et  rigidum  Niphatem, 
Medumque  flumen  gentibus  additum 
Victis  minores  volvere  vortices, 

Hor.  Od,  II.  9.  18. 

f  Non  hie  herba  valet,  non  hie  nocturna  Cytaeis. 

Pro  fieri  Elfg.  II.  4. 


180 

on  the  East  by  Albania,  and  on  the  South  by  Armenia. 
This  country  and  Albania  contained  some  very  strong 
passes,  which  were  fortified  against  the  inroads  of  the 
more  Northern  and  still  more  barbarous  tribes  of  Mount 
Caucasus;  that  in  Iberia  was  called  Pylsa  Caucasia?,  or 
the  gates  of  Caucasus,  and  was  about  midway  between 
the  Euxine  and  Caspian  seas;  that  in  Albania,  between 
Caucasus  and  the  Caspian,  was  called  Pylse  Albania?,  or 
Caspise,  which  was  afterwards  the  celebrated  strong  city 
of  Derbend.  The  country  beyond  Caucasus,  between 
the  Palus  Maeotis  and  the  Caspian,  was  called  Sarmatia 
Asiatica,  and  was  inhabited  by  barbarous  and  roving 
tribes,  who,  after  the  lapse  of  ages,  seem  but  little  civi- 
lized. 

Immediately  above  the  Sinus  Persicus,  or  Persian 
Gulf,  is  Persia  (PI.  XIV.),  bounded  by  it  on  the  South, 
by  the  Tigris  and  Babylonia  on  the  West,  by  Media  and 
Assyria  on  the  North,  and  by  Carmania  on  the  East.  It 
is  called  in  Scripture  Paran,  and  preserves  that  name  in 
its  modern  term  Fars.  That  part  of  it  which  approaches 
Babylonia  is  called  Susiana,  or  Khuristan,  which  was 
divided  into  two  districts,  the  larger  to  the  North,  called 
Elymais,  from  the  Elymsei,  who  inhabited  it,  and  the 
more  Southerly  and  maritime,  but  smaller  district,  Cis- 
sia,  in  which  was  its  capital  Susa,  or  Susan,  a  word  sig- 
nifying, in  the  language  of  the  country,  Lilies;  it  is  now 
Suster.  This  was  generally  the  winter  residence  of  the 
Persian  kings,  who  in  summer  retired  to  the  cooler  situ- 
ation of  Ecbatana.  The  fiver  Choaspes*  whose  waters 
were  so  excellent  that  the  kings  of  Persia  would  drink 

*  • — Rfegia  lympha  Choaspes.  Tibull.  I,  4.  140. 


181 

no  other,  rune  by  Susa;  and  below  it  is  the  Eulseus,  or 
Ulai  of  Scripture,  which  is  joined  by  the  Pasi-Tigris 
near  the  mouth  of  the  United  rivers  Tigris  and  Eu- 
phrates. In  Persis,  or  Persia  properly  so  called,  was 
Persepolis,  burnt  by  Alexander;  its  ruins  are  still  very 
magnificent,  and  are  known  by  the  name  of  Tshelmi- 
nar,  or  the  forty,  i.  e.  the  many  columns.  Below  it 
was  an  ancient  royal  city  called  Pasargada,  where  was 
the  tomb  of  Cyrus;  it  is  still  called  Pas  a  Kuri.  North 
of  Persepolis,  towards  Media,  was  Aspadana,  now  Ispa- 
han. 

Carmania,  now  Kerman,  is  bounded  by  Persia  on  the 
West,  Media  and  Aria  on  the  North,  Gedrosia  on  the 
East,  and  the  Sinus  Persicus  on  the  South.  The  limit 
between  it  and  Persia  was  fixed  by  Alexander's  admiral, 
Nearchus,  at  the  island  of  Cata3a,  or  Kais,  in  the  Persian 
Gulf,  remarkable  as  a  great  emporium  of  commerce  till 
it  was  superseded  by  Ormus,  or  Ormuz,  a  little  East  of 
it.  The  capital  of  Carmania  was  Carmana,  or  Kerman, 
South-east  of  Persepolis. 

Gedrosia  is  bounded  by  Carmania  on  the  West,  Ara- 
chosia  on  the  North,  the  Indus  on  the  East,  and  the 
Erythrseum  Mare  on  the  South.  ,  It  is  now  called  Mek- 
ran.  In  passing  through  this  country  the  army  of  Alex- 
ander underwent  very  great  hardships  from  want  of  pro- 
visions and  water,  and  from  columns  of  moving  sand, 
which  had  previously  destroyed  the  armies  of  Semiramis 
and  Cyrus.  Its  principal  city  was  Pura,  now  Fohrea. 

Assyria  (PL  XV.)  is  separated  by  the  Tigris  from 
Mesopotamia  on  the  West,  and  is  bounded  by  Armenia 


im 

on  the  North,  Media  on  the  East,  and  Babylonia  on  the 
South.  It  is  now  called  Kurdistan,  from  the  Carduchi, 
a  people  in  its  Northern  parts,  between  Media  and  Ar- 
menia. It  was  the  most  antient  of  the  four  great  empires 
of  the  world,  and  had  for  its  capital  Ninus,  or  Nineveh, 
so  often  mentioned  in  Scripture,  founded  by  Ninus,  on 
the  Tigris.  Its  site  is  now  supposed  to  be  occupied  by 
a  village  called  Nunia.  South-east  of  Ninus  was  Arbe- 
la,  or  Erbil;  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Zabata,  or 
Zab,  somewhat  North-east  of  Ninus,  was  the  fatal  plain 
of  Gaugamela,  where  the  third  and  decisive  battle  was 
fought  between  Alexander  and  Darius,  Oct.  2,  B.C.  331, 
01.  112,  2,  which  put  an  end  to  the  Persian  empire. 
Gaugamela  being  an  obscure  place,  this  battle  was  gene- 
rally called  the  battle  of  Arbela. 

Media  (PI.  XIV.)  is  bounded  by  Assyria  on  the  West, 
and  is  separated  from  Armenia  by  the  Araxes,  and  is 
farther  bounded  on  the  North  by  the  shore  of  the  Cas- 
pian, on  the  East  by  Aria,  and  on  the  South  by  Persia. 
Media  is  now  called  Irak-J^jami^  or  Persian  Irak,  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  Irak-</lrabi,  or  Babylonian  Irak.  The 
Northern  part  of  Media,  which  borders  on  Armenia,  was 
called  Atropatene,  from  Atropates,  a  satrap  of  this  pro- 
vince, who  erected  it,  after  the  death  of  Alexander,  into 
an  independent  kingdom.  Its  capital  was  Gaza,  or  Ga- 
zaca,  now  called  Tebris  or  Tauris.  The  capital  of 
Media  was  Ecbatana,  or  Hamedan.  The  Persian,  and 
afterwards  the  Parthian  monarchs,  made  Ecbatana  their 
summer  residence,  to  avoid  the  excessive  heat  of  Susa 
and  Ctesiphon.  On  the  road  between  Bagdat  and  Hame- 
dan was  an  antient  monument,  said  to  be  that  of  Semira- 
mis,  at  a  place  called  Bagistana.  North-east  of  Ecbatana 


183 

was  Ragae,  or  Rages,  mentioned  in  the  history  of  Tobit. 
Under  the  Parthian  dynasty  of  the  Arsacidse,  it  was  Ar- 
sacia,  but  is  now  called  JRei. 

Aria  was  properly  a  particular  province,  but  the  name 
was  given  to  a  country  of  large  extent*,  answering  to 
the  present  Khorasin,  comprising  several  provinces,  and 
bounded  on  the  West  by  Media,  on  the  North  by  Hyr- 
cania  and  Parthia,  on  the  East  by  Bactria,  and  on  the 
South  by  Carmania  and  Gedrosia.  The  capital  of  Aria 
was  Artacoana,  now  Herat,  on  the  Western  side,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Arius,  now  Heri.  From  hence  Alex- 
ander passed  Southward  to  the  country  of  the  Zarangae, 
or  Drangae,  whose  capital,  Prophthasia,  on  the  river  Ely- 
mander,  is  still  called  Zarang.  Below  them  the  Ari- 
aspse,  who  were  called  Euergata3,  from  the  succours  they 
afforded  to  Cyrus,  are  still  known  by  the  name  of  Der- 
gasp.  East  of  these  are  Afachosia,  now  *flrrokage, 
from  which  region  Alexander  crossed  the  Paropamisus, 
one  of  the  highest  mountains  in  Asia,  to  invade  Bactri- 
ana:  the  Macedonians,  in  order  to  flatter  him,  called  it 
Caucasus. 

North  of  Media  and  Aria,  along  the  South-eastern 
coast  of  the  Caspian,  is  Hyrcania,  whose  capital  bore  the 
same  name,  now  Jorjan  or  Corcan.  The  Eastern  part 
of  Hyrcania  was  Parthiene,  the  original  seat  of  a  nation 
which,  under  the  name  of  Parthians,  founded  an  exten- 
sive empire  over  Persia,  Media,  and  Aria.  Its  principal 
city  was  Nysasa,  still  called  Nesa. 


*  The  Medes,  as  we  learn  from  Herodotus,  were  originally 
called  Arii. 


184 

Bactriana  is  bounded  by  Aria  on  the  West,  the  moun- 
tains of  Paropamisus  on  the  South,  a  chain  called  the 
Emodi  Montes  on  the  East,  and  Sogdiana  on  the  North. 
The  capital  was  Zariaspa  Bactra,  now  Balk.  East  of  it 
was  the  rock  of  Aornos,  thought  to  be  impregnable;  it 
is  now  Telekan,  situated  on  a  high  mountain  called 
Nork-Koh,  or  the  mountain  of  silver. 

The  river  Oxus,  or  Gihon,  separates  Sogdiana  from 
Bactriana.  The  country  is  now  Jli-Sogd;  in  which  was 
Maracanda,  the  celebrated  Samarcand  of  Tartar  history, 
which  was  the  royal  city  of  Timur-leng,  whose  name  has 
been  corrupted  by  European  writers  into  Tamerlane. 
South  of  this  was  Oxiana,  or  Termid,  and  North-west 
was  Petra,  a  strong  rock  besieged  by  Alexander,  now 
called  Shadman.  North-east  of  this  was  Gaba3,  or  Ka- 
ous,  also  named  from  the  conquests  of  Alexander.  East- 
wards on  the  Jaxartes,  Shion,  or  Sir,  was  a  city  called 
Cyroschata,  or  Cyropolis,  built  by  Cyrus,  and  re-founded 
by  Alexander  under  the  name  of  Alexandria  Ultima,  now 
Cogend.  The  Chorasmii,  or  Kharasm,  were  between 
Sogdiana,  and  the  North-eastern  shore  of  the  Caspian; 
their  capital  was  Gorgo,  now  Urgheng.  East  of  Sogdi- 
ana were  the  Sacae  or  Saketa. 

The  country  to  the  North  of  these  already  described 
is  called  Scythia,  or  Tartary  (PL  I. ).  It  was  divided 
into  Scythia  intra  Imaum  *,  or  Scythia  on  the  West  of 
the  Imaus,  and  Scythia  extra  Imaum,  to  the  East  of  it. 
The  ridge  of  mountains  called  Imaus  is^connected  with 

*  Imaus,  Emodus,  and  Himmaleh  are  all^derived  from  the 
Sanscrit  word  Hem,  mow. 


185 

the  Paropamisus  or  Indian  Koosh,  or  Caucasus,  which 
separates  Bactriana  from  India.  To  the  South-east  this 
chain  takes  the  name  of  Emodus  or  Imeia  Pambadam. 
Another  chain  of  the  Imaus  runs  North-east,  dividing 
Scythia  intra  and  extra  Imaum  in  this  direction  also. 
The  principal  Scythian  nation  were  the  Massagetae,  or 
Great  Getes,  in  Turkistan,  North  of  Bactriana. 

North-east  of  Scythia  extra  Imaum  was  Serica,  now 
Gete,  or  Eygur,  which  last  denomination  is  derived 
from  the  Ithaguri  and  Mons  Ithagurus,  in  this  district. 
The  principal  nation  in  Serica  were  the  Issedones,  who 
had  two  towns  called  Issedon;  but  their  most  interesting 
town  is  Sera,  the  metropolis,  now  Kan-tcheon,  in  the 
Chinese  province  of  Shefi-si,  without  the  great  wall  of 
China.  This  city  has  been  erroneously  confounded 
with  Pekin,  the  capital  of  China,  300  leagues  distant; 
but  some  think  that  the  antients  had  no  immediate  know- 
ledge of  China  properly  so  called.  They  knew,  indeed, 
by  name,  a  nation  called  Sinse,  East  of  Serica,  who  were 
probably  settled  in  the  province  of  Shensi,  the  most 
Westerly  province  of  China,  immediately  adjoining  the 
great  wall,  in  which  there  was  a  kingdom  called  Tsin, 
which  probably  gave  name  to  these  Northern  Sina3,  who 
are  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  Sinae  hereafter  to  be 
mentioned  in  the  description  of  India*. 


*  But  we  learn  from  the  Chinese  Historians,  on  the  authority 
of  M.  De  Guignes,  that  An-toun,  i.e.  Antonius,  Emperor  of  the 
West,  sent  a  commercial  Embassy  to  Oan-ti,  who  reigned  in  Chi- 
na about  A.D.  150,  and  this  is  confirmed  by  later  researches. 
See  Mr.  Murray's  Memoir,  published  in  the  Edinburg  Philoso- 
phical Transactions,  Vol.  VIII.  p.  171. 
24 


186 

It  remains  only  to  give  some  account  of  India,  in 
which  we  shall  briefly  notice  a  few  remarkable  positions. 
India  derived  its  name  from  the  river  Indus,  or  Sind, 
which  forms  its  Western  boundary.  The  great  stream 
of  the  Ganges  divided  it  into  two  parts,  called  India 
jntra  Gangem,  or  India  to  the  West  of  the  Ganges,  and 
India  extra  Gangem,  or  India  to  the  East  of  it. 

East  of  Bactriana  (PL  XIV.)  is  Indo  Scythia,  above 
Little  Thibet,  and  the  Indian  Caucasus,  or  Koosh,  and 
West  of  the  junction  of  the  Indus  and  Suastus  is  Taxila, 
now  <Attock,  North-west  of  which  is  Aornos,  now  Re- 
naSy  a  fortress  thought  to  be  impregnable^  from  the  cap- 
ture of  which  Alexander  assumed  to  himself  so  much 
glory.  From  Taxila  Alexander  advanced  across  the 
Hydaspes,  or  Shantrou,  to  give  Porus  battle,  and  on  its 
banks  he  built  the  cities  of  Nicsea  in  honour  of  his  victo- 
ry, and  Bucephala  in  memory  of  his  horse  Bucephalus; 
he  then  crossed  the  Acesines,  or  Ravei,  the  Hydraotes, 
or  JBiah,  and  the  Hyphasis,  or  Caul*.  These  five  riv- 
ers give  to  the  adjacent  country  the  name  of  Punjab. 
On  the  Eastern  shore  of  the  Hyphasis  he  erected  altars 
in  memory  of  his  progress  Eastward,  and  wept  that  he 
could  advance  no  farthert.  Towards  the  mouth  of  the 
Hydraotes  he  found  the  warlike  nations  of  the  Oxydracae 

*  According  to  Major  Rennel  and  Robertson,  higher  authori- 
ties in  this  case  than  D'Anville,  the  Hydaspes  is  now  the  Betah, 
and  the  Hyphasis  the  Blah  or  Bajah. 

f  Yet  Timur-leng  in  this  respect  surpassed  Alexander,  for  he 
boldly  entered  the  Desert,  and  took  the  city  of  Delhi ;  but  Timur 
was  familiar  with  Deserts.  Indeed,  Seleucus,  after  the  death  of 
Alexander,  seems  to  have  reached  the  Ganges  with  an  army. 
He  had  a  minister  at  Palibothra. 


187 

and  Malli,  and  then,  descending  the  Indus,  came  to  the 
royal  city  of  the  Sogdi,  now  Bukor;  having  then  visited 
the  city  of  Patala,  now  Tatta,  and  the  mouths  of  the  In- 
dus, he  returned  through  Gedrosia  to  Babylon. 

Many  places  were  known  to  the  antients  on  the  coast 
of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan  *,  a  particular  enumera- 
tion of  which  is  unnecessary  in  a  work  of  this  nature. 
The  promontory  of  Comaria  (PL  I.)  was  unquestionably 
Cape  Comorin,  and  Taprobane  was  the  island  of  Cey- 
lon: the  Maldives  also  were  known  to  the  antients 
The  river  Chaberis  is  the  modern  Cavery:  and  North  of 
it  Arcati  Regia,  is  Arcot.  Maliarpha  is  Maliapur,  near 
Madras.  The  Magnum  Ostium  of  the  Ganges  was  the 
Hugley;  and  to  the  West  of  it,  in  the  interior,  was  Pali- 
bothra,  perhaps  Patna  or  Allahabad  ;  though  this  latter 
city  seems  to  correspond  with  Helabas,  and  is  venerated 
among  the  Indians  as  the  traditional  residence  of  the  first 
parent  of  mankind.  In  India  beyond  the  Ganges,  the  Au- 
rea  Chersonesus,  is  now  Malaya;  the  Southern  promon 
tory  of  it  was  called  Magnum  Promontorium,  now  the 
Cape  of  Romania,  beyond  which  was  the  Magnus  Si- 
nus, or  Gulf  of  Siam;  and  beyond  the  river  Serus,  or 
Menan,  was  the  country  of  the  Sinae,  or  Cochin  China, 
to  be  distinguished  from  those  already  mentioned  East 
of  Serica.  West  of  the  Chersonesus  Aurea  was  Jabidii 
Insula,  now  perhaps  Sumatra,  and  the  antients  knew 
also  the  smaller  islands  lying  above  it  in  the  Sinus  Gan- 
geticus,  or  Bay  of  Bengal. 

*  A  pot  of  Roman  gold  coins,  principally  of  the  reigns  of  Tra- 
jan and  Antoninus  Pius,  was  found  by  a  peasant  at  Nellore,  in  1787. 


188 


CHAPTER  XIV. 


AFRICA. 


A.  G.  Plate  I.  XVIII.  XIX.  XX. 


AFRICA  (PL  I.  and  XVII.)  was  called  Libya  by 
the  Greek  and  Roman  poets,  the  name  which  we 
give  to  the  whole  continent  being  more  generally, 
though  not  absolutely  confined  by  the  Romans  to  a 
particular  province.  Very  little  of  this  division 
of  the  globe  was  known  to  the  antients,  except  the 
parts  adjacent  to  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean : 
the  interior  of  Africa  they  thought  uninhabitable 
from  the  excessive  heat,  or  peopled  it  with  fabu- 
lous monsters,  of  which  Africa  was  proverbially 
the  nurse*.  The  first  province  of  Africa,  on  the 
Western  side,  below  the  Fretum  Gaditanum,  or 

*  Plin.  VIII.   16. 


189 

Herculeum,  now  the  Straights  of  Gibraltar,  was 
Mauritania,  now  Morocco  and  Fez.  East  of  it  was 
Numidia,  now  Algiers,  and  East  of  Numidia,  was 
Africa  Propria,  or  the  province  of  Africa  proper- 
ly so  called,  now  Tunis,  lying  along  that  part  of 
the  coast  which  bends  from  North  to  South.  The 
bay  formed  by  the  Southern  part  of  this  bend 
was  the  Syrtis  Minor,  a  dangerous  quicksand, 
and  in  that  formed  by  another  sweep  of  the  sea, 
after  which  the  coast  again  takes  a  North-easterly 
direction,  was  the  Syrtis  Major :  between  the  two 
Syrtes  was  Tripolis,  now  Tripoli.  East  of  the 
Syrtis  Major  was  Cyrenaica,  now  Barca,  and  East 
of  it  Marmarica ;  and  still  East  at  the  Mouths  of 
the  Nile,  was  jEgyptus,  or  JEgypt,  divided  into 
JEgyptus  Inferior,  or  Lower  jEgypt,  on  the  coast, 
and  jEgyptus  Superior,  or  Upper  ^Egypt,  to- 
wards the  interior  of  Africa.  Below  Numidia 
was  Gsetulia,  now  Beledulgerid :  below  Cyrenaica 
and  Marmarica  was  Libya  properly  so  called  ;  be- 
low ^Egypt  was  jEtihopia  ;  and  West  of  JEthio- 
pia  the  Garamantes. 

Mauritania  (PL  XIX.),  now  the  empire  of  Fez  and 
Morocco,  was  bounded  on  the  North  by  the  Straights  of 
Gibraltar  and  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  East  by  Numi- 
dia, on  the  South  by  Gsetulia,  and  on  the  West  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  It  was,  properly  speaking,  in  the  time 
of  Bocchus,  the  ally  and  betrayer  of  Jugurtha,  bounded 
by  the  river  Mulucha,  or  Molochath,  now  Malva,  and 
corresponded  nearly  to  the  present  kingdom  of  Fez;  but 


190 

in  the  time  of  the  Emperor  Claudius,  the  Western  part 
of  Numidia  was  added  to  this  province,  under  the  name 
Mauritania  Caesariensis,  the  antient  kingdom  of  Mauri- 
tania being  called  Tingitana,  from  its  principal  city  Tin- 
gis,  or  Old  Tangier,  on  the  West  of  the  Straights.  Op- 
posite to  Calpe,  or  Gibraltar,  in  Spain,  is  the  other  co- 
lumn of  Hercules,  Mount  Abyla*,  near  Ceuta,  in  Mau- 
ritania. The  remotest  Roman  city  on  the  Western  shore 
of  the  Atlantic  was  Sala,  now  SalZee,  a  well-known  pi- 
ratical port.  In  the  South  of  Mauritania  is  the  celebra- 
ted Mount  Atlas,  which  gives  name  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  Mauritania  Csesariensis  contained  many  Roman 
colonies,  but  it  may  be  sufficient  for  us  to  notice  Siga, 
which  was  the  antient  residence  of  Syphax,  before  he  in- 
vaded the  dominions  of  Masnissa:  it  is  situated  North- 
east of  the  river  Mulucha. 

Numidia  is  bounded  by  Mauritania  on  the  West,  the 
Mediterranean  on  the  North,  Africa  Propria  on  the  East, 
and  Gaetulia  on  the  South,  corresponning  nearly  to  the 
present  state  of  Algiers.  It  was  occupied  by  two  prin- 
cipal nations,  the  Massyli,  towards  Africa  Propria,  in 
the  Eastern  part,  and  the  Massaesili,  towards  Mauritania, 
in  the  Western;  they  were  separated  by  the  promontory 
of  Tretum,  now  Sebda-Ruz,  or  the  seven  capes.  The 
Massyli  were  the  subjects  of  Masinissa,  the  Masssesili  of 
Syphax.  This  latter  prince,  having  invaded  the  king- 
dom of  Masinissa,  the  ally  of  the  Romans,  in  the  second 
Punic  war,  was  overcome  and  taken  prisoner  by  Masi- 
nissa and  the  Romans,  and  was  carried  to  Rome  by 

*  Maura  Abyla,  et  dorso  consurgit  Iberica  Calpe. 

Avien.  Or  bis  Dcscr,  111. 


191 

Scipio,  to  adorn  his  triumph,  where  he  died  in  prison, 
B.C.  202,  A.U.C.  552.     The   Romans  confirmed   Masi- 
nissa  in  the  possession  of  the  kingdom  of  Syphax,  and 
the  history  of  those  transactions,  together  with  an  ac- 
count of  the  heroic  death  of  Sophonisha,  is  to  be  found 
in  the  24th  book  of  Livy.     After  the  death  of  Masinissa 
and  his  son  Micipsa,  it  was  divided  between  his  grand- 
sons  Hiempsal  and   Adherbal,  who  were   successively 
murdered  by  Jugurtha,  and  thus  Numidia  became  again 
united  under  one  sovereign,  and  the  Romans  having  re- 
solved to  punish  the  crimes  of  Jugurtha,  gave  occasion  to 
the  Jugerthine  war,  the  history  of  which  is  written  by 
Sallust.     Jugurtha  was  taken,  having  been  betrayed  by 
JBocchus,  to  whom  he  had  fled  for  refuge,  and  carried  to 
Rome  to  adorn  the  triumph  of  Marius,  B.C.  106,  A.U.C. 
648,  after  which  he  was  starved  to  death  in  prison.     Nu- 
midia was  subsequently  under  the  dominion  of  Juba,  who 
took  part  with  Pompey  and  his  adherents  against  Caesar, 
but  was  conquered  in  the  battle  of  Thapsus,  and  Numidia 
was  reduced  to  a  Roman  province;  but  a  part  of  it  was 
restored  by  Augustus  to  the  son  of  Juba,  who  bore  his 
father's  name,  and  who  also  received  in  marriage  from 
Augustus,  Cleopatra,  the  daughter  of  Antony.    The  capi- 
tal of  Numidia  was  Cirta,  on  the  branch  of  the  river 
Ampsagas,  or   Wad-il-Kiber :    it  was  afterwards  called 
Sittianorum  Colonia,  from  a  general  of  the  name  of  Sit- 
tius,  who  greatly  assisted  Caesar  in  the  African  war,  and 
was  rewarded  with  this  district:  but  subsequently  it  took 
the  name  of  Constantino,,  which  it  still  retains.     North- 
east of  Cirta,  on  the  coast,  was  Hippo  Regius,  of  which 
St.  Augustine  was  bishop;  it  was  near  the  present  town 
of  Bona;  and  in  a  bay,  North-west  of  Hippo,  was  the 
mountain  of  Pappua,  now  Edougi  to  which  Gelimas,  the 


192 

last  king  of  the  Vandals  retreated  after  his  fatal  defeat  by 
the  great  Belisarius,  A.D.  534. 

Africa  Propria,  or  the  province  of  Africa  properly  so 
called,  was  bounded  by  Numidia  on  the  West,  by  the 
Mediterranean  on  the  North  and  East,  and  by  Getulia 
and  the  extremity  of  Tripolis  on  the  South.  It  corres- 
ponds to  the  present  state  of  Tunis.  Its  Eastern  boun- 
dary was  formed  by  a  sudden  bend  of  the  Mediterranean 
to  the  South  from  the  Promontorium  Hermaeum,  or 
Cape  JBon,  to  the  Syrtis  Minor,  or  Gulf  of  Cabes. 
The  first  place  adjoining  to  Numidia  is  the  little  island 
of  Tabraca  or  Tabarca,  which  we  notice  only  because 
it  is  mentioned  in  Juvenal*.  A  little  inland  is  Vacca, 
now  Veja^  a  city  of  much  note  in  the  Jugurthine  war. 
East  of  Tabraca,  is  Utica,  the  capital  of  the  province 
after  the  destruction  of  Carthage,  and  memorable  for  the 
last  stand  made  by  the  friends  of  freedom,  under  the 
conduct  of  Cato,  against  Caesar.  Metellus  Scipio,  the 
father-in-law  of  Pompey,  had  been  defeated  by  Caesar, 
at  the  battle  of  Thapsus.  Cato,  hence  called  Uticensis, 
retired  to  this  city,  and  on  the  appearance  of  Caesar, 
stabbed  himself,  in  the  59th  year  of  his  age,  B.C.  46, 
A.U.C.  70S.  The  river  Bagradas,  or  Megerda,  flows 
between  Utica,  and  the  renowned  city  of  Carthage,  the 
queen  of  Africa  and  great  rival  of  Rome.  It  had  a 
citadel  named  Byrsa,  so  called  from  the  stratagem  used 
by  Dido,  who  agreed  to  purchase  as  much  land  as  she 


Et  tales  aspice  rugas, 

Quales  umbriferos  ubi  pandit  Tabraca  saltus, 
In  vetula  scalpit  mater  jam  simiabucca. 

Juv.  Sat,  X.  193. 


193 

could  surround  with  a  bull's  hide  *,  which  she  cut  into 
very  narrow  stripes.  It  was  a  colony  of  Tyrianst,  and 
by  them  called  Carthada,  or  the  New  City,  by  the 
Greeks  Carchedon,  and  by  the  Latins  Carthago;  and  is 
immortalized  by  the  Roman  poets  and  historians  on  ac- 
count of  the  three  wars  it  sustained  against  the  republic. 
The  first  began  B.C.  264,  A.U.C.  490,  and  ended  B.C. 
241,  A.U.C.  513,  having  lasted  twenty-three  years. 
Amongst  its  most  remarkable  events  are  the  capture  and 
cruel  death  of  Regulus  the  Roman  general,  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Roman  marine,  and  the  defeat  of  the  Car- 
thaginians by  Lutatius  Catulus,  off  the  JEgates  Insulae, 
B.C.  242,  A.U.C.  512.  The  second  Punic  war  began 
in  consequence  of  the  siege  of  Saguntum  by  Hannibal, 
B.C.  219,  A.U.C.  535,  and  was  ended  in  consequence 
of  the  victory  of  Scipio  over  Hannibal  at  the  battle  of 
Zama,  B.C.  202,  A.U.C.  552,  having  lasted  eighteen 
years:  this  was  memorable  for  the  severest  defeats  the 
Romans  ever  experienced,  especially  in  the  battles  of 
Ticinus,  Trebia,  Trasymenus,  and  Cannae,  all  gained  by 
Hannibal,  who  maintained  himself  in  Italy  sixteen  years. 
The  third  Punic  war  began  B.C.  149,  A.U.C.  605,  and 
lasted  only  three  years,  being  terminated  by  the  total 
destruction  and  demolition  of  Carthage,  by  Scipio  Afri- 
canus  Minor,  B.C.  145,  A.U.C.  609;  it  was  much  exci- 

*  Mercatique  solum,  facti  de  nomine  Byrsam. 
Taurino  quantum  possent  circumdare  tergo. 

Virg.  JEn.  I.  367, 

f  Urbs  antiqua  fuit,  Tyrii  tenuere  coloni, 
Carthago,  Italiam  longe  Tiberinaque  contra 
Ostia,  dives  opum  studiisque  asperrima  belli; 
Quam  Juno  fertur  terris  magis  omnibus  unam 
Posthabita  coluisse  Samo.  Virg-  dSn,  I,  12, 

25 


194 

ted  by  the  elder  Cato,  who  never  ended  a  speech  in  the 
Senate,  on  any  subject,  without  the  words  "Delenda 
est  Carthago,"  and  is  remarkable  for  the  cruel  and  op- 
pressive exactions  of  the  Romans,  the  patient  submis- 
sion, but  at  last  the  obstinate  desperation  of  the  injured 
Carthaginians,  and  the  conflagration  of  their  city,  which 
was  twenty-four  miles  in  circumference,  and  continued 
burning  seventeen  days.  It  was  afterwards  rebuilt  by 
Augustus,  and  became  a  flourishing  city,  till  it  was  final- 
ly destroyed  [by  the  Arabs  under  the  Kaliphat  of  Abdel- 
Melek,  towards  the  end  of  the  seventh  century.  A  lit- 
tle below  it  was  Tunetum,  now  Tunis.  Below  the  Her- 
mseum  Promontorium  is  Aspis,  or  Clypea,  now  Jlkiliba: 
below  tins  place  the  coast  takes  the  name  of  Zeugitana; 
and  not  quite  half-way  between  the  Promontorium  Her- 
mseum  and  Syrtis  Minor  was  Hadrumetum,  a  very  con- 
siderable city  of  that  part  of  Africa  Propria  called  Byza- 
cium,  or  Emporise,  which  comprized  the  fertile  country 
adjacent  to  the  Syrtis  Minor,  and  may  be  considered  as 
the  principal  granary  of  Rome^.  Below  Hadrumetum  is 
Leptis  Minor,  or  Lenita,  and  below  it  Thapsus,  now 
Demsas,  memorable  for  the  victory  we  have  already 
mentioned,  obtained  there  by  Ca3sar  over  Metellus  Sci- 
pio,  and  the  remnant  of  Pompey's  party  who  escaped 
from  the  wreck  of  Pharsalia.  Below  Thapsus  was  Tur- 
ris  Hannibalis,  from  which  Hannibal  departed  for  Asia, 
when  he  was  banished  by  his  factious  and  ungrateful 
countrymen  from  Carthage.  In  the  interior  of  Africa, 
on  the  Numidian  side,  are  two  cities,  not  far  from  each 
other,  the  one,  Tagaste,  or  Tajelt,  in  fact  a  Numidian 

*  Frumenti  quantum  metit  Africa.  Hor.  Sat.  II.  3.  87. 

Quicquid  de  Lybicis  verritur  areis.  Hor.  Od*  1. 1.  10. 


195 

city,  which  was  the  birth-place  of  St.  Augustine,  the 
other  Madaurus,  the  birth-place  of  Apuleius;  near  to 
which  is  Sicca,  and  South-east  of  it,  about  the  centre  of 
the  province,  is  Zama,  the  memorable  scene  of  the  vic- 
tory obtained  by  Scipio  Africanus  the  elder  over  Hanni- 
bal, B.C.  202,  A.U.C.  552.  In  the  interior  of  Byzaci- 
um  was  Capsa,  now  Cafsa,  in  which  Jugurtha  deposited 
his  treasures.  We  find  from  Sallust  that  it  was  a  very 
strong  city,  in  the  midst  of  deserts  very  difficult  of  ac- 
cess, and  below  it  were  two  lakes,  much  celebrated  in 
antiquity  under  the  names  of  the  Palus  Tritonis  and  Pa- 
lus  Lybia,  now  Faro-oun  and  El-Loudeah.  On  the 
former  of  these  Minerva  is  said  to  have  first  appeared, 
whence  she  is  called  Tritonia.  Near  the  latter  the  Gor- 
gons  are  feigned  to  have  had  their  abodes*.  These  lakes 
are  in  the  neighbourhood  of  what  is  now  called  Beled-ul- 
Geridy  JBeledulgerid,  or  the  Region  of  Grasshoppers. 

Tripolis  (PI.  XVIII,)  was  bounded  on  the  West  by 
Africa  Propria,  of  which  it  originally  formed  a  part,  by 
the  Mediterranean  on  the  North,  by  Cyrenaica  on  the 
East,  and  by  Phazania,  or  Fezzan,  on  the  South.  It 
still  retains  its  name  which  it  originally  received  from 
three  cities  on  the  coast,  Sabrata,  now  Sabart,  QEa,  now 
Tripoli,  and  Leptis  Magna,  the  ruins  of  which  are  stilj 
called  Labida.  It  lies  between  the  Syrtis  Minor,,  or 
Gulf  of  Cabes,  so  called  from  the  city  Tacape,  which  • 
was  at  the  head  of  it,  and  the  Syrtis  Major,  or,  as  it  is 
now  corruptly  called,  the  Gulf  of  Sidra.  The  Syrtes 
were  very  dangerous  to  mariners,  from  the  shoals  and 

*  Jam  Summas  arces  Tritonia,  respice,  Pallas 
Insedit  nimbo  effulgens  et  Gorgone  sieva. 

Virg.  3±n.  II.  615. 


196 

quicksands,  and  a  peculiar  inequality  in  the  motion  of 
the  waters,  by  which  they  drew  in  and  ingulfed  vessels, 
whence  they  derived  their  name*.  Towards  the  Syrtis 
Major  is  the  small  river  Cinyphs,  the  goats  of  which  are 
mentioned  by  Virgil,  as  proverbially  shaggy  t:  it  is  now 
called  the  Wad-Quaham.  Inland  is  the  town  of  Geri- 
sa,  or  Gherze,  fabled  to  be  petrified  with  its  inhabitants, 
which  probably  arose  from  some  statues  of  men  and  ani- 
mals remaining  there,  which  have  been  thus  misrepre- 
sented by  the  ignorant  natives.  South  of  the  Syrtis  Ma- 
jor, in  the  interior,  were  the  Garamantes,  who  derived 
their  name  antiently  from  the  city  of  Garama,  now 
Gharmes.  They  were  faintly  known  to  the  Romans 
under  Augustus,  in  whose  time  some  claim  was  made  to 
a  triumph  over  them,  on  which  account  they  are  men- 
tioned by  Virgil  J.  At  the  extremity  of  the  Syrtis  Ma- 


*    *A?fo  rov  crvpttv. 

The  Syrtis  Minor  is  mentioned  by  Virgil,  in  his  account  of  the 
storm  which  dispersed  the  fleet  of  ^Eneas. 

Tres  [naves]  Eurus  ab  alto 

In  brevia  et  Syrtes  urget,  miserabile  visu, 
Illiditque  vadis  atque  aggere  cingit  arenac. 

Virg.  JEn.  I.  110.- 

f  Nee  minus  interea  barbas  incanaque  menta 

Cinyphii  tondent  hirci.  Virg.  Georg.  III.  311. 

i 

4:  Hie  vir,  hie  est,  tibi  quern  promitti  ssepius  audis, 

Augustus  Cxsar,  divum  genus:  aurea  condet 
Ssecula  qui  rursus  Latio,  regnata  per  arva 
Saturno  quondam.    Super  et  Garamantas  et  Indos 
Proferet  imperium ;  jacet  extra  sidera  tellus, 
Ultra  anni  solisque  vias,  ubi  coelifer  Atlas 
Axem  huraero  torquet  stellis  ardentibus  aptum. 

Virg.  JEn.  VI.  /91. 


197 

jor  are  the  Philaenorum  Arse,  altars  erected  to  mark  the 
boundary  between  the  territories  of  Carthage  and  Cy- 
rene,  on  the  spot  where  two  Carthaginian  brothers  suf- 
fered themselves  for  this  purpose  to  be  buried  alive.  The 
story  may  be  seen  in  Sallust  Bell.  Jugurth.  C.  79. 

Next  to  Tripolis  is  Libya  properly  so  called,  which 
contained  the  two  countries  of  Cyrenaica  and  Marmarica, 
together  with  a  very  extensive  unknown  region  in  the 
interior.  Cyrenaica  is  bounded  on  the  West  by  Tripo- 
lis, on  the  North  by  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  East  by 
Marmarica,  and  on  the  South  by  the  deserts  of  Libya, 
the  North-western  part  of  which  was  inhabited  by  the 
Nasamones,  a  barbarous  people,  who  lived  by  the  plun- 
der of  the  vessels  shipwrecked  in  the  Syrtis  Major,  and 
who  almost  destroyed  the  nation  of  the  Psylli,  so  cele- 
brated in  antient  and  even  modern  times  for  the  power 
they  appear  to  possess  in  charming  serpents,  and  curing 
the  bite  by  sucking  the  wound.  They  are  mentioned  by 
Lucan,  in  his  noble  description  of  the  serpents  which 
infested  the  army  of  Cato  during  his  march  between  the 
Syrtes*.  The  province  of  Cyrenaica  was  called  Penta- 
polis  from  five  principal  cities  which  it  contained.  Af- 
ter the  coast  of  the  Syrtis  Major  has  bent  towards  the 
North-east,  is  Berenice,  or  Hesperis,  now  JSernic,  where 
some  have  placed  the  gardens  of  the  Hesperides.  Above 
it  is  Barce,  or  Barca,  and  Ptolemais,  now  Tolomela. 

*  Vix  miseris  serum  tanto  lassata  periclo 
Auxilium  fortuna  dedit:  gens  unica  terras 
Incolit  a  sxvo  serpentum  tuta  veneno, 
Marmaridse  Psylli:  par  lingua  potentibus  herbis, 
Ipse  cruor  tutus,  nullumque  admittere  vims 
Vel  cantu  cessante  potest,  &c.  Lucan,  IX.  890,  &G. 


198 

The  extreme  Northern  point  of  the  coast  was  called 
Phycus  Promontorium,  now  Cape  Rasat;  East  of  it  was 
Apollonia,  now  Marza  Susa  or  Sosash,  which  was  the 
port  of  Cyrene,  that  city  being  a  little  inland:  it  was 
founded  by  Battus,  who  led  thither  a  Lacedaemonian 
colony  from  Thera,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  B.C.  630,  01. 
37.  3,  and  the  kingdom  was  bequeathed  to  the  Romans, 
B.C.  97,  A.U.C.  657,  by  the  last  of  the  Ptolemies,  sur- 
named  Apion;  it  was  by  them  formed  into  a  province 
with  Crete.  Some  vestiges  of  it  still  remain  under  the 
name  of  Curin:  East  of  it,  on  the  coast,  is  the  fifth  city, 
Darnis,  now  Derne. 

A  place  called  the  Catabathmus  Magnus,  now  Jlka- 
betossolom,  separated  Marmarica  from  Cyrenaica  on  the 
West.  It  was  bounded  by  Egypt  on  the  East,  the  Me- 
diterranean on  the  North,  and  the  Hammonii  and  Libya 
Interior  on  the  South.  We  need  only  notice  here  Pa- 
rsetonium,  now  JH-Baretoun,  which  was  considered  as  a 
sort  of  advanced  frontier  of  Egypt.  South  of  Marma- 
rica, in  the  midst  of  the  sands  of  the  Libyan  Desert,  was 
a  small  and  beautiful  spot,  or  Oasis,  as  it  is  called,  re- 
freshed by  streams  and  shade,  and  luxuriant  with  ver- 
dure, in  which  was  the  celebrated  temple  of  Jupiter 
Hammon,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Bacchus  in 
gratitude  to  his  father  Jupiter,  who  appeared  to  him  in 
the  form  of  a  ram,  and  showed  him  a  fountain,  when 
himself  and  his  army  were  perishing  with  thirst.  Here 
was  the  Fons  Solis,  whose  waters  were  cold  at  noon  and 
hot  at  night*.  Here  was  the  antient  and  much-famed 


*  Esse  apud  Ammonis  fanum  tons  luce  diuma 
Frigidus,  at  citlidus  nocturne  tempore  iertur. 


Lucret.  VI.  848. 


199 

oracle  so  difficult  and  dangerous  of  access  through  the 
Libyan  Deserts*,  consulted  by  Alexander  the  Great, 
who,  by  the  flattery  of  the  priests,  was  saluted  as  the  son 
of  Jupiter,  and  whose  head,  on  some  of  his  medals,  bears 
a  ram's  horn  in  token  of  this  descent.  The  site  of  this 
temple,  which  had  been  long  unknown,  has  been  at 
length  discovered  by  an  English  traveller,  Mr.  Browne, 
in  the  year  1792,  in  a  fertile  spot  called  the  Oasis  of 
Siwah,  situated  in  the  midst  of  deserts,  five  degrees  near- 
ly West  of  Cairo  t. 

JEgypt  (PI.  XX.)  is  bounded  on  the  West  by  Mar- 
marica  and  the  Deserts  of  Libya,  on  the  North  by  the 
Mediterranean,  on  the  East  by  the  Sinus  Arabicus,  or 
Red  Sea,  and  a  line  drawn  in  a  North-east  direction 
from  Arsinoe,  or  Suez,  to  Rhinocorura,  or  El-Jlrish, 

*  I  cannot  avoid  quoting  a  sublime  passage  in  the  first  part  of 
the  Botanic  Garden  of  the  late  Dr.  Darwin,  descriptive  of  the  in- 
vading army  of  Cambyses  overwhelmed  by  those  mighty  columns 
of  sand,  which  may  be  called  the  waves,  or  rather  the  moving 
mountains  of  the  desert. 

Wave  over  wave  the  driving  desert  swims, 
Bursts  o'er  their  heads,  inhumes  their  struggling  limbs. 
*  *  *  * 

And  one  great  earthy  ocean  covers  all. 

Then  ceased  the  storm, — Night  bowed  his  ^Ethiop  brow 

To  earth,  and  listened  to  the  groans  below. 

*  awhile  the  living  hill 

Heaved  with  convulsive  throes — and  all  was  still. 

Botanic  Garden,  Part  I.  Canto  II.  v,  489. 
f  Considerable  confirmation  is  given  to  this  discovery  by  the 
visit  of  Mr.  Horneman,  to  the  same  spot,  A.D.  1798,  and  the 
question  seems  to  be  fully  decided  in  an  able  memoir  written  by 
Sir  William  Young,  Bart.  Horneman  appears  to  have  discovered 
*lie  Fons  Solis. 


200 

which  separates  it  from  Arabia,  and  on  the  South  by 
./Ethiopia.  It  is  one  of  the  most  antient  countries  known, 
highly  memorable  both  in  sacred  and  profane  history, 
and  the  mother  of  all  the  arts  and  sciences  of  the  an- 
tient civilized  world.  ./Egypt  was  governed  from  time 
immemorial  by  kings,  the  earliest  of  whom  recorded  in 
Scripture  had  the  general  name  of  Pharaoh.  It  is  called 
in  Scripture  Misraim  (traces  of  which  are  still  clearly  to 
be  found  in  its  modern  Turkish  appellation  of  Misr) 
from  its  first  king,  one  of  the  sons  of  Ham,  B.C.  2188: 
it  was  conquered  by  Cambyses,  B.C.  525,  afterwards 
subject  to  its  native  kings,  and  again  to  the  Persians  till 
after  the  death  of  Alexander,  it  was  refounded  into  a 
kingdom  by  Ptolemy,  one  of  his  generals,  B.C.  332,  and 
continued  under  the  government  of  the  Ptolemies  till,  af- 
ter the  battle  of  Actium  and  the  death  of  the  celebrated 
Cleopatra,  it  was  reduced  by  Augustus  into  a  Roman 
province,  B.C.  31,  A.U.C.  723.  The  original  natives 
are  called  Copts,  to  distinguish  them  from  the  Arabs  and 
Turks,  and  in  the  proper  modification  of  this  word, 
Kypt,  we  can  plainly  discover  the  elements  of  the  antient 
classical  term  JEgyptus. 

Except  on  the  coast,  there  are  few  positions  but  those 
on  the  bank  of  the  Nile,  whose  annual  inundations  fer- 
tilize the  adjacent  country,  and  are  the  source  of  its 
prosperity. 


JEgypt  is  divided  into  .ZEgyptus  Inferior,  or 
towards  the  sea,  and  JEgyptus  Superior,  or  Upper 
JEgypt,  being  more  inland,  called  also  the  Thebais,  from 
the  great  city  Thebes  in  this  district.  Between  ^Egyp- 
tus  Inferior  and  ^Egyptus  Superior  was  a  small  district 


201 

called  Heptanomis,  as  containing  seven  of  those  Nomes, 
or  Prefectures,  into  fifty-three  of  which  the  whole  coun- 
try was  divided. 

^Egyptus  Inferior  extends  along  the  sea  from  the  Si- 
nus Plinthinetes,  or  Arabs  Gulf,  to  the  Sirbonis  Palus, 
or  Sirbonian  Bog,  and  even  somewhat  beyond  it.  The 
celebrated  city  of  Alexandria,  built  by  Alexander  the 
Great,  B.C.  332,  the  capital  of  Egyptus  Inferior,  stood 
on  the  Western  side  of  the  Delta,  or  large  triangular 
island  formed  by  the  Nile,  which  comprised  almost  the 
whole  of  Egyptus  Inferior.  Here  was  the  celebrated 
library,  consisting  of  700,000  volumes,  which  is  said, 
but  without  any  very  positive  proof,  to  have  been  de- 
stroyed by  the  Saracens,  at  the  command  of  the  caliph 
Omar.  Alexandria,  before  the  discovery  of  the  passage 
round  Africa  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  was  the  great 
mart  for  all  the  merchandise  between  Europe  and  the 
East  Indies,  which  was  transported  from  thence  to  Ar- 
sinoe,  or  Suez,  at  the  top  of  the  Red  Sea,  and  so  to  In- 
dia. The  island  of  Pharos,  which  had  a  celebrated  light- 
house, was  joined  to  the  continent  by  a  dike,  or  cause- 
way, called  from  its  length  the  Heptastadium.  On  the 
South-eastern  side  of  the  city  was  the  lake  Mareotis  *,  or 
Mariout.  At  the  Western  mouth  of  the  Nile,  a  little 
beyond  Alexandria,  was  Canopust  whence  that  branch 

*  The  wine  made  in  its  vicinity  was  celebrated. 
Mentemque  lymphatam  Mareotico. 

Hor.  Od.  I.  37.  14 

f  Hence  Canopus,  from  its  vicinity  to  Alexandria,  was  called 
Pellaean. 

Nam  qua  Pellsei  gens  fortunata  Canopi 
Accolit  eflfuso  stagnantem  gurgite  Nilum. 

Virg.  Gcorg.  IV.  28r, 


202 

is  called  the  Canopic,  now  Maadi.  Near  to  it  was  a 
city  called  Nicopolis,  built  in  commemoration  of  a  victo- 
ry obtained  by  Augustus  over  Antony:  but  the  modern 
victory  of  »$boufcir,  gained  by  Lord  Nelson  over  the 
navy  of  France,  Aug.  1.  1799,  will  render  the  same  spot 
infinitely  more  celebrated  among  succeeding  generations. 
The  next  mouth  of  the  Nile  is  called  Bolbitinum  Osti- 
um,  where  is  now  Raschid,  or,  as  the  Europeans  call  it, 
Eosetta.  In  the  interior  of  the  Delta,  nearly  below  Ro- 
setta,  was  Sais,  now  Sa,  antiently  the  capital  of  Lower 
JEgypt.  The  Sebennytic  mouth  of  the  Nile,  now  lost, 
was  so  called  from  the  city  of  Sebennytus,  an  inland 
city,  now  Semenud.  Next  to  it  was  the  Phatniticum 
Ostium,  one  of  the  principal  mouths  of  the  Nile,  near  the 
city  of  Tamiathis,  or  Damiata.  The  Mendesian  mouth 
was  so  called  from  Mendes,  now  Jishmur-  Tar  ah  ;  the 
Tanitic  from  Tanis,  the  Zoan  of  the  Scriptures,  now 
San.  The  Eastern  branch  of  the  Nile  was  called  the 
Pelusiotic,  from  the  strong  city  of  Pelusium,  now  Tireh, 
one  of  the  keys  of  .ZEgypt  at  its  mouth.  These  three 
last  mouths  of  the  Nile  are  now  hardly  traceable,  and  are 
principally  lost  in  the  lake  Menzaleh.  East  of  Pelusi- 
um is  Mount  Casius,  and  East  of  it  the  Palus  Sirbonis, 
or  Sirbonian  Bog,  now  called  Sebakcl  Bardoil.  Here 
Typhon,  the  murderer  of  Osiris,  is  fabled  to  have  perish- 
ed; and  the  country  being  covered  with  deep  and  moving 
sands,  is  called  Jll-Giofar,  and  has  always  rendered  the 
approach  to  JEgypt  on  this  side  very  difficult  and  dan- 
gerous to  an  invading  en6my  *.  North-east  of  the  Sir- 

*  A  gulf  profound  as  that  Sirbonian  bog 
'Twixt  Damiata  and  Mount  Casius  old, 

Where  armies  whole  have  sunk. 

Par,  Lost,  Book  II. 


203 

bonis  Palus  is  Rhinocorura  *,  now  El-Jlrish,  the  remo- 
test Eastern  limit  of  Egypt  and  of  Africa.  At  about  an 
equal  distance  between  Pelusium,  the  apex  of  the  Delta, 
and  the  Western  branch  of  the  Sinus  Arabicus  is  Hero- 
opolis,  now  perhaps  Mookesheyd,  which  gave  to  that 
branch  the  name  of  the  Sinus  Heroopolites;  it  was  the 
residence  of  the  antient  shepherd  kings  of  ^Egypt. 
South-west  of  it  the  Jews  had  a  city  called  Onion,  and  a 
temple  which  continued  from  the  time  of  Onias,  who 
built  and  called  it  after  his  own  name,  to  that  of  Vespa- 
sian. Onias  was  nephew  to  Menelaus,  and  the  rightful 
successor  to  the  priesthood  of  Jerusalem,  but  being  re- 
jected by  Antiochus  Eupator,  who  made  Alcimus  high 
priest,  he  fled  to  Egypt,  and  persuaded  Ptolemy  Philo- 
metor  to  let  him  build  this  temple  there,  about  173  years 
B.C.  which  subsisted  243  years.  At  the  very  apex  of 
(he  Delta  was  Heliopolis,  or  On,  the  city  of  the  sun,  and 
a  little  below  it  was  the  ^Egyptian  Babylon,  probably 
built  during  the  time  of  the  Persian  p'ower  in  .ZEgypt:  it 
occupied  the  site  of  Old  Cairo.  On  the  Western  bank 
of  the  Nile  fifteen  miles  South  of  the  Delta,  was  the  re- 
nowned city  of  Memphis,  the  antient  metropolis  of  all 
./Egypt.  Near  it  are  those  stupendous  and  immortal 
works,  the  Pyramids:  the  largest  of  these  is,  at  the  low- 
est, 481  feet  in  perpendicular  height,  and  covers  eleven 
acres  of  ground;  it  is  built  of  hewn  stones,  the  smallest 
being  not  less  than  thirty  feet  in  length.  The  pyramids 
are  thought  to. have  been  intended  for  royal  sepulchres: 
they  are  of  so  remote  antiquity  that  their  foundation  is 

*  Or  rather  Rhinocolura,  the  noses  of  the  inhabitants  having 
been  cut  off  by  the  /Ethiopians  for  their  bad  faith. 

Strab.  XVI.  p.  759. 


£04 

utterly  unknown.  There  is  a  room  which  contains  a 
sarcophagus  in  the  greatest  pyramid*.  South-west  of 
Memphis  is  Arsinoe,  or  Crocodilopolis,  now  Feium, 
near  the  lake  Mceris,  at  the  South  end  of  which  was  the 
celebrated  labyrinth,  which  contained  3000  chambers, 
1500  above  and  as  many  below,  in  which  the  kings  and 
sacred  crocodiles  were  buried:  it  contained  twelve  prin- 
cipal halls,  built  by  as  many  kings,  and  its  ruins  are  still 
very  magnificent.  Another  Moeris  was  a  canal  now  call- 
ed JBathen,  running  North  and  South  below  that  already 
described,  and  was  excavated  by  human  industry,  being 
900  stadia  in  length,  and  four  in  breadth.  Proceeding 
Southwards,  along  the  Nile,  we  find  Hermopolis  Magna, 
now  Jtshmuneim,  the  last  city  of  Heptanomis.  We 
then  proceed  to  JEgyptus  Superior,  in  which  we  may 
notice  Ptolemais  Hermii,  antiently  a  powerful  city,  now 
an  inconsiderable  village  called  Girge.  South  of  it  was 
the  great  city  of  Abydos,  the  palace  of  Memnon,  now  a 
ruin  called  Madfune.  West  of  it  was  a  fertile  spot,  in 
the  midst  of  the  desert,  called  the  Oasis  Magna,  now  El- 
wah.  South  of  Abydos  was  Tentyra,  now  Dendera,  a 
city  at  variance  with  Ombos,  the  former  killing,  the  lat- 
ter adoring  the  crocodile:  a  horrible  instance  of  religious 
fury  which  took  place  in  consequer  :e  of  this  quarrel,  is 
the  subject  of  the  15th  satire  of  Juvenal.  A  little  South 
of  Tentyra,  on  the  other  side  of  the  Nile,  is  Coptos,  or 
Kypt,  from  which  a  road  was  made  by  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphus  258  miles  in  length,  across  the  desert  to  the  port 
of  Berenice  on  the  Sinus  Arabicus,  by  which  the  mer- 

*  Many  rooms  and  interesting  particulars  have  been  recently 
discovered  in  the  pyramids  by  the  enterprising  sagacity  of  Mr- 
Belzoni- 


£05 

chandise  of  India  was  transported  to  the  Nile.  South  of 
Coptos  was  the  magnificent  city  of  Thebes,  called  by  the 
Greeks  Diospolis,  from  the  worship  of  Jupiter  there,  and 
distinguished  by  the  epithet  of  Hecatompylos,  or  the 
Hundred-gated,  from  the  city  of  Boeotia,  which  had 
seven  gates.  The  ruins  of  this  astonishing  city  occupy 
a  space  of  twenty-seven  miles  in  circumference  on  either 
side  of  the  Nile,  containing  several  villages,  the  chief  of 
which  are  Karnak  and  Luxor.  That  part  on  the  West- 
ern side  of  the  Nile,  which  was  called  Memnonium, 
now  Habou,  contains  many  stupendous  monuments.  In 
the  adjacent  Lybian  mountains  are  hewn  sepulchres  of 
the  Egyptian  kings.  Near  Thebes  was  the  celebrated 
statue  of  Memnon,  which  was  said  to  utter  a  sound  when 
struck  by  the  first  beams  of  the  sun.  It  still  exists* 
though  broken,  and  is  covered  with  the  names  of  many 
illustrious  antient  writers  and  monarchs,  or  generals, 
who  have  thus  recorded  with  their  own  hands,  their  at- 
testation to  the  fact  of  having  heard  the  sound  t.  Some 
idea  of  the  strength  of  this  antient  city  may  be  obtained 
from  the  account  given  us  by  Herodotus,  who  tells  us, 
that  it  could  send  out  from  each  of  its  hundred  gates 
20,000  footmen  and  200  chariots  to  oppose  an  enemy  J: 
it  was  ruined  by  Cambyses  the  Persian.  Considerably 
below  Thebes  is  Ombos,  already  mentioned,  and  below 
it  was  Syene,  or  Assouan,  the  extreme  town  of  Upper 
,  where  was  a  celebrated  well,  the  bottom  of 


*  A  smaller  Memnon  has  been  brought  to  London  in  1818. 

f  Hence  Juvenal  — 

Dimidio  magicze  resonant  ubi  Memnone  chordz 
Atque  vetus  Thebe  centem  jacet  obruta  portis. 

Juv.   Sat.  XV. 

X  See  also  Homer,  Iliad  IX.  383, 


£06 

which  at  the  time  of  the  summer  solstice  was  exactly 
illuminated,  the  sun  being  perpendicular  over  it.  Juve- 
nal was  sent  into  a  kind  of  honourable  exile  to  this 
place.  Near  it  is  the  Mons  Basanites,  or  mountain  ot 
touchstone,  from  which  the  ^Egyptians  used  to  make  or- 
namental vases  and  household  utensils.  Opposite  to  Sy- 
ene,  on  the  Sinus  Arabicus,  was  Berenice,  already  men- 
tioned. At  the  extreme  Northern  point  of  the  Sinus 
Heroopolites  was  Arsinoe,  called  afterwards  by  the  cele- 
brated Cleopatra  after  her  own  name;  it  is  now  Suez. 
Midway  on  the  coast,  between  Arsinoe  and  Berenice, 
which  were  so  called  from  the  names  of  two  of  the 
queens  of  ^Egypt,  is  Myoshormus.  About  a  mile  South 
of  Syene  were  the  smaller  cataracts  of  the  Nile;  the 
greater  cataracts  were  more  to  the  South,  in  Ethiopia. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  take  more  than  a  very  rapid 
view  of  the  remainder  of  Africa.  The  natives  living 
along  the  Southern  part  of  the  Red  Sea  (PI.  I.)  were  cal- 
led Troglodyte,  and  inhabited  caves  in  the  earth.  On 
this  coast  was  Adulis,  or  Jlrkiko,  and  westwards  the 
city  of  Auxume,  which  is  still  Jiuxum^  in  Abyssinia: 
North-westwards,  on  the  Western  or  true  branch  of  the 
Nile,  was  Meroe.  The  river  Astapus,  or  JH>awi,  which 
flows  through  Nubia  to  a  place  called  Coloe  Palus,  or 
JBahr  Dembect,  was  known  to  the  antients,  and  was  mis- 
taken by  Mr.  Bruce  for  the  Nile:  the  real  Nile  or  Bahr 
el  Jlbiadj  flows  far  to  the  South-west  of  this,  and  its 
sources  are  still  unknown,  but  are  placed  in  a  chain  of 
mountains  called  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon,  South  of 
the  Nubae.  Mem  nones;  and  by  the  Arabian  geographers, 
our  only  authority,  the  Niger  or  Gir  of  the  antients,  call- 
ed by  them  the  Nile  of  the  Negroes,  empties  itself  into 


207 

an  immense  lake  in  which  the  Nile  rises*.  Under  the 
names  of  Agyzymba  and  Azania  the  antients  seem  to 
have  known  the  coasts  of  Zanguebar  and  Jljan-,  nor 
ought  we  to  omit  mentioning  that  the  Ophir  of  Solomon 

*  The  Niger  lias  been  ascertained  to  flow  from  West  to  East, 
and  in  the  interior  of  Africa  to  form  a  very  considerable  river.  In 
order  to  enable  it  to  form  a  junction  with  the  Nile  in  some  great 
lake  in  the  interior,  we  must  suppose  some  practicable  passage  by 
which  the  Niger  may  descend  regularly  from  West  to  East,  and 
by  the  continuance  of  which  the  Nile  may  also  descend  from  West 
to  North-east  till  it  takes  its  Northern  direction  through  Egypt, 
where  it  flows  nearly  from  South  to  North,  In  other  words,  no 
chain  of  Mountains  must  be  so  situated  between  the  Niger  and  the 
Nile  as  to  prevent  their  meeting,  by  breaking  the  level.  This 
was  asserted  to  be  the  case  by  the  antient  geographers,  but  being 
contrary  to  general  experience  on  such  an  extent  of  the  earth's 
surface,  was  contradicted  by  the  most  intelligent  of  the  later  geo- 
graphers; yet  it  appears  from  the  late  discoveries  of  Mr.  Park, 
that  the  Niger  undoubtedly  flows  from  West  to  East,  and  I  there- 
fore hope  I  may  be  allowed,  with  becoming  diffidence,  to  express 
an  opinion  of  the  possiblity  of  a  fact  which  has  nothing  but  pre- 
sumptive evidence  to  contradict  it,  and  which  has  some,  though 
certainly  weak  authority,  in  its  favour.  I  merely  mean  to  say, 
that  it  is  not  impossible;  and  that  as  the  Apurimac  flows  from  the 
Western  side  of  South  America  to  the  North-eastern,  the  Niger 
may  flow  from  the  Western  side  of  Africa  to  the  Eastern,  till 
stopped  by  the  mountains  of  Abyssinia  and  ./Ethiopia,  when  it 
would  naturally  form  an  immense  lake,  from  which  its  course 
may  be  continued  under  the  name  of  the  Nile;  and  the  increase 
of  that  lake  and  its  tributary  waters  by  periodical  rains  may  cause 
the  periodical  innundations  of  the  Nile;  and  the  latest  discoveries 
tend  to  confirm  this  opinion. 

Since  this  note  was  first  written  in  1812,  an  immense,  lake  cal- 
led Tsady  has  been  found  in  Bornou,  inlo  which  a  great  river, 
called  the  Shary,  flows;  and  although  the  identity  of  this  river 


£08 

has  been  thought  to  be  the  modern  Sofala.  The  Gara- 
mantes  have  been  already  mentioned,  and  it  merely  re- 
mains to  notice  their  western  neighbours,  the  Nigritiae, 
in  Negroland,  or  Nigritia,  and  the  Hesperii  JEthiopes, 
in  Guinea. 

On  the  Western  coast  of  the  Atlantic  the  Fortunate 
Insulae,  or  Canary  Islands,  were  known  to  the  an- 
tients,  and  were  thought  to  be  the  residence  of  the  bless- 
ed after  death  *.  Below  them  were  the  Hesperidum  In- 
sulas,  either  the  Cape  Verde  Islands,  or,  if  these  are 
thought  too  far  from  the  coast,  possibly  some  small  islands 
called  the  Bissagos  lying  a  little  above  Sierra  Leone. 
Here  was  the  famous  garden  of  the  Hesperides,  and  the 
Golden  Apples,  the  attainment  of  which  was  one  of  the 
labours  of  Hercules,  who  carried  them  off,  having  slain 
the  watchful  dragon  that  guarded  the  fruit. 


with  the  Niger  is  questionable,  and  also  the  existence  of  any  out- 
let from  the  lake  which  may  form  the  Nile,  I  cannot  consider  th« 
negative  as  distinctly  proved,  and  the  very  existence jof  this  lake 
at  least  gives  a  colour  to  the  hypothesis  above  mentioned. 

*  Ereptum  Stygiis  fluctibus  ^acum 
Virtus,  et  favor,  et  lingua  potentium 
Vatum,  divitibus  consecrat  insulis.       Hor.  Od.  IV.  8.  25. 

— —  Arva,  beata 
Petamus  arva,  divites  et  insulas. 
Reddit  ubi  Cererem  tellus  inarata  quot  annis 
Et  imputata  floret  usque  vinea,        Hor.  Efiod,  XVI.  4,1 . 


ANTIENT  GEOGRAPHY. 


ABOUKIR,  victory  of 

Abraham,  the  inherit- 
ance of  his  seed 

Abraham  and  his  family, 
burial  place  of 

Abu   Obeidah 

Academia 

Achaia,  states  of,  where 
assembled 

Achilles  sent  to  the  court 
of  LycomedeS". 

Acro-ceraunian  moun- 
tains, dreaded  by  ma- 
riners   

Acropolis  of  Athens.**. 

Actium,  battle  of 

Admetus,  king  of  Pherae 

Adonis,  a  fabulous  in- 
cident attending  his 
death 

./Egates  Insulse,  battle  of 

jEgialus  king  of  ^Egialea 

JEgos  Potamos,  battle  of 

.flLneas,  the  conductress 
of  the  trumpe- 
ter of 

burial  place  of 
the   nurse  of 

./Eolians 

^Eolus,  supposed  dwell- 
ing of 

jEsculapius.,  by  whom 
worshipped 

^tna,  its  eruptions  de- 
scribed  

JEtolians,  their  alliance 
with  the  Romans 

Africa,  account  of 

peopled  with 
monsters 

27 


INDEX. 

Page 
102 

165 

167 
171- 
103 

96 
127 

116 
102 
111 
113 

164 
53 
92 
122 

39 

36 
92 

55 
93 
51 

110 
188 

'bid. 

Agamemnon,  beacons  of 
royal  city  of 

ts- 

ibid. 
61.74 
62 
79 
101 

147 
103 
131 
76 

186 
ibid. 
186 

152 
154 

165 

175 
181 

182  ' 

201 

MH. 

1st  and  2d  wall  of 

Ajax,  birth-place  of***. 
Aiosoluc,  a  corruption  of 

Alesia,  famous  siege  of 
Alexander  gives  battle 
to  Porus" 
weeps  that  he 
can  advance 
no  further*  • 
visits          the 
mouth       of 
the      Indus 
perilous  situa- 
tion of   the 
army  of**.» 
his  narrow  es- 

his  capture  of 

scene    of    his 

hardships  of  •  • 
and  Darius,  3d 
and  decisive 
battle      be- 

founder        of 
Alexandria 
Alexandria,    the    great 
mart  for  Eastern  mer- 
chandize   before    the 
discovery  of  the  Cape 

110 


ANTIJEMT    GEOGRAPHY. — IKDEX. 


Alexandrian  library ••••  201 
Alpis  Cottia,  or  Cottian 

Alps,  why  so  called*  •         74 

Alcinous  king 131 

Amaltheum,  the  country- 
seat  of  Atticus 116 

Amathusia,    a   name  of 

Venus -133 

Amazons 141 

Amphiaraus Ill 

Amphilochus ibid. 

Amyclae,  why  called  Ta- 

•     citse 94 

Amyclas,      founder     of 

Amyclx ibid. 

Anacreon,  birth-place  of  146 
Anastasius,  emperor*..*  123 
Anaxagoras,  birth-place 

of. 146 

AnaximenessavesLamp- 

sacus 142 

birth-place  of  „  149 
Antient  world  described        25 
Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans,     their 
knowledge  of 
theworldvery 

confined ibid. 

Andalusia,   whence  de- 
rived          69 

Andromache,birth-place 

of 144 

Andromeda 168 

Antenor 29 

Antigonus 156 

Antioch,  our  Lord's  dis- 
ciples fi  rstcalledChris- 

tians  there 161 

Antiochian  Daphne..-.  161. 163 
Antiochus  Eupator  ••••       103 
Antiochus,  king  of  Sy- 
ria    85.144.148 

Antipater,   besieged  by 

the  Athenians       113 
escape  of  •  •  •  •     ibid. 

Antoninus,  wall  of 61 

Antony 30 

Apelles,  birth-place  of.  •       1 32 
Apellicon  of  Teios,  pur- 
chaser of   Aristotle's 

writings 144 

Apion,  last  of  the  Ptole- 
mies        198 


Page 

Apis,  king  of  Apia 92 

Apollo 110 

temple  of 54.111 

where    worship- 
ped   94 

abode  of 107 

birth-place  of  •  •  128 

Sminthian 144 

residence  of ....  127 

Apollonius  Rhodius*...  124 
Tyanensis,birth- 

place  of 157 

Apuleius,  birth-place  of  195 

Arabs,  their  origin 173 

Arcadia,  the  celebrated 
pastoral  coun- 
try of  the  poets  97 
whence  it  derives 

its  name  (N.)  98 

Archemorus 93 

Archipelago,   a  corrup- 
tion, whence  derived  134 
Archon,    court    of    the 

chief 103 

Areopagus,  court  of....  102 

Arginusse,  battle  of 145 

Argo,  the  famous  ship.  -113.124 . 
Argonautic  expedition-  •  114.179 

Ariadne 129 

Aristotle,  birth-place  of  119 
library       and 

writings  of  • «  144 
Ark  of  Noah,  where  said 

to  have  rested 179 

Arminius,  a  commander 

of  the  Cherusci 82 

Artemisia,queenofCaria  150 
Asdrubal,    defeated    by 
Liv.     Salinator      and 

Claudius  Nero 35 

Asia  Minor,  description 

of 136 

twelve  of  its  ci- 
ties destroyed  by 

an  earthquake.  •  149 

Asian  water-fowl 147 

Atalanta,  native  place  of  98 

Atarneus 145 

Atergatis,    the     Syrian 

goddess 163 

Athenians,  defeat  of,  in 

Sicilly -52 

Athens,  topography  of*  •  101 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


Ill 


Page 

Athos,  monasteries  of.  .119.134 
cut   through    by 

Xerxes 119 

its  shadow 126 

Atropates 182 

Attalus  leaves  the  king- 
dom of  Pergamus  to 

the  Romans 145 

Attala 41 

Aventine  Hill,  why  of  ill 

omen •• 38 

Augustin,  St 191 

birth-place  of  195 
Augustus,  celebrated  li- 
brary of. 33 

residence  of«  •  ibid. 
restores     the 
kingdom  of 
Numidia  to 

Juba 191 

rebuilds  Car- 
thage   194 

Aurelian,  the  emperor*  •  164 

Ausonia,  whence  derived  27 

Babylon,  description  of.  •  174 

walls    of ibid. 

taken  by  Cyrus  175 
Babylonians,  addicted  to 

astrology 176 

Bacchus 102 

temple  of ibid. 

where  worshipped  128 
founder     of     the 
temple  of  Jupi- 
ter Ammon*  •  •  •  198 
Baise,  palaces  of  Roman 

nobles  at 39 

Bajazet,  his  defeat  of  the 
Christian  army, 

&c.  89 

conquered  by  Ti- 

mour  the  Great  140 

Balbec,' ruins  of 162 

Battle  of  Aboukir 202 

Actium Ill 

Arbela 182 

Beneventum**  42 

Cannx 44 

Caudium  «••«  42 

Cunaxa 177 

Guagamela  ••  182 


Page 

Battle  of  Granicus 142 

Ipsus 156 

Issus 155 

Leuctra 105 

Marathon  ••••  104 

Methone 118 

near  the  river  Me- 

taurus 35 

of  Munda 69 

Pavia 32 

Pharsalia  ....  115 

Philippi 121 

Placentia 30 

Platrea 105 

Salamis 101 

Saltus    Teuto- 

bergiensis  •  •  82 

Thapsus 191.194 

Thermopylae  109 

Ticinus   193 

Trasymenus  •  •  ibid. 

Trebia  30.193 

Zama 193.195 

Pattus,founder  of  Cyrene  198 

Belisarius  192 

Bellerophon 151 

sent  against 

the  Solymi  152 

Bellona,  of  the  Eastern 

nations,   the 

goddess     of 

Love   141 

temple  of,  plun- 
dered by  An- 
tony   157 

Bells,  where  invented*.  40 

Belus 174 

temple  of 162 

Bias,  birth-place  of....  148 
Boadicea,    defeated    by 

Suetonius  Paulinus. ...  59 

Bocchus 189.191 

Breeches    whence     de- 
rived (N.) 73 

Brennus  139 

Bridges,   the  longest  in 

Europe 88 

Briseis 145 

Britain,    peopled    from 

Gaul 57 

divided  into  pro- 
vinces    59 


113 


ANTJENT    GEOGRAPHY. INDEX. 


Page 

Browne,  Mr.  an  English 
traveller 199 

Bruce,  Mr.  mistook  the 
Astapus  for  the  Nile      106 

Brutus,  where  besieged        30 
rescued ibid. 

Bucephalus,  the  famous 

horse  of  Alexander-  •       186 

Buonaparte  defeated  by 

Sir  Sidney  Simlh*..*       169 

Cabiri,  the 125 

Cadmus,      founder     of 

Thebes.-.       106 
the  Phoenician      164 
Cxsar  lands  in  Britain-.         58 
resisted  at  Ilerda 

or   Lerida  •  •••         67 
from  what  place 
of  Gaul  he  em- 
barked   to    in- 
vade Britain-..  58.79 
his  landing-place 

in  Britain 58 

his  concise  ac- 
count of  his  vic- 
tory over  Phar- 

naces 141 

his  victoiy  over 
Metellus  Scipio 

in  Africa 195 

passes  the  Rubi- 
con   33 

Calais  and  Zethus 130 

Calisto,  story  of  (N.)  •  •  •  •         98 

Calvary,  Mount •  •  •       167 

Calydonian  boar- hunt* « •       210 

CambyseSjhis  armyover- 

whelmed    by 

the    sands  in 

the  deserts  of 

Africa 200 

destroys  Thebet      205 

Cannae,  battle  of 44 

Capitol 38 

Cappadocians      refused 

their  liberty 157 

Caractacus  defeated  by 

Ostorius  Scapula....  159 
Carian,  a  name  for  slaves  149 
Carthage,  a  colony  of 

Tynans..-       192 


Page 

Carthage,called  Cartha- 
da  by  its  foun- 
ders and  Car- 
chedon  by  the 

Greeks 193 

destroyed       by 
Scipio      Afri- 
canus     Minor      194 
Carthaginian    brothers, 
two  buried  alive ......       197 

Carthaginians,  defeated 
by  the  Romans  off  the 

Agates  Insulx 53 

Cartismandua,  queen  of 

the  Brigantes 59 

Cassander 118 

Castalides,  a  name  of  the 

Muses 107 

Castor  and  Pollux,birth- 

placeof 94 

Cato,  death  of 192 

the   elder 194 

his  march  along 
the  Syrtes  in- 
fested by  ser- 
pents   19-7 

Catullus,  birth-place  of        29 

Caucasian  passes 180 

Caudmm,whycelebrated        42 

Ceramicus 103 

Cerberus,  dragged  from 

hell   by  Hercules-...       138 
Chxronea,  battles  of  •  •  •  •       106 
Chares,pupilofLysippus       132 
Cherries  brought    from 
Pontus  into    Italy  by 

Lucullus 141 

Chian    wine 131 

Chimera,   the    fabulous 

monster 151 

China,   whether  known 

to  the  antients •       185 

Choaspes,     its     waters 
drank  by  the  Persian 

kings 180 

Christ,  the  scene  of  his 
birth,  suffer- 
ings, and  death  165 
his  appearance  to 
the  two  disci- 
ples going  to 
Emmaus 167 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


113 


Page 

Christian  forces,defeated 
by  the  Saracens,  under 

AbuObeidah 171 

Chryses,  father  of  Chry- 

seis 144 

Chrysostom,  St. ,  place  of 

his  banishment 157 

Churches,  Seven,  men- 
tioned by  St.  John  .in 
the  Revelation  145.  147,  148 
Cicero,  birth-place  of      37,  38 
celebrated   villa 

of y         38 

proconsul  of  Ci- 

licia 155.162 

his  pretensions  to 

a  triumph"- •       155 
Cimbri  defeated  by  Ma- 

rius 29 

Claudia,  the  Roman  ves- 
tal (N.) 139 

Claudius,em  peror,f ound- 

er  of  Archelais 157 

Cleopatra,     account    of 
her  visit  to  Antony  •  •  •  •       154 

Clodius,  death  of 49 

Colonis,  hill  of 103 

Colophon,  in  printing  ex- 
plained         147 

Colossus  of  Rhodes 133 

Constantinople,    Roman 

empire  transferred  to       123 
Constantinople  taken  by 

the  Turks ibid. 

Copts 200 

Corey ra,  sedition  of 130 

Corinth,    destroyed    by 
Memmius  the  Roman 

general 96 

Coronea,  battle  of 106 

Corsica,  by  whom  colo- 
nized"*         55 

by  whom  peo- 
pled     ibid. 

by  whom  taken    ibid. 
why  celebrated    ibid. 

Corey cian  Cave 108 

Cottian  Alps 74 

Council  of  Trent 86 

Countries  North  of  the 
Baltic,     thought     by 


Page 

the  antients  to  consist 
of  a  number  of  islands 

(N.) 83 

Crassus,     Roman     tri- 
umvir,   scene    of  his 

death 176 

Cretans,  skilled  in  arch- 
ery        129 

Croesus,  residence  of-  •  •  •       148 
captivity  of  •  •  •  •     ibid. 
oracle  given  to      138 
Cumxan  Sibyl,  residence 

of 146 

Curetes,   or  Idaei  Dac- 

tyli,  worship  of 129 

Cybele,  worship  of «...  129. 139 

imageof 140 

Cyclades,  why  so  called      129 
Cyllenius,  a  name  given 

to  Mercury 99 

Cynetheans,   their    rus- 
ticity, how  accounted 

for ibid. 

Cynosarges 102 

Cyrene,   bequeathed  to 

theRomans 198 

Cyrus,     his    expedition 
against     Arta- 

xerxes 163 

defeated  and  slain 
by  Artaxerxes      177 

tomb  of 181 

founder    of    Cy- 

roschata 184 

takes  Babylon....       174 
Cytxis,  a  name  given  to 

Medea 174 

Cytherea,    a    name    of 
Venus 130 

Daedalus 129 

Danube,  an  account  of 
the     countries 
South    of    the        85 
where  it  changes 

its  name 88 

Trajan's     bridge 

over  it ibid. 

D'Anville,  a  trifling  error 

of 135 

Dardanelles  of  Lepanto        96 


114 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


Page 

Darius  defeated  byAlex- 

ander  at  Issus 155. 163 

Darwin,  Dr.,  his  de- 
scription of  the  army 
of  Cambyses  over- 
whelmed by  the  sand 

(N.) 198 

David 166 

Daunia,  whence  derived        43 
Daunus,  king  of  Apulia    ibid. 
Deiotarus,Cicero'sfriend      140 
Cicero's  Ora- 
tion  in    fa- 
vour of.*"     ibid. 
Delhi,  city  of,  taken  by 

Timur-leng  (N. ) 186 

Dellium,   defeat  of  the 

Athenians  at 105 

Delos,  its  sanctity 128 

antient  names  of    ibid. 
thoughtmoveable 

antiently ibid. 

Delphi,  oracle  of 108 

DemetriusPoliorcetes*  '114.156 
Democritus,  birth-place 

of 121 

Demophoon 119 

Demosthenes,  the  place 
where  he  poisoned 

himself 93 

Demosthenes,   death  -of      113 
Derbe,     whence     deri- 
ved        172 

Diana,  celebrated  temple 

and  statue  of.  •  •       104 
statue  of,  carried 

off  by  Xerxes*  •     ibid. 
birth-place  of...-       128 

templeof 147 

Dido,  her  stratagem  in 

founding  Carthage.  •  •  •       192 
Dindymene,  a  name  of 

Cybele 139 

Dioclesian 176 

Diogenes,       birth-place 

of 139 

Diomede,  founder  of  the 
city  of  Arpi  and  Canu- 

sium 44 

DionysiusHalicarnassen- 

sis,  birth-place  of  •  •  •  •       150 
Dorian  colonies   •••*••••  92. 100 


Page 

Drusus,  the  projector  of 
a  canal  which 
now  forms  the 
ZuyderZee...  81 
subdues  the  Ge- 
nauni 32 

Eburones,  a  people  of 
Gallia,  who 
were  extir- 
pated by 

Cxsar 79 

a    Roman     le- 
gion   slaugh- 
tered bythem    ibid. 
Egypt,thenurseofthearts      200 
its  revolutions.  •  •  •     ibid. 
Egyptian   kings,   sepul- 
chres of 205 

Elagabalus,  temple  of« « •       162 
Elatea,  city  of,  taken  by- 
Philip 108 

Eleusinian    Ceres,     ac- 
count of  the  removal 

of  the  statue  of 101 

Eleusinian  mysteries*  •  •  •       100 

abo- 
lished by  the  emperor 

Theodosius 101 

Elijah,  scene  of  his  mira- 
cles        165 

Ennius,  birth-place  of.  •  •         45 
Epaminondas,  death  of.  •        98 
memorable 
victory    of    ibid. 
his    defeat 
of  the  La- 
cedaemo- 
nians* •  •  •       105 
Eponymi,  statues  of  •  •  •  •       102 

Eriphyle Ill 

Ery threan  Sibyl 146 

Esau 173 

Etrurians,  their  origin*  •         33 
addicted  to 
soothsaying    ibid. 
Eumenes,  king  of  Perga- 

mus 144 

library     of, 
containing 
200,000 
volumes*,     ibid- 


ANTIENT   GEOOHAFHT.— INDEX. 


115 


Euphrates,  diverted  into 
a  new  chan- 
nel   

Euphrates,  fords  of 

Euripides,  tomb  of 

Exarchs  of  Ravenna-  •  •  • 


Page 


174 

163 

119 

30 


Forms;  to  which  some 
countries  have  been 
thought  antiently  to 
beararesemblance(N.)  56 

Fortune,  temple  of,  at 

Antium(N.) 36 

FossWay 64 

Four  Empires  of  the  An- 

tient  World 182 

Gael 72 

Galen,  birth-place  of.  •  -       145 

Galilee  of  the  Nations-  •       166 

Gallia,  division  of 72 

altered 
by  Augustus 72 

Gaugamela,  battle  of  •  •  •       182 

Gaulish  tribes  have  left 
the  name  of  the  people 
to  the  capital  of  the 
province 75 

Gaulish  priestesses 78 

Gauls,   a  colony  of,    in 

Asia  Minor 139, 140 

Gelimas,  the  last  king  of 
the  Vandals 191 

Cell's  Sir  W.  description 

of  the  plain  of  Troy       143 

Gergovia,  famed  for  its 
long  resistance  against 
Caesar 75 

Germania,  division  of-  •  •         81 

Germanicus  defeats  the 

Cherusci-"" 82 

Gibraltar,  a  corruption, 

whence  derived 70 

Glaucus,  residence  of.  •  •       106 
the  Ly  cian  hero      151 

Golden  Apples 208 

Fleece 179 

Gordian,  the  tomb  of '  •  •  •       177 
knot,     cut    by 
Alexander-.       140 

Gorgons,  their  fabled  re- 
sidence  *•••«  195 


Grzecia     Antiqua,     de- 
scription of 

a  name  of  Greece 
unknown  in  the 
Roman  Law(N.) 

Granicus,  battle  of 

Grasshoppers,     golden, 
worn  by  the  ancient 

Athenians 

Grecian         chronology, 

epoch  of 

fleet  returning 
from  theseige  of 
Troy,  wrecked 
off  Caphareus* 
islands,  descrip- 
tion of 

Greece,  reduced  to  a  Ro- 
man province  (N. ) « •  • 

its  size 

Gregory         Nazianzen, 
birth-place  of 
Nyssen,    birth- 
place of 

Gyndes,    diverted    into 

360  channels  by  Cyrus 

Hadrian,  description  of 

his  rampart 

Halicarnassus,  besieged 

by  Alexander 

Hannibal,  banished  Car- 
thage........ 

his  2nd  victory 
place    of    his 
crossing  the 
Alps  (N.)-- 
theRomans  de- 
feated byhim 
his  memorable 
defeat  of  the 
Romans  .... 

his  route  over 
the  Alps-... 

betrayed 

tomb  of 

destroyed    by 


birth-place 


Harpies 

Hercules 
Hecatacus, 

of 

Helabas,  supposed  resi- 
dence of  the  first  pa- 
rent of  mankind 


Page 
91 


ibid. 

142 


116 

96 

127 

125 

91 

28 

157 

ibid. 

175 

61 

150 

194 
30 

31 
32 

34 

74 
137 
138 

105 
149 

187 


116 


ANTIENT   GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


Page 

Hellas,  a  name  of  Greece 

unknown  to  Homer'  •  •        91 
Helle,  sister  of  Phryxus      122 
Heraclitus,birth-placeof      150 
Herculaneum          over- 
whelmed         41 

Hercules,  death  of 112 

hisvictoryover 
the  Nemsean 

Lion 93 

favourite  resi- 
dence of • • ' •     ibid. 
hiscontestwith 
theriver-god 
Achelous**.       110 

pillars  of   69.190 

Hercynian  Forest 84 

Hermse,  vestibule  of.  •  •  -       102 

Hermin  Street 64 

Hero,a  priestess  of  Venus      122 

Herod 168 

Antipas 169 

Herodotus,birth-placeof      150 
his  account  of 

Egyptian  Thebes 205 

Hesiod,  birth-place  of.  •  •       107 
Hesperides,    garden    of 

the 197.208 

Hills  of  Rome 37 

Hippocrates,  birth-place 

of 132 

Hippolytus  of  Euripides, 

scene  of 93 

Holy  Land 159 

Homer,   his    epithet  of 

Nestor 96 

his  terms  for  an- 

tient  Greece.-  91 
and  Virgil's  lad- 
der of  the 
giants  com- 
pared and  il- 
lustrated   114 

reputed     birth- 
place of 131,146 

placeswhichcon- 

test  his  birth-.       131 

Horace,  his  retreat 37 

illustrated 67 

a  tribune  in  the 


Bag* 

Horace,  interpretation  of 

(N.) 179 

Hornemann,  Mr.,  his  ac- 
count of  the  Oasis  of 
Siwah  (N.) 199 

IdxiDactyli 129 

Jectan,  or  Kahtan,   son 

ofEber 173 

Jerusalem     topography 

of 166 

destroyed  by 

Titus 167 


destroyed  by 
Nebuchad- 


175 


republicanarmy 
at  PhilipDi 


121 


nezzar ...» 
Jethro,  father-in-law  to 

Moses 174 

Ikenild  Street 64 

Iliad,  whether  written  by 

Homer 131 

Imaus,  chains  of 185 

John,   St.,   banished    to 

Patmos 132 

Ionia,  whence  derived*  •  145 

Ionian  colonies 92.100 

Josephus,  the  historian*.  170 
Iphigenia     in     Taurus, 

scene  of 90 

sacrifice  of... •  105 

Ipsus,  battle  of 156 

Ismael,  son  of  Abraham 

by  Hagar 174 

Isaurian  and  Cilician  pi- 
rates    destroyed     by 

Pompey 152,153 

Isauricus,  a  name  given 

to  Publius  Servilius  • »  152 

Issus,  battle  of 155 

Isthmian  Games,  where 

celebrated 97 

Italia,  whence  derived*.  27 

bounded 28 

Italian  Islands 50 

Juba 191 

Judith  delivers  the  Jews 

from  Holof ernes 170 

Jugurtha 191 

Jugurthine  war ibid. 

Julia,   daughter  of  Au- 
gustus ..«; 36 

Julian,  death  of 177 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


117 


Page 

Juno  Lacinia,  temple  of  47 

where  worshipped  132 

JupiterAmmon,templcof  177 

temple 

of,  its  site  discovered  198 

Jupiter  Olympius 95 

where  nursed-  •  •  •  129 

fed  by  bees 130 

birth-place  of****  129 
Urius,  celebrated 

temple  of  ....  138 

father  of  Bacchus  198 
Juvenal,  the  occasion  of 

his   15th  satire  205 

hi  splaceof  exile  206 

KaliphatofAbdel-Melek  194 

Kypt,  a  name  of  Egypt  200 

Labyrinth,  the  Cretan  129 

Egyptian.***  204 

L  x.  strigonian  wine 52 

Leander 122 

Learning,  restoration  of  123 
Legio,  Leon,  whence  it 

derived  its  name  «...  67 
Lemnian  women,  massa- 
cre committed  by  them  126 
Leonidas,       memorable 

stand  made  by  .« 109 

Lei  nean  Hydra,  descrip- 
tion of 94 

Lesbian  Wine 131 

Leucate,  rock  of Ill 

Leuctra,  battle  of 105 

Libany  Libanos 174 

Libethrides,  a  name  of 

the  Muses 107 

Liburnian  ships  in  the 

battle  of  Actium  ....  87 
Library  of  Eumenes,  re- 
moved to  Alexandria 
by  Antony  and  Cleo- 
patra   145 

Library,  Alexandrian**.  201 

said 

to  have  been 
burnt  by  the 

Saracens....  201 

Palatine 38 

Lisbon,  whence  derived  ibid. 

Livy,  birth-place  of ....  29 


Page 

Locri  Ozolae,    why    so 

called 108 

Lollius  Urbicus 62 

Longinus 164 

Lucan,  birth-place  of- ...  70 
his  description  of 
Cato's      army 
attacked       by 

serpents 197 

Lucian,   birth-place    of  163 

Lucrine  lake 41 

Lucullus 179 

LudiAtellani 51 

Lustrum,  its  period*.*.  96 

Lutatius  Catulus 52 

Lycxum  » « 103 

Lysander,  Athenian  fleet 

destroyed  by 122 

Lysimachus 146. 156 

Ma:cenas,descendedfrom 
the  antient  kings 

of  Tuscany  (N.)  33 
splendid      palace 

of,  &c. 38 

Mamalius,  a  name  of  Pan  98 
Mzeonius,  a  name  of  Ho- 
mer   146 

Magna  Grsecia,  why  so 

called  43 

Mago,    a    Carthaginian 

general 71 

Mahomet  II. 123 

Mantinea,  battle  of  *  * . .  98 

Marathon,  battle  of....  104 

Marbles  of  Carystos  ....  126 

Pentelicus  •  •  103 

Paros   128 

Synnada*...  153 

Marcellus  takes  Syracuse  52 

Mardonius*..* 105 

Marius,  birth-place  of  37 

defeats  the  Cimbri  29 

defeats   Jugurtha  189 

hiding-place    of  36 

Maroboduus,   king  ••••  83 

Marseilles,   founded  by 

the  Phoceeans 74.146 

Marsyas,flayedby  Apollo  156 

Martial,  birth-place  of  68 

Massinissa 190 

Mausolus.......... 150 


113 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. INDEX. 


Page 

Medea,  her  birth-place  180 
Melchisedec,  king  of  Sa- 
lem   166 

Meleager,  country  of •  •  •  •  110 
Melesigenes,  a  name  of 

Homer 146 

Memnon,  statue  of 205 

Menelaus 203 

Messenians  expell'd  their 

country 95 

Metellus  Scipio 

Micipsa ••  191 

Milliarium  Aureum,  or 

Golden  Milestone 39 

Milo,  birth-place  of 46 

Miltiades,  his  defeat  of 

the  P  ersian  army 1 04 

Mimnermus,  birth-place 

of 147 

Minerva,  temple  of 104 

Minos • 129 

Minotaur ibid. 

Misraim,  son  of  Ham----  200 

Mithridates 158 

Moeris,  lake 168 

Mons  Casius,  its  report- 
ed height 162 

Morea,  whence  derived  92 
Moses, whence  he  viewed 

the  Promised  Land-  •  •  170 

Munda,  battle  of 69 

Mycale,  battle  of 147 

Myron,  his  statue  of  the 

ox 126 

Naples,  antient  name  of  39 
Navigation  by  whom  in- 
vented^   163 

Nearchus 181 

Nebaioth,  son  of  Ismael  173 

Nebuchadnezzar 175 

Negropont,  a  corruption, 

whence  derived 126 

Neleus,  scholar  of  Theo- 

phrastus 144 

Nelson,  Lord,  his  victory 

viAboukir 202 

Nemean  games 93 

Nemesis,  temple  of 104 

Neptune,  temple  of 54 

Nero,  his  vain  attempt 
to    cut    through    the 

isthmus  of  Corinth ....  97 


Page 

Nestor,  country  of 96 

theGerenian-.."     ibid. 
Nicsea,   general  council 
of,    held  under  Con- 

stantine  the  Great 137 

Nicander,  birth-place  of      147 

Nicene  Creed 137 

Niger,  conjectures  on  its 
course,  and  possible 
junction  with  the  Nile 

(N.) 207 

Nile,  its  sources  not  dis- 
covered by  Mr. 

Bruce 206 

cataracts  of ibid. 

some  conjectures 
respecting  its 
sources  (N.)...  207 

Nimrod 174 

Ninus,  founder  of  Nine- 
veh   182 

Niobe,  residence  of 148 

Nomes,  or  Prefectures-  •       201 
Numantia,  famous  for  its 
residence  of 
the    Roman 

armies 67 

destroyed     by 
Scipio  Afri- 
canus  Minor  •  •     ibid. 

Odeum 102 

Odyssey  ,whetherwritten 

by  Homer 131 

CEdipus  Coloneus,  scene 

of  the  tragedy       103 
of  scene  of  his 

exposure 104 

CEnotrus 27 

Og,  king  of  Basan 171 

Olibanum,  a  corruption 

ofLibanos 174 

Olympias  put  to  death 

by  Cassander 117 

Olympic  Games 95 

chronological 

epoch  <>£••••     ibid. 

period  of ibid. 

when  instituted    ibid. 
Omar,   Caliph,    said  to 
have    destroyed     the 
Alexandrian  library- •       201 
Onias,  builder  pf  Onion      203 


ANTIKNT    GEOGRAPHY.— INDEX. 


Page 

Orestes,  his  lustration-  •  124 

Oriens,  description  of-  •  •  159 

Osroes 176 

Otho  defeated  by  Vitellus  29 

Ovid,  birth-place  oi 42 

when  born SO 

where  banished  •  •  79 

Oysters,  where  found-  •  •  57 

Padua  founded  by  Ante- 

nor 29 

Palace,  whence  derived  38 

Palatine  library ibid. 

Palestine,  its  size 165 

Pan,    a    favourite    resi- 
dence of 98 

Pansa  and  Hirtius,  their 

death 30 

Parchment,  origin  of-  •  •  •  145 
Parnassus,  its  summit-  •  •  108 
Parrhasius,  a  son  of  Ju- 
piter   98 

Parthenon 102 

Parthian  monarchs,  resi- 
dence of 182 

Parthians,  original  seat  of  183 

Paul,  St  his  shipwreck-  87 
his  commenda- 
tion   of    the 

Beroeans-...  119 

birth-place    of  154 

Pausanias--.. 105 

Pearl  fishery 174 

Pegasus,  fabled  effect  of 

the  hoof  of. 107 

Pekin,  unknown  to  the 

ancients 185 

Pelasgus,kingof  Pelasgia  92 
Peloponnese,  its  size«..«  19 
Pclops,  king  of  Pelopon- 
nese    ibid. 

Percote,  given  by  Artax- 
erxes  to  Themistocles, 

for  his  wardrobe 142 

Pericles 101 

Persepolis,burntby  Alex- 
ander   181 

Perses,last  king  of  Mace- 
donia   117 

Perseus 168 

Persian  fleet  destroyed 

by  the  Grecians  147 

kings,  residence  of  181 


Page 

Persian     empire    over- 

thrown .......       182 

Persians,  defeat  of  .....  101.109 

600,000  defeat- 
ed by  30,000 
Macedonians       142 
Petrified  town  ..........       196 

Phaon  ..................       Ill 

Pharaoh,  general  name 

for  the  kings  of  Egypt      200 
Pharnaces  overcome  by 

Cxsar  ................       141 

Pharos,  light-house  of  -  -       201 
Pharsalia,  battle  of  .....       115 

Pheasants,  whence   de- 

rived .................       179 

Philip,  father  of  Alex- 

ander ..........       124 

the  Roman  empe- 
ror ............       177 

Phillippi,  battle  of  ......       121 

Philocetes,    founder    of 

Petilia  ......  .  ..........         47 

Philostratus  .............       157 

Phocseans,  their  emigra- 
tion to  Marseilles  .....       146 

Phocian,  house  of  ......       102 

Phrygians,  a  term  used 
by  anticipation  in  Vir- 


155 

Phyllis  ..................  119 

Picenum,  celebrated  for 

apples  ................  33 

Pindar,   his    account  of 

Nestor  ......  96 

birth-place  of--  106 
Pindenissus,    taken    by 

Cicero  ................  162 

Platxa,  battle  of.  .......  105 

destruction  of  •  •  ibid. 

Plato,  house  of  .........  103 

Pliny,  the  elder,  how  he 

lost  his  life  ....  41 

birth-place  of.  •  •  •  29 
the  younger,birth- 

place  of  ........  ibid. 

Plutarch,  birth-place  of  106 

Pnyx  ....................  102 

Pcecile,  vestibule  of  .....  103 

Polemon,  builder  of  Po- 

lemonium  .............  141 

Polybius,  birth-place  of  98 
Pompeius    Sextus,    de- 


120 


ANTIENT   GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


Page 

featedby  Octavius,  the 

triumvir 54 

Pompey 152.154, 163 

founder  of  Mag- 

nopolis 140 

Pompeii  overwhelmed*  •  41 

Portugal,  whence  derived  67 
Priapus,  the  hellespon- 

tian,orLampsacangod  142 

Propyloea 102 

Prussias,  a  name  given  to 

the  kings  of  Bithynia  137 

Prytaneum 102 

Psyli,  serpent  charmers  197 

Ptolemy 156 

founder  of  the 
kingdom     of 

Egypt 200 

Ptolemy  Philometor  •  •  •  •  203 
Ptolemy    Philadelphus, 
his  road  from  the  Nile 

-to  the  Red  Sea 204 

Publius  Servilius.Isauri- 

cus 152 

Punic  wars,  causes  and 

principal  events  of  •  •  •  193 

Pydna,  battle  of 117 

Pyramids,  an  account  of  203 

Pyrrhus 115 

defeated  by  Cu- 

rius 42 

Pythagoras,  school  of  •  •  •  46 

death  of...-  ibid. 

Pythian  games 107 

Ravenna, why  celebrated        30 
Regulus,     capture    and 

cruel  death  of  •  • 193 

Remi,  a  people  of  Gaul, 

attached  to  Czesar*  •  •  •         67 
Remus,  burial-place  of  •         38 
Residence  of  Augustus  8c 
the  Roman 
emperors  *     ibid, 
Roman  nobi- 
lity           39 

Romulus  •  •  •  •         38 
Retreat    of    the   10,000 

Greeks 141.177 

Rhzcti,  the,  subdued  by 

Drusus 85 

Richard  I-... i-      169 


Page 

Richborough,  the  usual 
landing-place 
of  the  Ro- 
mans   57 

oysters  exported 
thence  in  the 
time  of  Ju- 
venal    57 

Roman    exiles    sent    to 

Gyarus 127 

Roman  fleet  on  the  Da- 
nube           86 

on  the  Lower 


28 


empire,  its  size* 

Lustrum 96 

nobility,  their  re- 
sidence   39.40 

roads 28.48 

walls 61 

Romans,    defeated     by 

Pontius 42 

Rome,  description  of ...  37 

first  inhabited  part  of  38 

modern  situation  of  ibid. 

kingdom  of,  its  size  37 

Romulus,  residence  of  •  •  38 

Rubicon  passed  by  C  x  sar  32 

Sabaism 177 

Sacrum  Promontorium, 

why  so  sailed 71 

Saguntum,  siege  of,  by 

Hannibal 68 

Salamis,  battle  of 100 

Salem,   conjecture   con- 
cerning it 166 

Sallust 191.195 

Sapor,  king  of  Persia*  •  •  177 

Sappho,  the  poetess  •  •  •  •  111 

birth-place  of  •  •  131 
Sardanapalus,  sepulchre 

of 154 

his     epi- 
taph (N.)  ibid. 
Sardinia,    from     whom 

named 56 

taken    by    the 

Romans ibid. 

why  named  Ich- 
nusa  by  the 

Greeks ibid. 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. INDEX. 


121 


Page 

Sardous  risus,    whence 

derived 56 

Satrapy 127 

Saturn  reigns  in  Latium        28 

Scipio 41.190,193 

Africamis  Minor-         67 

Scotish  plaid  (N.) 73 

Sejanus,  where  born-  •  •  •         34 

Seleucidse 161 

Seleucus 156.175 

Nicator,  founder 
of  Antioch  and 

Seleucia 161 

founder  of  Apa- 

mea-««* 162 

Semiramis 175 

and  Cyrus,  ar- 
mies of,  de- 
stroyed   181 

reputed  monu- 
ment of-...       182 
Senecas,   birth-place  of        70 
Sevems,    wall    of,    de- 
scribed          66 

his  victory  over 

Niger 155 

Shepherd  kings  of  Egypt  203 
Sicily,  its  ancient  names  70 
Sicy  on  ,kingdom  of ......  96 

Siege  of  Saguntum 68 

Sihon,  king  of  the  Am- 

morites «       170 

Sipyleian,     a    name    of 

Niobe 148 

Sittius 191 

Snowdon,      its     resem- 
blance   to    Parnassus 

(N.) 109 

Solomon  said  to  be 
founder  of 
Palmyra  •  •  •  164 

temple  of 162 

site  of  the  tem- 
ple of 164 

Sophonisba 191 

Sta,  or  Stan,  a  modern 
Greek   corruption    of 

f<  ra,   or  tf  ray  (N.  )  •  •  •  •  96 

Strabo,  the  geographer-  141 
Stratonice,  wife  of  An- 

Sttiochus  Soter 150 

Street,  whence  derived  63 


Striped  garments  in  use 
among  the  antient 
Gaulish  and  Germanic 

tribes 

Susa,  whence  derived- •• 
Sybarite,  a  term  of  re- 
proach  

'  Syene,  its  celebrated  well 

Symplegades,  fable  of-  - 

Syphax,  residence  of  •  •  -  • 

Syracuse,  topography  of 

taken  by  Mar- 

cellus 

Syrtes,  an  account  of  -  -  -  • 

Tamerlane,  a  corruption 
Tarik;  led   the   Moors 

into  Spain 

Tarpeian  Rock 

Tarquins,  whence 

brought  to  Rome 

Tegeseus,  a  name  of  Pan 
Teianbard,  a  name  given 

to  Anacreon 

Telamon 

Tempe,  description  of-  • 
Tereus,       husband      of 

Procne-.- 

Teucer,  founder  of  Sala- 

mis 

birth-place  of-  • 
Thales,  birth-place  of - 

Thapsus,  battle  of 

Thebes,   ^Egyptian,    an 

account  of  •  •  •  • 

called  Hecatom- 

polis 

Themistocles,  builder  of 
the  wall  at  Athens, 

Called  /ttaxpa  TH%» 

his  defeat  of 
the  Persian 

fleet 

house  of 

where  he  died 
Thermopylae,  battle  of-  - 
its  resem- 
blance to 
the  pass 
of  Pen- 
maenmawr 


(N.) 


Page 


73 
181 

46 

105 

124 

190 

52 

ibid. 

195 

184 

69 
38 

34 
98 

146 
133 
115 

124 

133 
101 
139 
194 

205 
ibid. 


101 


ibid. 
102 

147 
109 


ibid. 


122 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


Theseus 

birth-place  of" 

Thessalian  deluge 

Thrasybulus,  30  tyrants 

expelled  by  him 

Thucydides,  his  retire- 
ment after  he  was  ba- 
nished   

Tiberius,  the  scene  of 
his  cruelties 
and  debauch- 
eries  

Tigranes,  founder  of  Ti- 

granocerta 

Timotheus,    birth-place 

of ••••• 

Timur-leng 

compared  with 
Alexander  (N.) 

Titan  Typhon 

Trachinise  of  Sophocles, 

scene  of 

Trajan,    the    emperor, 
birth-place  of'  •  • 
where  he  died" 
Transfiguration,  suppo- 
sed scene  of  the 

Trebisond,  emperors  of 

Trent,  Council  of 

Tribes  of  Israel 

Tritonia,  a  name  given 

to  Minerva 

Troas,  the  scene  of  Ho- 
mer's Iliad 

Trophonius,  cave  of.  •  • « 
Troy,  topography  of  the 

plain  of 

often  rebuilt 

alterations  in  the 

plain  of 

Typhceus,  the  giant 
Typhon,    murderer    of 

Osiris • 

Tyre,  siege  of 

Tyrian  Artists 

Tyrinthius,  a  name  given 
to  Hercules 

Valaques 

Valerius  Flaccus,  his  ac- 
count of  the  Lemnian 


massacre 


Page 
129 

Varus,  with  three  Ro- 

Pace 

93 

man  legions,  defeated 

89 

82 

Venus,  temple  of  

53 

104 

where  worshipped 

162 

Vespasian  

170 

his  defeat  of  the 

122' 

revolted    Jews 

167 

Vesuvius,  its  first  erup- 

tion   

40 

Vienne,  caution  respect- 

40 

ing  the  term  •  • 

74 

Virgil,     favourite    resi- 

179 

dence  of  

40 

birth-place  of'  •  • 

29 

149 

burial-place  of" 

40 

184 

64 

Ulysses,  the  fabled  foun- 

186 

der    of    Olissipo,    or 

153 

Lisbon  

70 

Uticensis,  a  name  given 

112 

toCato  

192 

Vulcan,  forges  and  sup- 

70 

posed  dwelling  of 

ibid. 

153 

the  Lemnian  God 

126 

169 

Walls  of  Athens  

101 

141 

61 

86 

Watling-street  Road«  '  •  • 

63 

172 

Witikind,  kingdom  of  •  •  • 

82 

195 

Xanthians,   their    obsti- 

nate     resistance      to 

143 

Brutus  (N.)  

200 

107 

Xenophon  9, 

5.175 

on  Mount  Teches 

141 

143 

Xerxes,  his  bridge  over 

ibid. 

the  Hellespont 

122 

his  fleet  wrecked 

ibid. 

ibid. 

54 

171 

Young,  Sir  William,  his 

202 

memoir  on  the  ruins 

165 

of  the  temple  of  Ham- 

164 

mon  (N.)  

199 

93 

193 

Zeno,  the  Stoic  philoso- 

110 

pher,  his  birth-place 

133 

£enobia,  queen  of  Pal- 

myra, wife  of  Odenatus 

164 

126 

Zethus  and  Calais  

130 

123 


ANTIENT  GEOGKAPHY, 


INDEX  II. 


Page 

Abarim  ................       170 

Abdera  ................       121 

Abila  ...................  69.190 

Abnoba  ................         85 

Abrincatui,  Avranches-         77 
Abruzzo  ...............         43 

Abydos,  Madfune  ......       204 

Zermunic  •  •  •  •  122.  142 

Abyssinia  ..............       206 

Academia  ..............       103 

Acanthus  ...............       119 

Acarnania  .............  100.111 


Acesines,  Ravel 
Achzei 
Achaia 
Acharnse 


Acheron 

Acherontia,  Acerenza  • 

Acherusia 

Aciris,  Agri 

Acis 

Aco,Acre 

Acra 

Acradina 

Acro-Athos  ...........  • 

Acro-Ceraunia  Montes 
Acro-Corinthus  .........       197 

Acta  ....................       119 

Actium,  Azio  .......  86.111.115 


186 
91 

93.96 
104 
110 
115 
43 
138 
46 
51 
169 
166 
52 
119 
116 


Adana  .................. 

Adonis,  Nahr  Ibrahim'  • 
Adra,  or  Edrei,:./Wratf  • 
Adramyttium,  Adri  miiti 
Adrianopolis,./^/n  anoji  le 
Adulis,  Arkiko  .......... 


154 
164 
171 
144 
124 
206 
179 
76 


./Egades,  or  Agates  In- 
sulze  .............  ..... 

^Egaleus  .....  »  .......... 


Page 

/Ege,  or  Edessa,  Edissa 

/Egeum  Mare 134 

^Egialea 92 

JEgina,  Engia 101 

^Sgium,  Vostitza 95 

ibid. 

Potamos 122 

^Egyptus,  Egypt 189. 200 

Inferior ibid. 

Superior  184.200.204 

174 

ibid. 

< 117 

40 

112 

122 

92 

55 

^Eolis,  or  ^Eolia 137. 144 

TEqui 39 

^Esculum,  Asculi 35 

/Esernia,  Isernia 42 

JEstuarium   Itunx,    Sol- 

ivay  Firth 62 

/Ethices 112 

^Ethiopia 189 

-Etna,  Monte  Gibcllo."  51.54 

•Etoliac,   Vlakia 100.110 

Africa 188 

Interior..  •• 106 

Propria,  Tunis  •  189. 192 


./Ematlria 
^Enaria 
JEnianes 
ZEnos,  Eno 
/Eoles 

Insult 


Aganippe- 

Agathyrsi 

Agidincum,  Sens  ....... 

Agrigentum,  or  Agragas, 

Girgcnti 

Agyzymba,  Zanguebar 

Ailath 

Alabahda 

Alba  Longa«« 


107 
89 
76 

53 
207 
174 
149 

48 
Albania  .."...". 160.180 


124 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHir.—  INDEX. 


Page 

AMs,JEtbe 82 

Alburnus 46 

Alemanni,  Almagne*"*  83 

Alesia 55 

Alesia,  Atise 75 

Alexandria 201 

Alexandrettay  or  Scande- 

rona 161 

Al-Giafar 188 

Allia 48 

Allifx 42 

Allobroges 74 

Alpes    Cottiae,     Mount 

Genevre 31.74 

Graise,  Little  St. 

Bernard-  ...31.73. 74, 
Julia;,  or  Carnicx  31 
Lepontix,  Tyrol  ••••31,32 
Maritime,      Mari- 
time Alps 28.31.73 

74 
Perminx,  Great  St. 

Bernard 3 1.73. 74 

Rhxticse 31 

Summje,  St.   Goth- 

ard ibid 

Alpheus,  Rofeo 95 

Amanus • 155 

Amasea,  Amasieh 140 

Amastris,  Amasreft 139 

Amathus,  Asselt 123. 166 

Ambarri 76 

Ambiani 79 

Ambvacia 115 

Amida,  Kara  Amid,  or 

Diar-Bekr 166 

Amisenus  Sinus 140 

Amisia,  Ems 82 

Amisus,  Samsoun 140 

Amiternum 25.43 

Ammochostus,     Fama- 

gosta 134 

Ammonitis 171 

Amorgus,  Amor  go 128 

Amphilocia Ill 

Amphilochium     Argos, 

Filoquia ibid. 

Amphipolis,  Jamboli-*  •  119 

Amphissa,  Salona 108 

Amphrysus 113 

Ampsagus,  Wad-il-Kibir  191 

Amycl* "•?•  •  •••  94 


Anactorium 

Anagnia 

Anaphe,  Namfihio  •• 

Anapus 

Anas,  Guadiana 

Anatno>  Anah 

Anatolia,  Anadoli  ••• 

Anauros 

Anazarbus,  Anzarbe 

Anchesmus 

Anchiale 

Ancona. . ., 


Page 

111 
35.37 
128 
52 
69 
174 
136 
114 
155 
103 
154 
35 

Ancyra,  Angora 140 

Andematunum,  Langres        76 

Anderidum,  Mende 75 

Andes,  or  Andecavi,  An- 
gers  

Andros,  Andro 127 

Anemurium,  Auemur...      154 

Anglii ^ 83 

Angrivarii 83 

Anio,  Teverone 33.35.37 

Antandrus,  Antandro. .. .       144 

Anthedon 105 

Anticyra 107.113 

Antilibanus 162 

Antiocliia  ad  Pisidiam, 

Ak-Skehr 156 

or  Antioch,  An- 

takia 161 

Antirrliium 96.108 

Antissiodurum^wjrerre        75 

Anti-taurus 179 

Antium,  Anzio 36 

Anxur,  Terracina ibid. 

Aornos,  Telekan 184 

Renos 186 

Aous,  Lao 120 

Apamea 176 

Cibotus 156 

Fuinieh 162 

Aperantia 132 

Aphetas,  Pefio, 113 

Aphidnze 104 

Aphrodisias,  Gheira 150 

Apia 92 

Apollonia,  Polma 120 

Sizeboli 124 

Marza  Susa, 

or  Sosash,       198 

Apulia,  Puglia 43 

Aquas  Calids,  Bath 58 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX- 


125 


Page 

Aquaj  Sextia,  Aix 

Aquileia 29 

Aquincum,  or  Acincum, 

Buda 87 

Aquitani 72 

Aquitania ibid. 

Prima 75 

Secunda ibid. 

Arabia 159.173 

Deserta ibi  d.  ibid. 

Felix- ibid.ibid. 

Petrzea ibid.ibid. 

Arachosia,  Arrokhage-  •       183 

Aracynthus 110 

Aradus,  Ravad 164 

Ar<egeni,  Bayeux 77 

Arar,  Saone 76 

Araxes,  or  Phasis,  Aras       179 

Ararat ibid. 

Arbela,  Erbil 182 

Arcadia 92. 97 

Arcati  Regia,  Arcot  •  •  •  •       187 

Arcliclais,  Erkeli* 157 

Ardea 48 

Ardiscus 124 

Arduenna  Sylva,  Forest 

of  Ardenne 80 

Arelate,  Aries 74 

Areopolis 171 

Arethusa 52 

Arevaci,  fico/ile  of  Leon 

and  Castile • « « •         67 

Argentoratum,      Stras- 

burg 80 

Arginusse 146 

Argivi 92 

Argolis 92.93 

Argos,  Argo 93 

Aria  Khor-asin 160.183 

Ariaspze,  Dergaxfi 183 

Arimathea 169 

Ariminum,  Rimini 32.34 

Arms,  Heri 183 

Armenia 176.178 

Major 160 

Minor-...  159, 160.178 
Armorica,  Bretagne* •••         78 

Arnon 170,171 

Arnus,  Arno 35 

Aroer 171 

Arpi 43 

Arpinum,  Arfiino 37 


Arretium,  Arezzo 34 

Arsacia,  Rei 183 

Arsinoe,  Suez 199. 206 

or  Crocodilopo- 

lis/fa'ttm-...  204 
Artabrum,  Cape  Finis- 

terre 67 

Artacoana,  Herat 183 

Artaxata,  Ardesh 179 

Artemisium  Littus 127 

Arverni,  Auvergne 75 

Arvii 77 

Arze,  Erze-Roum 179 

Ascalon 167 

Asculum 35 

Ascanius 137 

Ascra 107 

Asia 173 

Minor 136 

Palus 147 

Asopus » 105 

Aspadana,  Ispahan 181 

Aspendvis 152 

Asphaltites  Lacus,^/wo- 

tanah 166 

Aspis »••  193 

Asser 172 

Assus,  Asso 144 

Assyria,  Kurdistan 160 

Asta; 119 

Astapus,  Abawi 205 

Asteria 128 

Astures,  Asturias 67 

Asturica,  Astorga ibid. 

Astypalasa,  or  Stamjialia  128 

AteUae  —. 41 

Atarneus 145 

Athenas,  Atini  or  Setined  102 

Athesis,  Adige 29. 32 

Athos,  Monte  Santo ....  119 

Atlantic  Ocean 189,190 

Atrebates,  Artois 59 

Atrebatii,/2<?o/*/e  of  Berk- 
shire, and  part  of  Ox- 
fordshire   59 

Atropatane 182 

Attica 92.100 

Atuataca,  Tongrea 79 

Avaricum 75 

Avenio,  Avignon 74 

Aventicum,  A-uenche  •  •  •  70 

Aventinus * ••  37 


126 


AtfTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


Page 

Avemus  Lacus 41 

Aufidus,  Ofanto 44 

Augusta      Rauracorum 

Augst ......  80 

Veromanduo- 
rum,  Saint 

Quintin  •••  79 
Suessionum, 

Soissons ibid. 

Treverorum, 

Treves 78,79 

Taurinorum, 

Turin 28 

Vindelicorum, 

Augsb  urg  •  •  •  86 

Augustobona,  Troyes-  •  •  77 

Augustodunum,  Autun  •  76 
Augustonometum,  Cler- 

monf  •••«««••• •  •  75 

Augustoritum,.L2rao§-eS'  ibid. 

Aulerci  Cenomani 77 

Eburovices ibid. 

Aulis,  Megalo-  Vatha*  •  105. 126 
Aulon,  Ei-Gour--- 162.166.170 

Auranitis ...............  171 

AureaChersonesus,  Ma- 
laya   187 

Aureliana 77 

Aurunci. •••••  38 

Ausci 76 

Ausones • •  27 

Ausonia •  ibid, 

Autricum,  Chartres  •  •  •  •  86 

Auxume,  Auxum 206 

Axius,  Vardai* 118 

Azania,  Ajan <.....  207 

Azorus,  Sorvitz 115 

Azotus,  Asdod •  167 

Babylon,  Hellah -  174 

Egyptian,  Old 

Cairo..--.-  173 

Babylonia 160.174 

Bactriana 160.183 

Bsetica,  Andalit&ia 66. 69 

Bxtis,  Guadalgumer  •••  44.69 
Bacturia,  part  of  Mstre- 

tnadura  and  Seville  ...  ibid. 

Bagacum,  JBavia 79 

Bagdat 139 

Bagistana 182 

Bagradas,  Megerda 192 


Page 

Baisc,  Baja  •••••.*•  ..••*••  39 

Bajocasses,  Bayeux  • « » •  77 
Baleares  Insulze,  Major- 
ca and  Minorca 71 

Bantia- • 44 

Barce,  Barca» 197 

Barcino,  Barcelona 66 

Bardine,     Chrysorrhoaa 

Baradi 162 

Barium,  Bart •  43 

Basilia,  Basle"  • 80 

Bastarnx 89 

Bastitani,  Jaen  •• •  69 

Bastuli ibid. 

Batavi ..., 80 

Batnce,  Adaneh 163 

Bebrycia • 137 

Bedriacum. 29 

Belg^,  inhabitants  be- 
tween the  Seine  and 

Lower  Rhine 72 

Belgse,  inhabitants  of 
Wiltshire,  Somerset- 
shire, and  part  of 

Hampshire 58 

Belgica • 73 

Prima.... •  78 

Secunda ibid* 

Bellovaci ibid. 

Benacus,  Lago  di  Gar- 
da..- • 32.86 

Beneventum,  Benevento  41 

Benjamin... ............  171 

Bercea,  Cara  Veria 118.163 

Berenice,    or   Hesperis, 

Bernic  •  •  •  • 197 

Berenice 204 

Bergomum,  Bergamo  ••  29 

Bersabe,  Beersheba  •  •  •  •  167 

Berytus,  Berut  •• 1 65 

Bessi 121 

Bethabara 170 

Bethel 167 

Bethlehem ibid. 

Bethsaida. .-. 170 

Bethsan,    or    Scythopo- 

lis,  Baistan ibid. 

Bethulia ibid. 

Bibracte 76 

Bilbilis 68 

Bisanthe,    or    Rhoedes- 

tys,  Rodosto 123 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


127 


Page 

Bistones 121 

Bithyni 137 

Bithynia 124. 136. 137 

Bituriges  Cubi 75 

Vivisci ibid. 

Bizya 123 

Blestium,  Monmouth- •  •  59 

Boebeis 113 

Boeotia,  Livadia 100. 105 

Boii,  or  Boiohemi,  JBo- 

hemia 83 

Boiodurum,  Innstadt-  •  •  •  86 

Boium 110 

Bolbitinum  Ostium,  Ra- 

schid  or  Rosetta 202 

Bolerium,  Land's  £nd, 

or  Cape  Cornwall****  58 

Bononia,  Bologna 30 

Borbetomagus,     Worms  80 

Borysthenes,  Dnieper  •  •  89 

Bosphorus 123 

Bostra,  JBosra 171 

Bovilla; 49 

Bradanus,  Bradano  ••••  46 

Brauron 104 

Brenni 31 

Brigantes,      people     of 
Yorkshire,    Durham*, 
Lancashire,  Westmore- 
land, and  Cumberland  60 
Brigantium,  Corrunna**  67 

Britannia,  Antiqua 57 

Prima 51 

Secunda ibid. 

Brivatus,  Portus,   Brest  78 

Brixia,  Brescia 29 

Bructeri 82 

Brundusium,  Brindisi  •  45. 120 
Bruttii,    or  Bruttiiorum 

Ager 28.42.46 

Bucephala 186 

Budini 89 

Bullaeum,  Builth 59 

Burgidala,  Bourdeux  •  •  75 
Burgundiones,  people  of 

Burgundy,  in  France  83 

Burii ibid. 

Burrium,  Uske**** 59 

Buthrotum,  Butrinto***  116 

Byrsa 192 

Byzacium * 194 

Byzantium,  Conntctntinopk  123 


Pagf, 

Cabira 158 

Cadurci 7s 

Csecubus  Ager 41 

Caere,  or  Agylla,  Cer  Ve- 

feri 34 

C  x  sar  Augusta,  Saragossa      68 

Csesarea 168 

ad  Argseum  •  •  •  158 

Jersey 97 

Pilippi— 170 

Csesarodunum,  Tours** 

Csesaromagus,  Beau~uois  79 

Caicus 145 

Caieta,  Gaeta 36.41 

Calabri 44 

Calabria 28.42 

Calauria 93 

Cales 40 

Caleti,  Pays  de  Cause-  •  77 

Calleva,  Silchester 58 

Calle 67 

Calliaci,  Gallicia ibid. 

Callipolis,  Gallifioli'  •  •  •  123 

Calpe,  Gibraltar 69 

Calycadnus,  Kelikidni,  or 

Yersak 153 

Calydon 110 

Calymna,  Calmina 132 

Camaracum,  Cambray*  79 

Camarina,  Camarana  •  •  53 

Cambunii  Montes 112 

Campania,  Campagna**  28.34 
38 

Campi,  Geloi 53 

Raudii 29 

Campus  Martius 38 

Camulodunum,  Maldon  58 

Cana,  Coloni 145 

of  Galilee 169 

Canaanites 172 

Cannae 43 

Canopic  (Moutli  of  the 

Nile)  AfaadiY? 202 

Canopus 201 

Cantabri,  people  of  Bis- 
cay and  part  of  Astu- 

rias 67 

Cantii,  people  of  Kent 
and  part  of  Middle- 
sex   57 

Canusium,  Canosa  •••-.•  43 

Capena 48 


123 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


Page 

Capernaum 170 

Caphareus 127 

Capitolinus,  Mons 37 

Cappadocia 137. 155. 157 

Capreze,  Capri 39 

Capsa,  Cafsa 195 

Capua 38 

Caralis,  Cagliari 56 

Carambis,     Kape    Ka- 

ramfii 139 

Cardia,  Hexa mill 122 

Carduchi 182 

Caria 136.149 

Carmania  Kerman  ••••160.180 

Carmel,  Mount 169 

Carni 29 

Carnuntum,  Altenburg-  87 

Carnutes 77 

Carpathian!  Pelagus»»-»  134 

Carpathus,  Scarpanto  •  •  133 

Carpetani,  New  Castile  79 

Carrhx 176 

Carthago 192 

Carthago  Nova,  Cartha- 

gena 66.69 

Cary stus,  Carls fo 126 

Casalus  Sinus,  Calvi--**  55 

Caspian 179 

Cassandria 118 

Cassiterides,  Stilly  Islands  64 

Castabala 155 

Castellum,  Cassel 82 

Gatabathmus    Magnus, 

Akabet  Ossolom  •••••  198 

Catsea,  Xais 181 

Catakekaumene 149 

Catalauni,/2eo/z/e  of  Cha- 
lons    78 

Catana 51 

Cataonia 157 

Catti,  or  Cattevelauni, 
inhabitants  of  Hert- 
fordshire, Bedford- 
shire,  and  Bucking- 
hamshire    58 

Caturiges 74 

Caucasus • 179 

Caucones 138 

Caudium*-*" 42 

Cayster,  Kitchik  Minder  147 

Cebenje • 155 

Celts 72 


Celtiberi, people  inhabit- 
ing part  of  Arragon 

and  Valentia 68 

Celtica T2 

Celtic!,  people  of  Alen- 

•  tejos 70 

Cenchrea 94.97 

Cenimagni 59 

Centum  Cellar,     Civita 

Vecchia 34 

Ceos,  Zia 127 

Cephalenia,   Cephalonia      130 

Cephissus 101.106 

Ceramicus 102 

Ceramus,  Keramo 150 

Cerasus,  Keresoun 141 

Ceretani,  Cosetani,  La- 
cetani,  Ilergetes,  Cata- 
lonia   66 

Cestrus 152 

Chaberis,  Cavery 187 

Chaboras,  or  Araxes  •  •  •       177 
Chalcedon,  Kadikeui  •  •  •       138 

Chalcis 105.119.126 

Old  Haleb 163 

Chalcidice 117.120, 163 

ChakbEa,  7ra£ 136.174 

Chalybes,  Chaldzei 142 

Chalybon,  Bercea,  Haleb, 

or  Aleppo 163 

Chalybonites • ibid. 

Chamavi 82 

Chaonia 115,116 

Charran,  Haran 176 

Charybdis 50 

Chasuarii 82 

Chauci  Majores ibid. 

Minores ibid. 

Chelidonix  Insulze,  Cape 

Kelidoni 151 

ChelomteSyCapeT'ornese        96 

Chzeronea 106 

ChersonesusCimbrica,in 

Holstein  •         83 
Taurica, 

Cherson  •         90 
Thracke««-       122 

Cherusci 82 

China 160.175 

Chios,  Scio 131.146 

Choaspes 

Chorasmii,  Kharasm  .'160,184 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


129 


Page 

Chorazin 170 

Chronics 95 

Chrysa 164 

Chrysoceras 123 

Chiysopolis,  Scutari  •  •  •  138 

Chytrus,  Cytria 134 

Cibyra,  Buraz 156 

Ciconii 121 

Cilicia 137.153 

Campestris 153 

Trachea ibid. 

Cimarus,  Spado 129 

Cimbri 83 

Cimmerian  Bosphorus««  90 

Cimmerii ibid. 

Cimolus,  drgcntiera****  127 

Cinyphs,  Wad-Quaham  196 

Circeii,  Monte  Circdlo  •  36 

Circesium,  Kirkesieh"*  177 

Cirta 191 

Cissia 180 

Cithaeron 105 

Cite 77 

Citineum 110 

Citium,  Cito 123 

Cladeus 95 

Clanius,  Chiaco 35 

Clazomense,  Vourla»»-*  146 

Climax 152 

Clusinium,  or  Clusii  •  •  •  •  34 

Clusium,  Chuisi 35 

Clypea,  Aklibea 194 

Cnemis 100. 109 

Cnidus 150 

Cocytus 115 

Coele 95 

Ccelius,  Mons 37 

Coele-Syria 162 

Colehis,  Mengrelia 113 

160.179 

Collatia 48 

Collis  Capitolinus 37 

Hortulorum, 

Monte  PinciO"  38 

Quirinalis 38 

Coloe  Palus,  Bahr  Dem- 

bea 206 

Colonia,  Colchester 58 

Agrippina,  Co- 
logne   79 

Colonos 103 

Colophon ••••  146 


Page 

Colosste,  Chonos 156 

Comagene 162 

Comana 157 

Pontica,  Almons  141 

Comaria,  Cafie  Comorin  187 

Complutum,  Alcala  ••••  68 

Comum,  Como 129 

Concani 67 

Condate,  Rennes 78 

Condivincum,  Nantz  •  •  •  ibid. 

Confluentes,  Coblentz  •  •  80 

Conimbriga,  Coimbra-*  70 

Conovium,  Contvy 59 

Consentia,  Consenza^*-  46 

Consuanetes 86 

Constantia,  Constanza>-  133 
Constantinople,  Estam- 

boul 123 

Contestani,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Murcia 68 

Contra  Acincum,  Pest •  •  87 

Copse 105 

Copais,  Livadia  Limne  ibid. 

Coptos,  Kyfit 205 

Coracesium,  Analieh  •  •  •  152 

Corey ra,  Coofou 130 

Corduba,  Cordova 70 

Corfinium 42 

Corinium,  Cirencester  •  •  59 

Corinthia 96 

Corinthus,  Corito ibid. 

Corisopati 78 

Coritani,       people      of 
JVb  rtha  mfito  nshire, 
Leicestershire,     Rut- 
landshire,      Lincoln- 
shire,      Nottingham- 
shire,&  Der  bey  shire*  59 
Cornavii,  inhabitants  of 
Warwickshire,    Wor- 
cester sh  ire,    Staffo  rd- 
shire,  Shropshire,  and 

Cheshire 60 

Coronea 106 

Corsica 55 

Gorton 34 

Corycus,  Curco 153 

Corydallus- 104 

Cos,  Stan- Co 132 

Cosetani 62 

Cotyxum,  Kutaieh  •••••  155 

Cragus •  151 


130 


ANTTENT  GEOGRAPHY. — CNDEX. 


Page 

Crater 39 

Crathes,  Crati 47 

Cremera 48 

Cremna,  Kebrinez 152 

Cremona *  29 

Crete,  Candia 129 

Creticum  Mare 134 

Crissa 107 

Criu  Metopon,  Crio 65. 129 

Croton,  Cro  tona 48 

Ctesiplion • 176 

Cucusus,  Cocsan 157 

Cuda--" •."•  70 

Cumai 39. 145 

Cunaxa 177 

Cuneus,  Algarve 70 

Cures •••••  48 

Curium,  Piscop ia 133 

Cyanex,orSymplegades  124 

Cyclades 127 

Cyclopes 52 

Cyclopum  Scopuli 51 

Cydnus 154 

Cydonia,  Canca 129 

Cyllene,  Chiarenza 96 

Mount 99 

Cyme,  or  Ouumae,  JVe- 

mourt 145 

Cynethse 99 

Cynosarges 102 

Cyparissa; 95 

Cy  parissus ibid. 

Cyprus 133 

Cyrenaica,  Barca 189. 197 

Cyrene,  Curin  ....127.197,198 
Cyros-Chata,  or  Alex- 
andria Ultima,  Cog-end  184 

Cyrnos,  Corsica 56 

Cyrrhestica 163 

Cyrrhus,  Corn's ibid. 

Cyta 179 

Cythera,  Cerigo 130 

Cythnus,  Thermia 127 

Cytorus,  Kitros 139 

Cyzicus 142 

Dacia,  part  of  Hungary, 
Transylvania,  Walla- 

chia,  and  Moldavia* »  88 
Dacia  Cis-Danubiana,  or 

Dacia-Aureliani  ibid. 

Trajani  • « •  • ibid: 


Daci 89 

Dalmatia 87 

Damascus,         Demesk, 

Gouteh-Demesk 162 

Damnii,  people  in  Cly- 
desda  le,  Renfrew,  Lqn- 
ox,  and  Stirlingshire*  61 
Damnonii,  or  Dumnonii, 
inhabitants  of  Devon- 
shire and  Cornwall*  •  •  58 

Dan 170.171 

Danai 91 

Danubius 88 

Daphne,  Beit  el  Ma 161 

Dardania-..- 88.143 

Dardanus ibid. 

Dariorigum,  Vennes-"*  78 

Darnis,  Derne 198 

Daromas,  Darom 167 

Daunia 43 

DeadSea 167 

Decapolis 169 

Decelia 104 

Decumates  Agri 83 

Delium 105 

Delos 127 

Delphi,  Castri 108 

Delta 102 

Demeta; 59 

Demetrias,  Volo 114 

Derbe,  Alah-Dag 152 

Deserts  of  Lybia 197 

Deva,  Chester 60 

Deucalion 114 

Dia,  Standia 130 

Diablintes 77 

Dicte 130 

Dindymus 139 

Dioscoridis  Insulse,    So- 

cotora 174 

Diospolis 168 

Dirse,  Straights  of  Ba- 
bel Mandeb 173 

Dium,  Standia 1 17 

Divodurum,    or    Metis, 

Metz • 178 

Di vona,  Cahors 1 75 

Dobuni,  people  of  Ox- 
fordshireand  Glouces- 
tershire   59 

Dodona«....*»» 116 

Dolopia... 112 


ANTIEKT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


131 


Fag* 

Dores-»-« 92 

Doris 99.110.137.146 

Dorylaeum,  JRski  Shehr*  155 

Drepanum,  Trafiani  •  • »  53 

Druentia,  Durance 74 

Dubis,Ztow:r 80 

Dunium,  or  Dornovana, 

Dorchester • 58 

Durius,  Douro 66-70 

Durocortorum,  Rheim**  79 
Durotriges,  inhabitants 

of  Dorsetshire 58 

Durovernum,  orDarver- 

num,  Canterbury 57 

Dyme «'••  96 

Dyrrachium,  Durazzo  •  120 

Ebal  Mount 168 

Eboracum,  York 60 

Ebrodunum,  JEmbrun  ••  74 

Eburones •  •* 79 

Ebusus,  Yvica 71 

Ecbatana,  Hamedan*  •  •  180.182 

Echinades Ill 

Edessa,  Orha,  or  Orfa  •  176 

Edetani 68 

Edom 167.172 

Edonis 117 

Ekron 167 

Elx,  Jafca 164 

Elatxa,  Eleuta 108 

Eleusis,  Lessina 101 

Eleutherx ,.  105 

Elis,  Gastonni 92.95 

Elusates 76 

Elymxi 180 

Elymais ibid* 

Elymiotis 117 

Emerita  Augusta,  Meri- 

da 70 

Emesa,  Hems , 162 

Emmaus 167 

Emodi  Montis 184 

Emodus  , 185 

Emporise  194 

Endor  , 169 

Engaddi 167 

Enipeus 115 

Enna,  Castro  Janni,  or 

Giovanni 54 

Ennea,  Hodoi,  lamboli. .  1 19 

Eordani 117 

,H...,  146 


Ephraim 173 

Epidamnus 120 

Epidaurus,  Scutari 87.93 

Epiphaneia,  Hamah»»»       162 

Epipolse 52 

Epiras 91.100.112.116 

Eretria,  Gra-valinais*'*       126 

Eridanus,  Po 31 

Erineum 110 

Erve 77 

Erythne 146 

Erythrseum  Mare 181 

Eryx- «,..., 53 

Esquilise.... 38 

Esquilinus,  Mons 37 

Essui 77 

Estixotis 112 

Etocetum,  Wall 60 

Etruria 100.33 

Euboea 74.127 

E venus,  Fideri 110 

Eurgetx 183 

Euganei , 29 

Eulscus 180 

Euphrates 161.175.176.178 

EuripusJ£[gr?/to,  Negro- 

fiont 100.126 

Eurotas 94 

Eurymedon 152 

Fresulse,  Fiesole 34 

Falerii  or  Falisci,  Falari  34 

Falernum 40 

Ferentum,  JFerento 43 

Feronia 48 

Fibrenus 37 

Fidense 47 

Flaminia,  Via ibid. 

Flavia  Csesariensis 61 

Flevo,  Zuyder  Zee 81 

a  channel  of  Vlie  ibid. 

Florentia,  Florence 34 

Fons  Castalius 107 

Solis 198 

Formise,  Mola 41 

Fortunate  Insulae,  or  Ca- 
nary Islands 208 

Forum  Julii,  Friuli 29.74 

Romanum 38 

Frctum  Gaditanum,  or 
Herculeum,  Straits  of 
Gibraltar 69.188 


133 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


Page 

Frentam 42 

Frisii,  Prisons 82 

Fucinus  Lacus,  Lago  di 

Celano 36.42 

Furculas  Caudinse,  For- 

chie 42 

Gabse,  Kaous 184 

Gabali 75 

Gabii 48 

Gad 172 

Gadara 171 

Gadarenes ibid. 

Gadeni,  inhabitants  of 
part  of  Northumber- 
land and  Teviot-dale  60 

Gades,  Cadiz 70 

Gaztulia,  Biledulgerid  •  •       189 

Galaad 170 

Galaaditis ibid. 

Galatia  •  ••••• 136.139 

Galesus,  Galeso 45 

Galilsea •  •  159.166.169 

Gentium ...       169 

Inferior ibid. 

Superior ibid. 

Galli,  Gael 72 

Senones 33 

Gallia 73 

Belgica 73.78 

Braccata 73 

Cisalpina 28.31,32 

Cispadana 30.32 

Comata 73 

Lugdunensis 73.76 

Provincia 71 

Togata 28 

Transpadana 30 

Gallo-Grsecia 136 

Gamala 171 

Ganges 160.186.187 

Gangra,  Kanldara 137 

Garama,  Gharmes 196 

Garamantes 189.196.207 

Garganus 44 

Gargarus 143 

Garumna,  Garonne 2.75 

Gath .167 

Gaugamela 182 

Gaulon 171 

Gaulonites ibid. 

Gaulos,  Gozo 55.130 


Gaza 167 

or  Gazaca,  Tebriz 

or  Tauris 182 

Gedrosia,  Mekran 160.181 

Gela,  Terra  Nova 53 

Geloni 89 

Genabum,  Orleans 77 

Genauni ••  31 

Genua,  Genoa 28 

Genne^ar 170 

Gerarsfc 167 

Gerena 96 

Gergovia 75 

Gerisa,  Gherze 196 

Gerizim,  Mount 168 

Germania 81 

GermaniaPrima,  or  Su- 
perior   80 

Germania  Secunda,    or 

Inferior 79 

Geron 96 

Gesoriacum,  or  Bononia, 

Bologne 79 

Getae 89 

Glaucus 51 

Glevum,  Gloucester  •  •  •  •  59 

Gnossus 129 

Gobannium,  Aberga-ven- 

ny 59 

Gomplri 115 

Gordium 140 

Gorgo,  Urgheng 184 

Gortyna 130 

Gothini 83 

Gothones,  Goths 84 

Grxcia  Antiqua 91 

Granicus,  Ousvola 142 

Gugerni 82 

Gyarus 127 

Gymnesize  Insulse,  Ma- 
jorca and  Minorca » • « •  71 

Gyndes 175 

Gytheum,  Colokythia  ..  94 

Hadria 29 

Hadrumetum 194 

H  xmi-Extrema,  Emineh- 

borun 124 

Haliacmon '. . .  117 

Haliartus » +  X 106 

Halicarnassus , . 150 

Halmydessus,  or  Salmy- 

dessus,  Midjeh 124 


ANTIKKT    GEOGnArilY. — INDEX. 


Page 

Haloncsus,  Dromo 126 

Halys,  Kizil-Ermak  •  •  138. 158 

Hammonii 198 

Hebron,or  Kirjath-Arba, 

Cabr  Ibrahim 167 

Hebrus,  Maritza 122.124 

Hebudes,  Hebrides  •  «•«  64 

Helebas 187 

Helena,  or  Maoris,  Ma- 

cronisi 104 

Helicon 107 

Hellas 91 

Hellenes ibid. 

Hellespontus,    Strait  of 

the  Dardanelles 122 

Heliopolis,  Balbeck  ....  162 

On 203 

HelorianTempe 53 

Helorum,  Muri  Ucci  ••  ibid. 

Helvetii,  Swiss 80.85 

Heneti 138 

Heptanomis 201 

Heptastadium ibid. 

Heraclea,  Erekli 120. 123 

HeracleaPontica.JSreM'  138 

Herxa 99 

Herculaneum 40 

Hercynia  Sylva 84 

Hermeeum  Promontorium, 

Ca fie  Bon 192 

Hermione 93 

Hermiones 81.93 

Hermon,  Mount 166. 169 

Hermopolis  Magna,^fsA- 

munum 204 

Heniici 37.39 

Hermunduri 83 

Hermus,  Sara  bat,  or  Ke~ 

dous 144 

Heroopolis 203 

Hesbon 170 

Hesperia 27 

Hesperides 207 

Hesperidum  Insulse  Cajic 

Verde  Islands 208 

HesperiiJEthiopes,Crw'/7m  127 

Hexamilium,  Hexamili-  122 

Hierapolis,  Menbigz*"  163 

Hierapytna,  Gira  fietra  130 

Hierichus,  Jericho 167 

Hieromax,  Yermak 171 

Hierosolyma,  Jerusalem  166 


Page. 

Himera,  Tirmini 53 

Hinnom 167 

Hippocrene 107 

Hippo  Regius,  Bona  •  •  •  191 

Hirpini 28.34.41 

Hisp'ilis,  Seville 71 

Hispania ibid. 

Citerior ib. 

Ulterior ib. 

Homonada,  Rrmenah  •  •  153 

Horeb 173 

Huicii,   or  Jugantes,  in- 
habitants of  Warwick" 

sh ire  &  Wo  rcestersh  ire  60 

Hybla 52 

Hyblsei  Colles ibid. 

Hydaspes,  Shantrou»*»*  186 

Hydraotes,  Biah ibid. 

Hydruntum,  OtrantO"*  45 

Hypanis,  or  Bogus,  Bog  89 

Hypata,.JVfo/to£ra 113 

Hyphasis,  Caul 186 

Hyrcania,i/br/Vm,orC0r- 
can 161.183 

Jabadii  Insula,  Sumatra  187 

Jabbok 170 

Jacetani 67 

Janiculum 38,44 

Japygia 42 

Japygium,  or  Salentinum 

Promontorium 45 

lassus,  Assam- Kalasi-  •  •  149 

Jaxartes,  Sir 184 

lazyges 98 

iberia,/mm*#  and  Geor- 
gia   160.179 

Iberus,  Ebro 67 

Icaria,  Nicaria 132 

Icarium  Mare ibid. 

Iceni 59 

Ichnusa,  Sardinia 56 

Iconium,  Konich 153 

Ida- 129,143 

Idalium,  Dalin 134 

Idumea 167.173 

Jebus 166 

Jebusites ibid. 

Jericho 167 

lerne  or  Hibernia  Ireland  62 

Jerusalem 171 

Jcsrael 168 


30 


ANTIKNT    GEOGRAPHY- — INDEX, 


Page 

Ilercaones 68 

Ilerda,  Lerida 67 

Ilergetes •  •  ibid. 

Ilissus 101 

Illyricae  Gentes,  or  Illy- 
ricum,  Albania-" ST.  117.120 

Ilva,  Elba 56 

Imaus  Mons,  Himmel>  •  •  26 
Paropamisus,  Imeia 

JPambada?n"»"  184 

Imbrus,  Imbro 125 

Inachus  93 

India 160.185 

India  intra  Gangem-  •  •  •  160.185 
extra  Gangem*  •  •  •  ib .    ib. 

Indus,  Sind ib.    ib. 

Ingena,  branches 77 

Insubres 29 

Insulae  ^Eolise 55 

Liparseze ib. 

Vulcanise  •  •  • ib. 

Interamna,  Terni 35 

lolchos 114 

lones 92 

Ionia"  •• •  146 

Ionium  Mare 127 

Joppa,  Jafa »•  1(58 

Jordon 166 

los 127 

Jotapata««" 170 

Ipsus 156 

Ira 95 

Iris,  JeMl-Mrmark 140 

Isauria 137.152 

Isca,  Uske 52 

Isca  Damnoniorum,  Chi- 

selborough 58 

Silurum,  Caer  Leon  59 

Ischalis,  Ilchester 58 

Ismenus 106 

Issachar 172 

Issedon * 185 

Issedones ib. 

Issus,  Aisse •••  155 

Istxvones 81 

Ister 88 

Isthmus* •— •  97 

Istisea,  or  Oreus '  127 

Isurium,.  Aldborough  •  •  60 

Itabyrius  Mons,  Tabor  •  169 

Italia  Antiqua,  Italy ••••  27 

ItaliaPropria 28.32 


Page 

Italica 70 

Italus 27 

Ithaca,  Theaki 131 

Ithaguri 185 

Ithagurus,  Mons ib. 

Ithome 95 

Itunse  ^Sstuarium,  Sol- 

ivay  Firth 62 

Iturxa 172 

Jud?ea r 142.159 

Judah- • 171 

Jugantes 61 

Juliobona,  Lillebone  ••••  77 

Juliomagus,  Angers ib. 

Junonis  Promontorium, 

Cafie  Trafalgar 70 

Juvavum,  Saltzbourg-  •  •  86 


Kedron- 

Kison  ......... 

Koptos,  Kyfit 
Kypt 


Labicum 

Lacetani 

Lacmium,    Cafio    della 
Colonna 

Laconia- •  —  ••--•• 

Lactodorum,        Stoney- 

Stratjord***  - 

Lacus  Asphaltites,  or 
Mare  Mortuum, 
Dead  Sea,  or 

Salt   Sea 

Benacus,  Lago  di 

Garda 

Brigantinus,    Lake 
of  Constance*  •  •  • 

Lucrinus - 

Trasimenus,  Lago 

di  Perugia 

Verbanus,      Lago 

Maggiors 

Lxstrigones -.••• 

Laestrigonii  Campi 

Laish  • ••• 

Lamia 

Lamotis,  Lamuzo 

Lampsacus,  Lamsaki-  •  • 

Lamus 

Lancia    Oppidana,    La 
Guarda*  •»*•••- 


167 
169 
204 
200- 

48 
66 

47 
92.93 

64 


166 
32 

86 
40 

34 


32 

52 
5  If 
171 
113- 
157 
142 
154 

70- 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


235 


Page 

Lancia  Transcudana,*  •  • 

Ciudad  Rodrigo 70 

Langobardi,  Lombards'  83 

Lanuvium •••• 49 

Laodicea,  Ladik- 156.161 

Combusta,  La- 

dikie 156 

Lapethus,  Lafieto 134 

Larissa 115 

Larius,  Lago  di  Como**  29.86 

Latini 36 

Latium « • « * 28. 33. 35 

Latmus,  river 149 

Laurentum .•«  •  48 

Lauriacum,  Lorch******  86 

Laurium •  104 

Lebedsea,  Livadia •  107 

Lebedus-.. 146 

Lechajum -  97 

Lectum,  Cajie  Baba****  144 

Legio,  Leon -  67 

Lemnos,  Stalimine 126 

Lemovices,  Limoges* •••  75 

Lemovii  •  • 84 

Leontini,  Lentini 52 

Leptis  Magna,  Lebida-*  195 

Minor,  Lemta***  ib. 

Lerna,  Molini 93 

Leros. -..*..  132 

Lesbos,  Mitylin- 131 

Leucadia Ill 

Leueate. «  «..••• ib.. 

Leuci 78 

Leuctra 105 

Lexovii *•••• 77 

Libanus 174 

Libethrus 107 

Libora,  Talavera 69 

Liburnia,  part  of  Cro- 
atia    87 

Libya 166. 167.197 

Interior «•«  198 

Libyan  Desert 199 

Libyssa,  Gebise •*  138 

Licus,  Lech •  86 

Liger,  Loire 72 

Liguria,  Genoa 55 

Libea 110 

Lilybceum^/arsff /#••••  50.53 

promontory 

of,  Boeo 53.54 

Limonum,  Poteticrs*  —  '  T5 


Lindum,  Lincoln 60 

Lingones 76 

Lipareze  Insulse 55 

Liris,  Garigliana 34.37. 40 

Lissus,  Allessio 87 

Litermim 40 

Locri 100 

Epicnemidii 100.108 

Epi-Zephyrii 47 

Opuntii 100.108 

Ozol^ 108 

Londinmm,  London 58 

Luca,  Lucca 34 

Lucania 27.38. 42. 45 

Luceria,  Luc  era 43 

Lucrinus,  Lacus 40 

Lugdunensis  Prima 76 

Secunda-..   76.77 

Tertia 76 

Quarta,  or 
Senonia»~        ib. 

Lugdunum,  Lyons* ib. 

Batavorum, 

Ley  den*"         80 
Luguvallum,  Carlisle"*         60 

Luna- 34 

Lusitani - 70 

Lusitania,  Portugal  •***    66 .70 

Lutetia,  Paris 77 

Lybian  Mountains 20J» 

Lybicum  Pelagus 134 

Lycaon  .....  — 27 

Lycaonia -137. 157 

Lycaeum •  •  •       103 

Lycaeus 98 

Lychnidus,  jikrida 120 

Lycia ....137.150 

Lycorea 108 

Lycosura 98 

Lyctos,  Lassite 129 

Lycus 179 

169 
136.145 

Lygii ..-       183 

Lyncestje ...*..       120 

Lyrnessus 145 

Lysimachia,  Hexamili—       122 
Lystra 153 

Macedonia,  Roumclia'  >  -91. 1 16 

Macron  Tichos 123 

Madaurus  •••-•* 195 


236 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. INDEX. 


Page 

Madian 174 

Mxander,  Meinder-."  147.15 5 

Masate 61 

Maedi 121 

Msenalus,  Mons 98 

Mseonia 145 

Magdala 170 

MagnaGnecia 28.42 

Magnesia 112.114 

Magnesia  ad  Meandrum  147 

Sipyli ib. 

Magnopolis 40 

Magnum  QstixLm,Hugley  187 
Magnum  Promontorium, 

Cape  of  Romania  •  •••  ib. 
Magnus  Sinus,  Guljih  of 

Siam ib. 

Malaca,  Malaga 69 

Maldwies 187 

Malea,   Cafie  Malio,  or 

St.  Angelo 94. 130 

Maleventum 41 

Malia 112 

Maliacus  Sinus.  Gulfihof 

Zeiton ib. 

Maliarpha,  Maliajiur 187 

Malli 186 

Manasseh 172 

Manduessedum,  Mance- 

ter 60 

Mantinea,near  Trifiolitza  98 
Mantinorum   Oppidum, 

Bastia 55 

Mantua 29 

Maracanda,  Samarcand  184 

Marathon-.. 104 

Marcianopolis 89 

Marcomanni,  Bohemia  ••  82 

Mare  /Egseum 134 

Carpathium ib. 

C  aspiu  m ,  Casfi  i an  •  •  180 

Creticum- ••  134 

Hadriaticum,  Gulfih 

of  Venice 28 

Icarium 134 

Ionium,        Grecian 

Sea 28.134 

Lybicum 134 

Myrtoum 135 

Tyrrhemim 28 

Mareotis,  Mariout 202 


Page 

Mariana 55 

Mariandyni 133 

Marmarica 189.197. 198 

Maronea,  Moragna ...»       122 
Marrubium,  San  Bene- 
detto           42 

MaiTucini ib. 

Marsi 38.41.82 

Marsigni 83 

Marsyas 156.162 

Masius  Mount 179 

Masssesili 190 

Massagetje,Grea?G<?tes  161.185 
Massilia,  Marseilles**-*        74 

Massyli 190 

Matinum 45 

Mattiaci 82 

Mattium,  Marfiurg*-"         ib. 
Mauritama,7Vforocco  and 

Fez 188 

Czesariensis"       190 

Maxima  Cxsariensis* « •         61 

Sequanorum « « «         80 

Mazaca,  Kaisarieh 158 

Media,  Irak  Aj ami 160,182 

Mediolanum,  Myfod> « •  •  59 
Milan  >•-.  29 
E-ureux  •  •  77 

Mediomatrici 78 

Mediterranean,      Great 

Sea 165 

Megalopolis 98 

Megara 99. 1 00 

Megaris 100 

Megiddo 168 

Melanis  Sinus 122 

Melas,  Korah  Sou-  -119.148.158 

Meles 146 

Melita 103 

Melite,  Malta 155. 187 

Melitene,  Malatia •       157 

Melodunum,  Melun*-"         77 

Melos,  Milo 127 

Memnonium,ZTc6oz/....       205 

Memphis 204 

Menapia,  St.  David' 8"         64 

Menapii 80 

Mendes,  Ashmur  Tarafi      202 

Meroe 205 

Messembria,  Miseira"  •       122 
Mesopotamia,  Irak 

Arabia 160.174.176 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


237 


Page 

Messana,  Messini 50 

Messapia,  or  lajiygia  •  •  •  42. 44 

Messne 94 

Messenia 92.95 

Metapontum 46 

Metaurus,  Metro 35 

Methone,  Modon 95 

Lcuterochori  •  117 

Methymna,Po?Yo  Petera  131 

Midea 93 

Miletus 149 

Mincius,  Mincio 29.33 

Minturnae 36 

Minyeia 106 

Misenum 39 

promontory  of  ib. 

Mi  sraim,  Misser 200 

Mitylene .    131 

Moab 171 

Moabitis ib. 

Moeris,  Bathen 204 

Mcesia 88 

Superior ib. 

Inferior ib. 

Mogtmtiacum,  Mentz»»*  80 

Molossia 115 

Mona  Taciti,  Anglesea, 

Island  of  59.64 

C  ae  saris,  Isle  of  Man  64 
Mons  Abnoba,      Black 

Mountain*"  83.85 

Abyla 190 

Algidus 48 

Anchesmus 103 

Arachnoeus 93 

Argaeus,  Argeh 158 

Athos 134 

Atlas 190 

Aventinus 37 

Basanites 206 

Capitolinus  37 

Casius 162.181 

Cithaeron 105 

Ccelius 37 

Cragus 151 

Eryx '..  53 

Esquilinus 37 

Garganus,       Monte 

St.  Angela 44 

Hasmus 121 

Helicon 107 

Hermon 166.169 


MonsHymettus- 
Ida 

Imaus 

M<enalus«..« 
Massicus... 
CEta 


Page 
103 

...        143 
161 
98 
41 

112 

Olympus 112.115.151 

Palantinus 37 

Pangaeus 121 

Parnassus 107 

Pentelicus 104 

Pindus 112 

Quirinalis 38 

Rhodope 120 

Soracte 34 

Viminalis 37 

Vultur 44 

Mopsus,  or   Mopsuestia, 

Mssi 154 

Morini 79 

Mosella,  Moselle 78 

Mulucha,        Molochath, 

Mal-ua 190 

Munda 70 

Munychia 101 

MuriVeteres,Murviedro         68 

Mutina,  Modena 30 

Mycale 147 

Mycenae 93 

M y conns,  Myconi 128 

Mygdonia 117 

Mylae,  Mellazzo 54 

Myndus,  Myndes 149 

Myoshormus 206 

Myra 151 

M  y  rina,  Pa  Icsocastri •  •  • .       126 

Myrtoum  Mare 134 

Mysia 136.142 


Nabathaei 
Naissus, 

Namnetes 

Nar,  JVera  •. 

Narbo,  Nar  bonne 
Narbonensis 


174 
89 
77 
35 
75 
73 
Secunda-..  73.74 

Narisci 83 

Narnia. 35 

Nasamones  • 197 

Naulochus « • 54 

Naupactus,  Rnebect,  or 

Is.jianto 109 


23S 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. INDEX. 


Page 

Nauplia,  JVafioli 93 

Naxos,  JVajcia 128 

Nazareth 169 

Naxianus 157 

Nezethes,  Neto 47 

Neapolis,  JVafiles 38 

Nebo 170 

Neda 98 

Nemausus,  JVis?nes 73 

Nemea 93 

Nemetacum,    Aras     or 

Atrecht 79 

Nemetes 80 

Neo-C3esarea,JWX:*ar'«-  141 

Neodunum,  Jab  tins 77 

Neomagus,  or  Novioma- 

gus,  Woodcote 58 

Nephtali *  172 

Neritos Ill 

Nervii 79 

Nessus,  or  Mesius,Mesto  121 

Nicaea,  Isnik 137 

Nicomedia,  Isneikmid"  138 

Nicopolis *•-.  88.115 

Nicopolis,  Aboukir 202 

Nicopolis,  or  Tephrice, 

Devriki 158 

Niger,  or  Gir 206 

Nigritse,  J\regroland,  or 

Nigritia 201 

Nile 201.202 

Bahrel  Abiad 206 

Ninus,  or  Nineveh 182 

Niphates,  Ararat 179 

Nisaea,  New 183 

Nisibis,  Nisbon 177 

Nisynis,  JVisiri 132 

Nola • 29 

Nomentum 48 

Norba  Cassarea,  Alcan- 
tara    70 

Noricum.  •  • 21.85.86 

Novantas,  in  Galloway, 
Carricky    Kyle,     and 

Cunningham 61 

Novem  Populana 76 

Noviodunum,  or  Nevir- 

num,  JVevers 77 

Noviomagus,  Lizicux-  •  ib. 

Nimeguen  80 

Sfiirea*-*  ib. 

Novus,  Hetcn-JVoiu 158 


Nubae  Memnones  .......      206 


Nuceira,  JVbcera  .. 
Numantia 
Numidia,  Algiers 
Nursia,  JVbrsta 
Nymphseum 
Nysaea 


.         35 

67 

189  .190 
35 
119 
100 


Nyssa,  JVous-sher  ......  157 

Oasis  ...................  198 

of  Siwah  ..........  199 

Magna,  El-Wah»  204 

Ocriculum  ..............  35 

Ocrinum,  Lizard  Point  58 

Odrysse  .................  121 

CEa,  Tripoli  ............  195 

(Eniada  ................  Ill 

CEnotria  ................  27 

CEnus,  Inn  .............  86 

OEta  ....................  112.113 

Olbia  ...................  56 

Olearos,    or  Antiparos, 

Antifiaro  ............  128 

Olisippo,  Lisbon  ........  70 

Olives,  Mount  of.  .......  166 

Olympena  ..............  137 

Olympia,  Antilalla  .....  95 

Olympus  ..........  112.115.137 

Lycian  ........  151 

Olynthus  ................  118 

Ombos  .................  204 

Onchestus  .............  106.113 

Onion  ..................  203 

Ophir,  Sofala  .........  207 

Ophis  .................  136.140 

Ophiusa,  Fromentera*  •  •  71 

Opus  .........  •  .........  109 

Orchomenus  ............  97.  106 

Ordo  vices,  inhabitants  of 
the  counties  of  Mont- 
gomery,    Carnarvon, 

Denbigh,  and  Flint"  •    59 

Orestx...  ...............  117 

Orestis  ..................  115 

Orestias  ................  124 

Oreta.m,fieo/ile  about  La 

Mancha  ..............  6R 

Oretani,  Lancha  .......  ib. 

Oreus,  Orio  ............  123 

Oricum  .......  •«•  ......  316 

Oriens  ..................  129 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. INDEX. 


232* 


Ormus,  Ormuz- 

Orontes 

Oropus,  Orofio* 
Orouros,  Gorur* 

Ortygia 

Osi 

Osismii 

Osroene  •  ••' 

Oss- 


Page 

...         181 
...       162 
105 

...       163 
...52.127 
83 
78 

...       176 
...       115 

Ostia 35.48 

Otadeni,/zeo/j/<?  of  North- 
umber  land,  Merse,  and 

Teviot-dale 60 

Oxiana,  Termid 183 

Oxus,   Gihon ib. 

Oxydracse 186 

Oxynia,  Joannini .......       1 15 

Pachynum,  PassarO"50.53.S4> 

Pactolus 148 

Padus,  Po 31 

Pjeonia 137 

Pxstum,Pesti 45 

Pxti 121 

Pagasre 114 

Palasstina,  Palestine,  or 

Holy  Land 159 

Palsetyros  .  •  •  •  • 164 

Palantinus,  Mons 37 

Palatium 38 

Palentia 67 

Palestine 164 

Palibothra,    Patna,    or 

Allahabad 186 

Palma 70 

Palmyra,  or  Tadamora, 

Tadmor 163 

Palus  Acherusia 116 

L,ibya,El-Loudeah  214 
Mseotis,      Sea      of 

Azojih 89.160 

Sirbonis,     Sebakel 

Bardoil 202 

Tritonis,  Tazooun  194 

Pamphylia 137.148 

Pandataria ••••  35 

Paneas 169 

Pangzsus 121 

Pannonia  Inferior,  Scla- 

-uonia  • 87 

Superior,  Hun- 
gary ••••»•.»  ib. 


Pagf 

Panormus,  Palermo**"  53 
Panormo""  116 
Panticapaeum,  or  Bospo- 
rus, Kerche 90 

Paphlagonia 136 

Paphos,  Bafiha 133 

Limmeson  Antica  ib. 

Pappua,  Edoug 191 

Parzetonium,     Al-Bare- 

toun 197 

Paras,  Pars 180 

Parasopias 105 

Parisi,  Holdemess 60 

Parisii 77 

Parma 30 

Parnassus 107 

Panics 103 

Pares,  Paro 128 

Parrhasii 198 

Paropamisus 182.184.185 

Parthenius,  Partheni'  ••  137 

Parthenope 38 

Parthia 160 

Parthians 183 

Parthiene 182 

Parva    Scythia,     Little 

Tartary  90 

Pasargada,  Pasa  Kuri"  180 

Pasitigris,  Shatal-Arab*  175 

Patavium,  Padua 29 

Patara,  Patera 150 

Pathmos 132 

Patrze,  Patras 96 

Pax  Julia,  Beja 70 

Pekin 184 

Pelagonia 117 

Pelasgi 92 

Pelasgia id. 

Pelasgiotis 112 

Pelendones 67 

Peligni 42 

Pelion 115 

Pella,  Palatiza 118 

Pellene 96 

Peloponnese,  Morea^--  92 

Pelops ib, 

Pelorum,  Cape  Faro  •  -50. 53. 54 
Pelusiotic,M>w^  of  the  J\i"ile,202 

Pelusium,  Tireh ib, 

Pcltac,  Uschah 155 

Pend-Jab 186 

Pcneus,  Sdlamfiria  ....  95, 115 


240 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX, 


Page 

64 

Pentapolis 197 

Peparethus,  Pifieri  and 

Palagrisi 126 

Persea 163.169 

Percote 142 

Perga,  Kara-hisan  ....  151 

Pergamus,  Bergamo  .  .  .  144 

Perinthus 122 

Permessus 107 

Perrhxbia 112 

Persepolis,  Tshel-minar  180 

Persia 160.179 

Persian  Gulph 174 

Perusia,  Perugia 34 

Pessimis 139 

Petilia 46 

Petra,  Shadman 184 

Petrocorii,  Perigueux  .  75 

Peucetia .  43 

Peucini 89 

Phaacia 131 

Phalerum 101 

Phalerus ib. 

Pharos 201 

Pharsalia 115 

Phaselis,  Fionda 151 

Phasiana 179 

Phasis,  Fasz.Rione.  .  175.183 

Phatniticum  Ostium .  .  .  202 

Phaziana,  Fezzan  ....  195 

Pheneos,  Phonia 99 

Pherse,  Pheres Ill 

Philadelphia,  Allah  Slier  149 

PhilxnorumAraj 196 

Philippi 121 

Philippopolis 123 

Philistsea 166 

Philistsei 165 

Philistines 171 

Phlegra,  or  Pallene  ....  118 

Philus,  Stafihlica 96 

Phocaea,  Fochia "  143 

Phocis 99.107 

Phoenicia 159.164 

Pholegandros,/>o//c#?zfl?ro  127 

Phrygia 155 

Major ib. 

Minor ib. 

Phthiotis 112 

Phycus    Promontorium, 

Cafie  Rasat .......  198 


Phyla 104 

Picenum 28, 33 

Pictones,  or  Pictavi  . .  ,  75 

Pieria 117 

Pinarius,  Deli- Sou  ....  -154 

Pindenissus 162 

Pindus 112 

Pirams,  Porto-Leone  .  .  101 

Pisa 33.95 

Pisatis 95 

Pisaurum,  Pesaro  ....  34 

Pisidia 137.151 

Pitane 144 

Pithecusa,    or    /Enaria, 

Ischia 39 

Pityusse,  Pine  Islands  .  .  70 

Placentia,  Placenza  ...  20 

Plain  ofEsdrelon  ....  169 

Plataea 105 

Plemmyrium 52 

Polemonium,  Vatija  •  •  .  140 

Pompeii 41 

Pompeiopolis 153 

Pompelo,  Pamfieluna  •  67 
Pons    j^Elii,    Newcastle 

ufion  Tyne  •  -  62 

Milvius 47 

Trajani 88 

Pontia,  Ponza 35 

Pontinae    Paludes,   Pon- 

tine  Marshes ib. 

Pontus 136.140 

Pontus  Exuinus,   Black 

Sea 90.123.136 

Port  of  Calle,  Portugal  67 

Portus  Augusti 48 

Itius,  Witsand  •  •  58.79 

Lemanis 58 

Magonis,        Port 

Mahon 70 

Posidonia 45 

Potidxa 118 

Potnia:  .  •  * 106 

Prxneste,  Palestrina  •  •  36 

Priene 147 

Prochyta,  Procida  ....  40 

Proconnesus,  Marmora  .  122 
Promontorium    Aermae- 

um,  Cafie  Bon 191 

Promontorium  Sacrum  .  151 
Propontis,  White  Sea,  or 

Sea  of  Marmora  ....  122 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHF. — INDEX. 


341 


Page 

Prophthasia,  Zarang*  •  •  182 

Prusa,  Bursa  ..........  •  138 

Psophis  .................  98 

Psylli  ...................  196 

Psyra,  Ifisara  ..........  132 

Ptolemais,  Tolemata--.  197 

Aco,  Acre-  •  •  •  182 

Hermii,  Girge  204 

Pura,  Fohrea  ...........  182 

Puteoli,  Pouzzola  ......  39 

Pydna  ..................  117 

Pylx  Albanix,  orCaspix 

Derbend..*.  180 

Caucasix  ........  ib. 

Cilicicx  .........  154 

Cyrix  ...........  ib. 

Pylos,  Gerenian  ........  95 

Messenian  .......  94 

Triphylian  ......  95 

Pyrrha  .................  107 

Pytho  ...................  114 

Quadi,    inhabitants   of 

Moravia  .............  183 

Quirinalis  Collis  ........  37 


Rabbath  Ammon,  or  Phi- 

ladelphia, Amman">"> 

Rabbath    Moab,   Maab 


Rags,  or  Rages,  Rei*" 

Ramoth,  or  Ramoth  Gi- 
lead  .................. 

Ratx,  Leicester  ......... 

Ratiaria  ................ 

Ravenna  ................ 

Raudii  Campi  .......... 

Rauraci  ................. 

Reate,  Reati  ........... 

Red  Sea  ............... 

Regillus  Lacus  .......... 

Regm,inhabitants  of  Sur- 
rey, Sussex,  andfiart 
of  Hampshire  ........ 

Remi  ................... 

Resapha  ................ 

Reuben  ................. 

Rha,  Volga  ............. 

Rhastia  ................. 

Rhamnus  ............... 

Rhamnusia  •  •  ........... 

Rhedones  ..............  . 


171 

ib. 
182 

170 
59 
88 

30.32 
29 
80 

34 
174 
148 


58 

79 
163 
172 

90 

31.86 
104 

ib. 

77 


Page 

Rhegium,  Regio 46 

Rhenea 128 

Rhenus,  Rhine 79 

Rheon 179 

Rhinocorura,  El-Arish  199.202 

Rhium 96.109 

Rhoetxum 143 

Rhodanus,  Rhone 73 

Rhodope 120 

Rhodus,  Rhodes •  132 

Rhyndacus 137.141 

Riduna,  Alderney 77 

Roma,  Rome 33.37 

Roscianum,  Rosano  ••••  46 

Rotomagus,  Rouen  ••••.  77 

Roxolani 89 

Rubico,  Fiumesino 32 

Rudix 44 

Rugii,  Rugenwald 83 

Ruteni 75 

Rutupix,    Richborough  57 

Sabxi,  Yemen 174 

Sabini 33.38 

Sabrata,  Sabart 195 

Sacx,  Saketa 161.184 

Sacrum  Promontorium, 

Cajie  St.  Vincent 70 

Sagrus,  Sangro 42 

Saguntum,  Murviedro  •  70 

Sail,  or  Essui,  Seez 97 

Sais,  Sa 201 

Salamis,  Colouri 101.132 

Sale,  Sallee 189 

Salentini  •  •  •  • 44 

Salernum,  Salerno 35 

Salmantica,  Salamanca •  66.69 

Salmydessus 124 

Salona,  Sfialatro 87 

Saltus    Teutobergiensis, 
Bishofiric  of  Pader- 

born 82 

Salyes 74 

Samarobriva,  Amiens  •  •  79 

Samaria,  Sebaste •  159,165 

Samarus,  Somme 78 

Same 130 

Samnium 28.33 

Samonium,  Salmone-"-  129 

Samos 132 

Samosata,  Semisat 16.1 

Samothrace,  Sa  m  o  tfi  ra  In  i  ?  ? 


31 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


Page 

Sana 118 

Sangarius,   or  Sangaris, 

Sakaria 138 

Santones,  people  of  San- 
to gne  and  City  of  Saints  75 

Sardica 89 

Sardinia 55.56 

Sardis,  Sart 148 

Serepta 164 

Sarmatae 84 

Sarmatia,   Russia  ....  25. 84. 89 

Asiatica....  160.179 

Sarniizegethusa,  Gradisca  89 

Sarnia,  Guernsey 77 

Sarrhum,  or  Serrhium, 

Castro  Saras*** 121 

Sarus,  Seihoun 154 

Satala,  Arzingan 158 

Saturnia 127 

Sauromatse 84 

Savus,  Saave 87 

Saxones 83 

Scalabis,  St.  Irene,  now 

Santarem 70 

Scaldis,  Scheldt 79 

Scamander 143 

Scandinavia,      Prussia, 

Sweden,Denmark  and 

Norway 25,84 

Scapta-hyla,  or  Scapte- 

sula,  Skepsilar 121 

Scepsis 143 

Sciathos 126 

Scillus 95 

Scodra,  Scutari •  •  87 

Scopelos 126 

Scordisci 88 

Scylacium,  Sguillaci»»»*  46 

Scylla 50 

Scyros,  Skyro 127 

Scythx 77 

Scythia- 25.84.161.184 

intra  Imaum 25. 184 

extra  Imaum id.  id. 

Sea  of  Tiberias,  or  Lake 

of  Genesareth 165 

Sebaste,  Sivaa 158 

Se  benny  tic  Mouth  of  the 

^  Nile 102 

Sebennytus,  Semenud  •  •  ib. 
Segedenum,       Cousin's 

House Cl 


Segeste,  Egeste  ......... 

Segodonum,  Rodez  •••• 

Segontium,    Carnarvon 
Segobriga,  Segorbe  •  • 
Selucia,  Ctesiphon,  Al 
Modain  •••• 

Trachea... 


Selga  ................... 

Selgovrc,  in  Eskdale,An- 

nandale,andNithisdale 

Selinus,  Selena  ......... 

Sellasia  ................. 

Selymbria,  Selibria  ««•. 
Semnones  .............. 

Sena,  Siena  ........  ..... 

Sena,  Sain  .............. 


53 
75 
59 
67 

175 
153 
162 
152 

60 

53.152 
94 
122 
83 
34 
78 
Sena  Gallia,  Senigaglia  33. 35 

Senones 33.76 

Senonia 76 

Sepias,  Cape  of  St.  George      114 
Sepphoris,  or  Dio  Cscsa- 

rea,  Sefouri 167 

Sequana,  Seine 72 

Sequani 80 

Sera,  Kan-tchon 185 

Serica,    North   Western 

part  of  China 

Getc,  or  Eygur 

26.137,184 

Seriphus,  Serpho 127 

Serus,  Menan 185 

Sestos,  Zermenic 121 

Sheji-si »• 

Sicambri 

Sicani 

Sicania 

Sicca 

Sichem,  Neapolis,  Nab- 

lous 

Sicilian 

Sicinos 


184 
82 
50 
ib. 

194 

168 
50 

127 
50 
96 
ib. 

151 

165 


Sicyon,  Basilico 

Sicyonia 

Side 

Sidon,  Sayda-** 

Sierra  Leone  ...........       208 

Siga  ...........  •  ........       190 

Sigacum,  Cape  Inei-Hi- 

sari  ..................       143 

Silrmis,  or  Silaro  ......  »         46 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


243 


Page 

SiluYesjnhabitants  of  the 
counties  of  Hereford, 
Monmouth,   Radnor, 
Brecon,  and  Glamorgan         59 
Simsethus,  Giaretta  ••••         51 
Simeni,    Cenimagni,   or 
Iceni,    inhabitants   of 
the  counties  of  JVor- 
folk,    Suffolk,    Cam- 
bridge,&  Huntingdon        59 

Simeon 171 

Simois 144 

Sinas,  Cochin-  China 26. 160 

184.186 
Shensi""       184 

Sinai,  Mount 173 

Singara,  Singar 177 

Singidunum,  Belgrade-  •         88 

Singas 106 

Sinope,  Sinub 90.139 

Sintica .« 117 

Sinuessa 41 

Sinus  ^lanites '    174 

Ambracius Ill 

Arabicus 135.173 

Argolicus 93 

Casalus 55 

Ceramicus 149 

Codanus,    part    of 

the  Baltic 84 

Corinthiacus, 

Gulph  of  JLepan- 

to 92.96.104 

117.108 
Crissxus,  Gulph  of 

Salona 107.108 

Cyparissius 95 

Doridis 149 

Gallicus 73 

Gangeticus,  Bay  of 

Bengal 187 

Hadriaticus 29 

Hcrmionicus 93 

Heroopolites, 

Gulph  of  Suez  •  •  174. 206 

lassius 149 

Laconicus,  Gulph  of 

Colykythia 94 

Maliacus,  Gulph  of 

Zieton 108.109 

Messeniacus,  Gulph 
ofCoron 94 


Page 

Opuntius lor 

Pegasius,  or  Pelas- 
gicus,    Gulph  of 

Fo/o 113 

Persicus 159 

Plinthinethes, 

'  Arabs  Gulph-*».  201 

Psestanus 40 

Saronicus 93.97.101 

Singiticus,  Gulph  of 

Monte  Santo 119 

Strymonicus 1 17, 1 19 

Tergestinus 29 

Thermaicus, 

Gulph    of  Salo- 

niki 117.;118 

Toronseus,  Gulph  of 

Cassandria 118 

Sion,  Mount 166 

Siphnus,  Siphanto 127 

Sipontum,  Manfredonia        43 

Sipylus 148 

Sirbonis  Palus,    Sebaltet 

Bardoii 202 

Sirmium,  Sirmia 87 

Sithonia 119 

Sittianorum        Colonia, 

Constantina 191 

Sminthium »•••  144 

Smyrna,  Ismur 146 

Smyrnxus,  Sinus ib. 

Socinos  and  los,  Sikino 

and  Mo 127 

Sogdi,  Bukor 187 

Sogdiana,  Al-Sogd 161.184 

Soli,  Splia 13S.15S 

Solymi 153 

Sophene,  Zoph 179 

Soracte 34 

Sotiates 76 

Sozopolis,  Sizeboli 124 

Sparta,  or  Lacedrcmon, 

near  Misitra 94 

Spartianus  Campus 69 

Spefchius 113 

Sphacteria 95 

Spoletium,  Spoleto 137 

Sporades 132 

Stabisc 41 

Stagyra,  Stauros 119 

Stobi 120 

Stratonicca,  Eski-lShehr  150 


244 


ANTIENT    GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


Page 

Strophades,  Strivali •***  130 

Strymon 119.120 

Stymphalus 97 

Suastus •  •  186 

Sucro,  Xucar 68 

Suessa        Auruncorum, 

Sezza 40 

Suessiones 79 

Suevi 81 

Suindunum,  Mans 77 

Sulmo,  Suhnona 42 

Sunium,  Cabo  Colonni  ••  104 

Susa,  or  Susan,  Suster*  •  180 

Susiana 160.180 

Sybaris  or  Thurium  «...  46 

Sybaris id. 

Syene,  Assouan 106 

Synnada 156 

Syracusse,  Syracusa ...»  52 

Syria 159.161 

Syro-Phoenicia..-. 172 

Syros,  Syra 127 

Syrtis  Minor,  Gul}ih  of 

Cabes 189.195 

Major,    Gulph    of 
Sidra ib.ib. 

Tabor,  or  Itabyrius 169 

Tabraca,  Tabarca 192 

Tacape,  Cades-  •  • 195 

Tm\2.Y\\s)Cafie  Matapan  94 

Tageste,  Tajelt 194 

Tagus,  Tago 70 

Taliatis 88 

Tamari  Qstia+Plymouth 

Sound 58 

Tamiatliis,  Damiata***  208 

Tanais,  Don 90 

Tanagra 105 

Tanis,  or  Zoan,  San***»  202 

Tanitic  Mouth  of  the  Nik  ibid 

Taprobane,  Ceylon 187 

Tarentum,  Tarento  ••••  45 

Tarquinii 34 

Tarraco,  Tarragona*  ••  67 

Tarraconensis 66 

Tarsus,  Tarsous 154 

Tartessus 70 

Taruenna,  Terouenne**  79 

Tatta  Palu s,  Tuzla  ****  157 

Tauri 90 

Taurini,  Piedmontesc  •  *  28 


Page 

Tauromenium  Taormmo  5 1 

Taurus,  Mons 151. 154 

Taxila 186 

Teanum ,  Tiano 40 

TechesorTesqua,7>M  141 

Tectosages 140 

Tegea,  P/a/i 98 

Teleboides,  Megalo-nisi  111 

Telmissus,  Maori 150 

Telo  Martius,  Toulon*  •  74 

Telos,  Piacojiia .........  132 

Temenites 52 

Tempe 115 

Tencteri 82 

Tenedos 144 

Tenos,  Tine 127 

Tentyra,  Dendera 204 

Teos 146 

Termessus 152 

Tergeste,  Trieste 29 

Tetrapolis 110 

Teutones 83 

Thapsacus,  El-Der  ••••  163 

Thapsus,  JDemsas 194 

Thasos,  Thafiso 125 

Thaumaci,  Thaumaco**  113 

Thebais 200 

Thebes,  Boeotian 106 

Egyptian 204 

Hypoplacian  •  •  144 

Phthiotic 113 

Themiscyra 141 

Themisonium,  Teseni**  156 

Theopolis 161 

Thera,  Santorin 127 

Therapne 94 

Therma,or  Thessalonica 

SaloniJd 108 

Thermx  Selinuntix  ....  53 

Thermodon,  Terme '  141 

Thermopylae 109 

Thermus Ill 

Thespia,  JVeocorio ......  107 

Thesprotia 115 

Thessalia 100.112 

Thessaliotis 112 

Thracia... 120 

Thracian  Bosphorus, 
Channel  of  Constan- 
tinople   123 

Thria 104 

Thriasius  Campus ib . 


JLNTIENT   GEOOnAPHT. — INDEX. 


245 


Thronium 109 

Thurifera  regio 174 

Thyamis 116 

Thyatira,  Ak-hisar 148 

Thymbrium,  Tshakldu  156 

Thyni 124.137.138 

Thynias,  Tiniada 124 

Tiberias 169 

Sea  of 165.169 

Tiberis,  Tiber 33.34 

Tibulx 56 

Tibur,  Ti-voli 37 

Ticinum,  Pavia 29 

Ticinus,  Tesino 29.31 

Tigranocerta 179 

Tigris 160.176. 182 

Timavus 29 

Tingis,  Old  Tangier-  ••  190 

Tingitana ib. 

Titaresius 115 

Tithorea 108 

Timolus,  Bo  ur-Dag*  •  •  •  148 

Toletum,  Toledo 68 

Tolosa,  Toulouse 74 

TomiyTomeswar,  or  Baba  89 

Tonsus,  Tonza 124 

Torone,  Toron 116-119 

Toxandri  ..............        80 

Trachinia  Heraclea  •  •  •  •       112 

Trachis,  or  Trachinia, 

Zeiton id.. 

Trachonitis 170 

Tralles,  Sultan  Hissar  •  148 
Trapezus,  Trebinond»  •  •  141 

Treba 34 

Trebia 30.32 

Tretum,  Sebda-JRuz-*  •  •  190 

Treveri,  Treves 78.79 

Triballi 88 

Triboci 80 

Tricasses 77 

Tricca,  Tricala 115 

Tridentum,  Trent 86 

Trinacria 50 

Trinobantes,  people  of 

Essex,  Middlesex  and 

part  of  Surrey 58 

Triopium,  Cape  Crio  •  •  150 

Triphylia 95 

Tripolis,  Taraboli,  or 

Trifioli  163.189.195 

Tritxa,  Trite 96 


Pagi 

Troad  ..................  142 

Troas  ..................  137,142 

Troezen,  Trcezene,  Da- 

mala  .................  93 

Troglodytae  .............  206 

Troja,  or  Ilium,  Bounar- 

bachi  .................  142 

Tsin  ....................  184 

Tunetum,  Tunis  ........  193 

Tungri,  Tongres  .......  78 

Tunnocelum,  Boulness*  61 

Turdetani,  Seville  ......  68 

Turduli,  Cordova  ......  ib. 

Turicum,  Zurich  ........  80 

Turkistan  ..............  184 

Turnacum,  Tournay***  80 

Turones  ................  77 

Turris  Hannibalis,  Mah- 

dia  ....................  194 

Turn  s  Stratonis  .....  ...  1  67 

Tusculum,  Frascati*"*  36 

Tyana   .................  157 

Tyche  ..................  52 

Tolos,  Bahrain*  ........  174 

Tyndaris  ...............  54 

Tyrins,  or  Tyrinthus...  93 

Tyros,  Sur  .............  165 

Tyrrheni  ...............  23 


Vacca,  Veja  ............ 

Vaccad  ................. 

Vahalis,  Waal*  ......... 

Valaques  .............  •-»• 

Valentia  -------  ............ 

Val  lum  Antonini  ........ 

Vandalitia,  Andalusia*  • 
Vangiones  .............. 

Yarini,    inhabitants     of 
Mecklenburgh  ........ 

Varus,  Var  ............. 

Vascones,  people  ofJVa- 


Ubii  .................... 

Vectis,  Isle  of  Wight-  •• 
Veientes  ................ 

Veii  ..................... 

Velia  .................... 

Velocasses  .............. 

Venafrum,   Venafro  •••• 

Vendili,  Vandals  ........ 

Vencdi,    inhabitants  of 
jiart  of  Lavonia  ...... 


192 

66 

80 

111 

61.67 

60 

68 

80 

81 

28.31 

67 
79 

58.64 
39 

33.48 
46 
77 
40 
83 

89 


' 


246 


ANTIENT   GEOGRAPHY. — INDEX. 


Page 

Venete  29.78.139 

Vennones,  Valteline 

86 

Venta  Belgarum,   Win- 

58 

Icenorum  Caister 

59 

Silurum,       Caer 

Givent  

id. 

43 

Verbanus  Lacus,  Lago 

Maggiore  
Verodunenses  

32 
78 

Verodunum,  Verdun**** 

ib. 

Veromandui,  Vermandois 

79 

29.32 

Verulamium,    near    St. 

59 

Vesontio,  Bezancon  

80 

42 

Vesuna,  La  Visone  •••- 

75 

40 

Vettones,  JEslramadura 

69 

47 

49 

Aurelia  

47 

Cassia  

**, 

Claudia  

ib. 

ib. 

ib. 

Latina  

ib. 

48 

47 

48 

ib. 

47 

**. 

Tiburtina  

ib. 

48 

Viadms,  Oder  

83 

77 

Viducasses  

ib 

Vienna,  Vienne  in  Dau- 

74 

Viennensis 

Viminalis  Collis 

Viminiacum 

Vindobona,  Vienna 

Vindelicia 

Vindo,  Wartach 

Vistula 

Visurgis,  Weser 

Uliarus,  Isle  ofOleron*  • 

UlpiaTrajani 

Umbria  •••. 

Vocontii •  ••• 

Volaterrse,  Volaterra*  •  • 

Volcse,  Arecomici 

Tectosages*"* 

Volsci 

Volsinii,  Bolsena 

Vorganium,  Karhez 

Uranium 

Uriconium,  Wroxeter** 

Usipii,  Angria 

Utica 

Vulturnus,  Vultumo**»» 
Uxantis  Insulae,  Ushant 

Uxela,  Exeter 

Uxelodunum 

Xanthus,  Eksenide 


Zabata,  Zab 

Zabulon 

Zacynthus,  Zante 

Zama 

Zancle- 

Zarangse,  or  Drangas«- 
Zariaspa  Bactra,  Balk* 

Zele 

Zeleia 

Zephyrium 

Zeugitana 

Zeugma 

Zingis,  Zanguebar 


Page 

73.74 

37 

88 

87 

31.86 
86 
83 
82 
75 
89 

•28.32 
74 
33 
73 
ib. 
39 
34 
78 
55 
60 
82 
192 
40 
78 
58 
75 

151 

181 
172 
130 
195 

50 
183 
184 
140 
144 

47 
194 
176 
207 


THE  EN1). 


247 


QUESTIONS 
FOR  EXAMINATION  OF  STUDENTS 

ON  THE  MAPS  ACCOMPANYING 

BUTLER'S   ANTIENT  GEOGRAPHY. 


ORBIS  VETERIBUS  NOTUS. 
PLATE  I. 


HOW  many  divisions  of  the  world  were  known  to  the  Antient 
Greeks  and  Romans? 

What  part  of  Europe  was  known  to  them ?  Of  Asia?  Of  Africa? 

How  is  Europe  bounded  on  plate  I,? 

In  what  part  of  it  is  Scandinavia?  Finningia?  Sarmatia?  Ger- 
mania?  Dacia?  Moesia?  Gallia?  Hispania?  Italia?  Macedonia? 
Grsecia?  Thracia?  Britannia?  Hibernia? 

Where  is  Sinus  Codanus?  Gangeticus?  Persicus?  Arabicus? 
Mare  Pigrum?  Atlanticum?  Internum?  Hadriaticum?  Caspium? 
,/Egxum?  Erythrseum?  Pontus  Euxinus?  Rhcetia?  Danubius  Flu- 
vius?  Rhenus?  Vistula?  Tanais? 

What  are  the  southern  and  western  boundaries  of  Asia? 

In  what  part  of  it  is  Asia  Minor?  Arabia?  Scythia?  India  intra 
Gangem?  India  extra  Gangem?  Carmania?  Media?  Syria?  Persis? 
Assyria?  Mesopotamia?  Bactriana?  Sogdiana?  Dachanabides? 
Aurea  Chersonesus?  Sinse?  Armenia?  Imaus  Montes?  Annibi 
Montes?  Hyperboraei?  Taurus?  Caucasus?  Indus  Fluvius?  Ganges? 
Tigris?  Euphrates?  Oxus? 
32 


248  QUESTIONS 

In  what  part  of  Africa  is  ^Egyptus?  Troglodytica?  Libya?  G«e- 
tulia?  Ethiopia?  Garamantes?  Mauretania?  Numidia?  Nasamo- 
nes?  Atlas  M.?  Mandrus  M,?  Lunae  M.?  Caphas  M.?  Niger, 
River?  Nilus?  Daradus? 

BRITANNIA  ANTIQUA. 
PLATE  II. 

How  is  the  island  of  Britain  bounded? 

In  what  part  of  it  is  Britannia  Prima?  Secunda?  Flavia  C<esari- 
ensis?  Maxima  Czesariensis?  Valenti?  Vespasiana? 

Where  is  Londinum?Durovernum?Cantii?  Regni?  Belgas?  Duro- 
triges?  Dunium?  Dumnonii?  Cimbri?  Astrebatii?  Tamesis  ./Est? 
Sabrina  ^Est?  Fretum  Britannicum?  Oceanus  Brit.?  Tamesis  Fl.? 
In  what  part  Brit.  Secunda  were  the  Silures?  The  Ordovices?  Se- 
gontium?  The  Gangani?  The  Deva  FL?  Sabrina,  Fl.  ? 

In  what  part  of  Flavia  Csesariensis  were  the  Trinobantes?  Ceni- 
magni?  Simeni?  Coritani?  Cornivii?  Huicii?  Verulamium?  Gle- 
vium?  Venta?  Trivona  Fluv.?  Metaris  ^Est?  Abus  Fl.?  Aufona, 
Fl.? 

In  what  part  of  Maxima  Csesariensis  were  the  Votauntii?  Bri- 
gantes?  Voluntii?  Parisi?  Eboracum?  Longovicum?  Tina,  FL? 
Itunze  ^Est?  Moricambe  ^Est?  Tisa  Fl?  Vedra  Fl?  Alpes  Pennas 
Montes? 

In  what  part  of  Valentia  were  the  Damnii?  The  Gadeni?  Sel- 
gavai?  Novantse?  Lindum?  Coria?  Novantum  Chersonesus?  Bodo- 
tria  ^st?  Glotta  ^Est?  Vallum  Severinum?  Vallum  Antonini? 

In  what  part  of  Vespasiana  were  the  Albani?  The  Horestii? 
The  Epidii?  Tavus  Aest? 

Where  is  the  island  Mona  or  Monoeda?  Vectis?  Glotta?  Epi- 
dia?  Cassiterides?  What  Island  West  of  Britain? 


HISPANIA  ANTIQUA. 
PLATE  III. 

How  was  antient  Spain  bounded? 

Into  what  three  districts  was  it  divided?' 

HovrvrasTarransonensis bounded?  Lusitania?  Baetica? 


QUESTIONS.  249 

In  what  part  of  Tarraconensis  were  the  Grovii?  Artabri?  Pae- 
sici?  Cantabri?  Varduli?  Astures?  Vascones?  laccetani?  Cere- 
tani?  Indigetes?  Laletani?  Cosetani?  Ilercaones?  Contestani? 
Celtiberi?  Oretani?  Carpetani?  Arevaci?  Orospeda?  M.?  Idu- 
bedaM.?  Durius  FL?  IberusFl.?  TuriaFl.?  Sucro  Fl.?  Ta- 
gus  Fl.  ? 

Where  is  Carthago  Nova?  Scipionis  Monumentum?  Valeria? 
Saguntum?  Valentia?  Tarraco?  Carthago  Vetus?  Segovia?  Man- 
tua? Complutum?  Numantia?  Asturum? 

In  what  part  of  Bsetica  were  the  Poem?  Bastuli?  Turdetani? 
Turduli?  BoetisFl.?  MarianusMons?  Corduba?  Abdera?  Calpe? 
Gades?  Herculis  Tempi?  Bselon?  Junonis  Pr.  ? 

In  what  part  of  Lusitania  were  the  Celtici?  Vettones?  Lusita- 
ni?  Bxturia?  Cuneus?  Herminius  Mons?  Tagus  FL?  Olisipo? 
Anas  Fl.  ?  Portus  Hannibalis?  Munda  Fl,  ?  Burdova?  Pax  Julia? 
Magnum  Pr.  ?  Ebora?  Arsa?  Lama?  Norba  Csesarea? 

What  mountains  are  North  of  Spain? 

What  mountains  in  the  North  part  of  Tarraconesnis?  In  the 
South?  In  Bcetica?  In  Lusitania? 

What  Islands  east  of  Spain? 

What^s  the  name  of  the  Northern  one— the  Southern—the  mid- 
dle one? 
H 

• 

GALLIA  ANTIQUA. 
PLATE  IV. 

Give  the  boundaries  of  Gaul.  Into  what  districts  is  it  divided?  In 
what  part  of  it  is  Belgica?  Lugdunensis?  Aquitania?  Narbonensis? 

In  what  part  of  Belgica  is  Germania  Prima?  Secunda?  The  Ba- 
tavi?  Menapii?  Sequani,  Helvetii  and  Ambarii?  Atrebates,  Ambi- 
ani,  VeromanduiandBellovaci?  Nervii,  Condrusi,  Treveri,Medio- 
matrici,  &c. 

What  river  was  the  N.  E.  boundary  of  Belgica? 

What  Lake  and  River  South  of  Belgica? 

What  River  West  of  the  Ambarii? 

In  what  part  of  Gallia  Lugdunensis  is  Lugdunensis  Prima?  Se- 
cunda? Tertia?  Quarta? 

Where  is  Parian  Tricassei?  Liger  Fl. 


250  QUESTIONS. 

Where  is  Narbonensis  Prima?  Secunda?  Viennensis?  Alpe* 
MaritimxP^Alpes  Graice?  The  Rhodanus?  Nemausus?  Tolosa? 
Narbo?  The  Volcse  Arecomici?  Tectosages?  The  Allobroges? 
The  Vocontii  Avenio?  Arelate?  Massilia?  Druentia?  Aquae  Sex- 
tise?  Forum  Julii?  Ebrodunum? 

In  what  part  of  Aquitania  is  Aquitania  Prima?  Secunda?  Novem 
Populana?  The  Bituriges  Cubi?  Avaricum?  Arverni?  Augusto- 
nometum?  TheGabali?  Anderidum?  Segodunum?  Lutetia?  Bur- 
digala?  The  Petrocorii?  The  Garumna?  The  Santones?  Uliarus 
Ins.?  Limonum? 

Where  are  the  cities  Lugdunum?  Augustodunum?  Alesia?  An- 
dematunum?  Autricum?  Agidincum?  Melodunum?  Noviomagus? 
Juliomagus?  Suindunum?  Neodunum?  Augusta?  Taruenna?  Ba- 
gacum?  Turnacum?  Camaratcum?  The  Islands  C ae sarea,  Sarnia, 
Riduna? 

GERMANIA  ANTIQUA. 
PLATE  V. 

In  what  part  of  Germania  were  the  Istsevones?  The  Hermiones? 
The  Suevi? 

Where  were  the  Frisii?  The  Chauci?  The  Amisia  iy  The 
VisurgisFL?  TheAlbisFl.?  The  Bructeri?  Marsi?  Chasuarii? 
Chenisci?  The  Sicambri?  Alemanni?  Boiohemi?  Marcomanni? 
Hermunduri?  Semnones?  Langobardi?  Varini?  Angli?  Saxones? 
Teutones?  Cimbri?  Vendili?  Burgundiones?  Gothones?  Sarmatia? 
The  Hercynia  Sylva? 

VINDELICIA,  RH^RTIA,  NORICUM,  PANNO- 
NIA  ET  ILLYRICUM. 

PLATE.  VI. 

Where  was  Vindelicia?  Rhjetia?  Noricum?  Pannonia?  Illyri- 
cum?  The  Brenni?  The  Vennones?  Tridentum?  Bennacus  Lac? 
Brigantinus  Lac?  VindoFl.?  LicusFL?  Augusta  Vindelicorum? 
Semis  FL?  Boiodurum?  DanubiusFL?  Savus  Fl.?  DravusFl.? 
AthesisFL?  PadusFL?  Vindobona?  Carmentum?  "Aquincum? 
Sirmium?  Liburniai*  Dalmatia?  Epidanrus?  Scodra?  Lissusi* 


QUESTIONS.  251 

Scordisci?  Singidunum?  Vimiacum?  Dacia  Cis-Danubiana?  The 
Venidi?  Alpes  Rhceticx?  Alpes  Noricx?  Alpes  C arnicx  ?  Panno- 
nius  Mons?  Albius  Mons?  Scardus  Mons? 

Which  way  is  Rhaetia  from  Gallia  Cis-alpina?  From  Noricum 
From  Vindelicia? 

What  sea  is  West  of  Illyricum? 

What  country  east? 

What  mountains  in  the  East  part  of  Pannonia? 

What  Lake  South  of  these  mountains? 

Where  is  Portus  Venetus?  Aquileia?  Tergcste? 

ITALIJE  ANTIQUE  PARS    SEPTEN- 

TRIONALIS. 

PLATE  VII. 

Where  is  Liguria?  Gallia  Cisalpina?  Venetia?  Tuscia  or 
Etruria?  Senones?  Piceni?  Umbri? 

What  Gulf  West  of  Tuscia? 

What  sea  East  of  Gallia  Cisalpina? 

In  what  part  of  Tuscia  were  the  Ligures?  Lacus  Trasimenus? 
Clusium  Novum?  ArnusFl.?  UmbroFL?  Clusium?  TiberisFL? 
Aqua?  Pisanse?  Portus  Pisanus?  Albini  Villa?  AuserFl.  ?  Aqui- 
leia? Arretium?  Fresulre?  Umbra?  Aqure  Volterranae? 

In  what  part  of  Liguria  were  the  Montani  Ligures?  The  Ve- 
dantii?  Intemelii?  Ingauni?  Statielli?  Friniates?  Apuani  and 
Briniates?  Padus  Fl.?  Trebia  FL?  Tanarus  Fl.?  Apenninus 
Mons?  Nicea?  Portus  Mauricii?  Portus  Delphini?  Portus  Venc- 
ris?  Novalia?  Monilia? 

In  what  part  of  Gallia  Cisalpina  were  the  Taurini?  Salassi? 
Oribii,  Insubres  and  Loevi?  Euganei,  Cenomani,  Lingones  and 
Boii?  Duria  Major  Fl.?  Novaria  FL?  Sevinus  Fl.?  Addua  Fl.? 
Lambrus  Fl,  ?  Padusa,  Volana,  Sinnus,  Anema.  Sapis,  and  Rubico 
FL  ?  Tartarus  FL  Verbanus  Lacus?  Benacus  L.  ?  Sevinus  L.  ? 
Sarius  L.  ?  Ceresius  L.  ?  Macri  Campi?  Apenninus  M.  ?  Forum 
Cornelii?  Forum  Gallorum?  Bononia?  Florentia?  Acerrae?  Cot- 
tise?  Julia  Fidentia?  Sabium  ?  Minervium?  Ticinum?  Parma? 
Pons  Secies?  Mutina?  Vibi  Forum?  Alba  Asta  and  Pollentia? 
In  what  part  of  Venetia  is  Athesis  Fl.  ?  Medoacus  Major?  Re- 


252  QUESTIONS. 

temusFl.?  Plavis  Fl.  SontiusFl.?  Patavium?  Aquileia?  Tima 
vus?   Concordia?  Verona?   Ateste?   Flamonia  and  Julium  Carni- 
cum?  Piquentum,  Ursaria  and  Pola?  Polaticum  Prom? 

Where  are  Ancona,  Ariminium,  Numana  Cluana  and  Castrum 
Novum?  Faleria?  Fiscellus  Mons?  Tollentimim? 


ITALIC  ANTIQUE  PARS  MERIDIONALIS. 
PLATE  VIIT. 

In  what  part  of  Etruria  were  the  Vulsinii  and  Vulsiniensis  La- 
cus?  Pyrgos  and  Alsium?  Veil,  Capena  and  Sutrium? 

In  what  part  of  Italy  were  the  Piceni,  Prxtutii,  Vestini,  Marru- 
cini,  Peligni,  Frentani  &c. 

Where  is  Umbria?  Latium?  Samnium?  Campania? 

In  what  part  of  Italy  were  the  Sabini,  jflEqui,  Marsi,  Hernici? 
Rutuli  andVolsci? 

Where  is  Roma? 

Which  way  from  Rome  is  Etruria?  Latium?  The  Sabini?  The 
^flEqui,  Marsi  and  Hernici?  The  Rutuli  and  Volsci? 

In  what  part  of  Campania  were  the  Picentini? 

Where  is  Ostia?  Laurentum  and  Lavinium?  Ardea?  Anio  Fl.? 
TiberisFL?  Fucinus  Lacus?  Appii  Forum?  Aricia?  Alba?  Ar- 
pinum?  Ferentinum?  Aquinum?  Massicum  Mons? 

Where  is  Daunia?  Apulia?  Peucetia?  TheCalabri?  Messapia? 
The  Salentini?  Lucania?  The  Bruttii? 

What  rivers  flow  into  the  Tarentinus  Sinus?  The  Tyrrhenum 
Mare?  The  Hadriaticum  Mare? 

Where  is  Brundusium?  Scanium,  Valetium  and  Lupis?  Castra 
Hannibalis?  Japygium  Prom ?  Japygumtria  Pr.?  Herculis  Prom? 
Scylacius  Sinus?  Fret.  Sicul? 

What  Islands  West  of  Italy? 

Which  is  the  largest? 

In  what  part  of  Sicily  is  Mt.  j?Etna?  Eryx  M.?  Pelorum  Pr.? 
PachynumPr.?  CratasM.?  NebrodesM.?  Messana?  Leontini? 
Panormus?  Thermae?  Syracusx?  Refugium  Gela?  Gela?  Odys- 
seum?  Cena?  Oliva?  Segeste? 

What  Islands  North  of  Sicily? 


QUESTIONS.  253 

In  what  part  oi  Sardinia  is  Tibula?  Olbia?  Caralis  and  Sulci? 
Neapolis  and  Carbia?  Feronia  and  Sulcis? 

In  what  part  of  Corsica  is  Mariana?  Aleria?  Favonii  Portus  and 
Titianus  Portus?  Sacrum  Prom? 


MACEDONIA,  MQESIA,  THRACIA  ET  DACIA. 

PLATE  IX. 

Where  is  Macedonia?  How  bounded?  How  is  Thracia  bound- 
ed? Moesia?  Dacia? 

What  is  the  Western  part  of  Mcesia  called?  The  Eastern? 

What  are  the  chief  rivers  of  Macedonia?  The  chief  towns? 
Mountains? 

What  three  Peninsulas  in  the  South  part  of  Macedonia? 

What  four  Gulphs? 

Where  is  the  Island  Thasos?  Samothraci?  Lemnos? 

In  what  part  of  Macedonia  were  the  Illyricse  Gentes,  the  Lyn- 
cestse  and  Eordsei? 

In  what  part  is  Pelagonia,  ^Emathia,  and  Mygdonia?  Pceonia? 
Sintica?  Apollonia?  Chalcidice,  Thessalonica  and  Amphipolis? 
Philippi  and  Edonis?  Heraclea?  Pella?  Pieria?  Pellium?  Nicxa? 
Elyma?  Methone?  Pydna? 

What  mountains  form  the  Northern  boundary  of  Macedonia? 

What  mountains  in  the  West  of  Thrace? 

What  large  river  Hows  through  Thrace? 

What  Peninsula  in  the  South  of  Thrace?  Where  is  Bessica? 
Mosdica?  Bistones?  Pceti  and  Ciconii?  Odrysae?  Astxca?  Nico- 
polis?  Byzantium?  Macrontichos?  Adrianopolis?  Philippopolis? 
Nice?  Bosphorus  Thracius?  Propontis? 

In  what  part  of  Moesia  were  the  Moesi  and  Scordisci?  The  Tri- 
balli?  The  Crobysi?  Scythia?  Dardania?  Halmyris  L.?  Dacia 
Aureliani?  Margus  Fl.?  Moschius  Fl.?  (EscusFl.?  latrus  Fl.? 
Nicopolis  and  latrum?  Bononia  Sardica? 

What  River  separates  Dacia  from  Moesia? 

In  what  part  of  Dacia  were  the  Britolagse  and  the  Geta:  or  Daci? 
The  Saldensi?  The  Burredensii? 

What  rivers  flow  into  the  Danube  from  Dacia? 


25  1  QUESTIONS. 

Where  is  Uipia  Trajan?  Pons  Augusti?  Castra  Nova?  Trans 
marisca?   Turris  Constantiua?  Pons  Trajani?  Prajtorium^  Geta- 
rum  Solitudo? 


GR^ECIA  EXTRA  PELOPONNESUM. 
PLATE  X. 

In  what  part  of  Greece  is  Thessaly?  Epirus?  Acarnania?  /E- 
tolia?  Doris?  Phocis?  Bseotia,  Locri  Ozolae  or  Western  Locris? 
Locri  Epicnemidii  and  Opuntii  or  Eastern  Locr-is? 

How  is  this  Northern  portion  of  Greece  bounded? 

"What  large  Island  is  East  of  Bacotia? 

What  Islands  West  of  Marnania? 

What  River  separates  /Etolia  from  Acarnania? 

What  Rivers  flow  into  the  Ambracian  Gulph? 

What  are  the  chief  Rivers  of  Epirus?  The  mountains? 

What  Islands  West  of  Epirus? 

In  what  part  of  Epirus  are  Orestis  and  Chaonia?  Stymphsd 
Hellopia  and  Thesprotia?  CestrineandMolossia?  Aero  Ceraunia? 
Aulon?  Onchesmus?  Dodon?  Nicopolis?  Ambracia?  Olpe? 

What  are  the  Mountains  of  Acamania? 

In  what  part  Acarnania  is  Acanthus?  Solium?  Astacus?  Palx- 
rus?  Actium?  Argos  Amphilochicum? 

What  mountains  in  the  North  of  Thessaly?  The  East?  The 
South?  The  West? 

What  large  River  flows  through  Thessaly  into  the  uEgean  Sea? 

In  what  part  of  Thessaly  are  ^Ethices  and  Perrhsebia? 

Between  what  mountains  is  the  vale  of  Tempe? 

In  what  part  of  Thessaly  are  Estiaeotis  Pelasgiotis  and  Thessa- 
liotis?  Magnesia?  Phthiotis?  ./Enianes?  Larissa?  Pharsalus?  Co- 
ronoea?  Eretria?  Hellas?  Lamia?  Sperchium? 

In  what  part  of  ^tolia  is  Thermus?  Callium?  Tichium?  Chalcis? 
Calydon?  Eleus?  AntiRhium? 

What  are  the  chief  towns  of  Locri  Ozolae?  Of  Locri  Epicne- 
midii? Locri  Opuntii?  Of  Doris? 

What  mountains  North  of  Doris?  of  Phocis? 

In  what  part  of  Phocis  is  Delphs?  Mount  Parnassus?  Elatea? 
Castalus  Fons.  ?  Trachys?  Daulis?  Cephissus  Fl.  ? 


QUESTIONS.  255 

In  what  part  of  Bceotia  is  Copais  Lacus?  Hylica  Palus?  Libe- 
thrusM.?  Orchomenus?  Chxronea?  Coronea?  Thebae?  Onches- 
tus?  Potniae?  Aulis?  Oropus?  Platsea?  Thespise?  Ascra?  Leuctra? 
Eleutherae?  Phyle? 

What  river  in  the  North  of  Bceotia?  In  the  South? 

What  Strait  near  Maliacus  Sinus? 


GRJECIA  ANTIQUA. 
PLATE.  XL 

How  is  Peloponnesus  bounded? 

Into  what  provinces  was  it  divided? 

How  is  Argolis  bounded?  Laconia?  Messenia?  Elis?  Achaia? 
Arcadia? 

In  what  part  of  Argolis  is  Argos?  Mycenae?  Nemea?  Tiryn- 
thus?  Epidaurus?  Troezene?  Hermione?  Nauplia?  Lerna?  Cen- 
chrea;? 

In  what  part  of  Laconia  is  Sparta? 

On  what  river?  Sallasia?  Amyclae?  Therapne?  MaleaPr.? 

In  what  part  of  Messenia  is  Messene?  Ithome?  Pylos?  Cypa- 
rissus  Fl.  ?  Ira? 

In  what  part  of  Elis  is  Triphylia?  Pisatis?  Ccele?  Scillus?  Al- 
pheusFl.?  Pisa?  Olympia? 

What  city  on  the  Peneus?  Cyllene? 

In  what  part  of  Achaia  is  Dyme?  Patras?  Rhium?  ^Egium? 
Tritaea?  ^gira?  Pellene?  Sicyon?  Phlius?  Corinth? 

What  countries  were  united  by  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth? 

What  Gulfs  were  separated  by  it? 

What  river  and  lake  in  Arcadia  near  the  North  of  Argolis? 

In  what  part  of  Arcadia  was  Orchomenus?  Mantinea?  Mana- 
lus  Mt?  Tegea?  Megalopolis?  Lycseus  Mt?  Herea?  Cynethx? 
Cyllene  Mt  ?  Pheneos?  Megara?  Nyszea?  Eleusis? 

Where  is  Salamis  island?  JEgina  island?  Athens? 

Between  what  rivers  Sunium?  Laurium?  Pentelicus  M,  ?  Brau- 
ron?  Marathon?  Decelia?  Aphidnae?  Thria? 

What  large  island  East  of  Bceotia? 

What  mountains  on  it? 
33 


256  QUESTIONS. 

In  what  part  of  Eubceawas  /Egae?  Chalcis?  CeneumPr,  ?  Ere- 
tria?  Porthmus?  Rhamnus? 


INSULT  MARTS  JE.&J&I. 
PLATE  XII. 

In  what  part  of  the  /Egean  Sea  are  Thasos,  Samothrace,  Im- 
brus,  Tenedos  and  Lemnos? 

On  what  coast  are  Lesbos,  Chios,  Psyra,  Samos,  Cos  and  Rho- 
dus? 

On  what  coast  are  Euboea  and  Ceos? 

Which  way  from  Euboea  are  Andros,  Tenos,  Myconos  and 
Syros? 

What  small  island  between  Myconos  and  Rhenea? 

What  are  the  principal  Cyclades? 

What  sea  between  the  Cyclades  and  Peloponnesus? 

Between  the  Cyclades  and  Crete? 

What  are  the  principal  Sporades? 

What  sea  South  of  the  Sporades? 

What  island  South  of  Malea  Pr.  ? 

What  strait  unites  the  iEgean  and  the  Propontis? 

On  which  side  of  it  is  Sestos?  Abydos? 

What  gulf  N.  W.  of  Sesbos? 

To  what  cluster  does  Naxos  belong?  los?  Thera?  Cos?  Le- 
ros?  Telos? 

What  sea  South  of  Samos? 

Where  is  Crete?  IdaMons?  Leuci  Montes?  Psacum  and  Cima- 
rus  promontories?  Samonium  and  Auipelos?  Criu  Metopon  Pr.  ? 
Miletus?  Gnossus?  Panormus?  Gortyna? 


ASIA  MINOR. 
PLATE  XIII. 

How  Is  Asia  Manor  bounded? 

What  chain  of  mountains  is  in  the  South  part. 

Where  is  Mt.  Olympus?  Pedasus? 

In  what  part  of  Asia  Minor  is  Bithynia?  Paphlagonia?  Galatia? 


QUESTIONS.  257 

Pontus?  Cappadocia  ?  Cilicia  ?  Pisidia  ?  Pamphylia  ?  Lycia? 
Phrygia?  Caria?  Lydia?  Mysia? 

In  what  part  of  Mysia  is  Troas?  Mt.  Ida?  Troja?  Ilium?  ^Eo- 
lis?  Pergamus?  Thyatira? 

In  what  part  of  Bithynia  is  Nicomedia?  Hypii  Mons?  Hadria- 
nopolis?  Ascanius  Lacus?  Prusa  ad  Olympum? 

In  what  part  of  Paphlagonia  is  Sinope  Fl.  ?  Parthenius  Fl.  ?  Ti- 
monitis? 

What  mountains  separate  Pontus  from  Cappadocia? 

Where  were  the  Chaldxi?  the  Drilx?  Sidenac?  Armenia  Mi- 
nor? Sebaste?  Horsene?  Halys  FL?  Nyssa?  Tarsus?  Philadel- 
phia? CydnusFl.?  IssusFl.? 

What  mountains  separate  Cappadocia  from  Cilicia? 

Where  is  the  river  Eurymedon? 

Where  is  Isauria?  Lycaonia?  Iconium?  Seleucia?  Laodicea? 
Perga?  Myra?  Xanthus?  Doris?  Imbrus?  Lycus  Fl.  ?  Ephesus? 
Sardis?  Tmolus  Mons?  Caystrus  Fl, 


ORIENS. 
PLATE  XIV. 

How  was  ancient  Persia  bounded? 

In  what  part  of  it  was  Coele  Persis?  Parchoatras  M.  ?  Araxus 
Fl.?  MardusFl.?  Aspadana?  Parhe? 

How  was  Media  bounded? 

In  what  part  of  it  was  Orontes  M.?  Caspius  M.  ?  Jasonius  M,  ? 
Ecbatana?  Concobar?  Choana? 

Which  way  from  Media  was  Hyrcania?  Parthia? 

How  was  Asia  bounded? 

What  mountains  in  its  centre?  In  the  South  East? 

In  what  part  of  it  was  Susa?  Alexandria?  Nicoea?  Asia  Palus? 
Pyraeum  M.?  Elymander  Fl.  ? 

How  was  Bactriana  situated?  Sogdiana?  Indo-Scythia?  Bcetius 
M.  ?  Gedrosia?  Carmania?  Carmaniie  Montes.?  India  Alba? 
Ormus?  Sinus  Persicus?  Erythrxum  Mare?  The  Ichthyophagi? 

What  river  rises  near  Mount  Caucusus  and  -flows  into  the  Ery- 
thrzewn  Mare? 


258  QUESTIONS. 

SYRIA,  MESOPOTAMIA  ASSYRIA,  &c. 
PLATE  XV. 

What  are  the  boundaries  of  Syria? 

In  what  part  of  it  was  Palmyra?  Palmyrene?  Antiochia?  Ca- 
sius  Mons.?  Chalcidice?  Orontes  FL?  Belus  M.?  MarsyasFl.? 
Nazarini?  Arethusa?  Laodicea?  Libanus?  Anti  Libanus?  Coele 
Syria?  Damascus? 

What  was  the  situation  of  Trachonitis?  Iturea?  Gaulonitis? 
Batanea?  Sidon?  Tyrus?  Ptolemais?  Cesarea?  Leontes  Fl.?  Se- 
baste?  Bethel?  Jezreel?  Galilaea?  Palxstina?  Samaria?  Judaea? 
Moabitis?  Idumsea?  Mare  Mortuum?  Nazareth?  Cana?  Philis- 
txi? 

How  was  Mesopotamia  bounded? 

What  ranges  of  mountains  in  the  North  of  this  country? 

In  what  part  of  it  was  Mygdonia?  Edessa?  Charrse?  Davana 
and  Ichorse?  Leontopolis?  Machusa?  Cunaxa?  Haditha? 

How  was  Chaldse  situated?  Babylon?  Nilus?  Babylonia?  Sita- 
cene?  Assyria?  Adiabene?  Aturia?  Apollonia?  Arbela?  Gauga- 
mela?  Demetrias?  Armenia?  Tigranocerta?  Sapha? 


PALESTINA  ANTIQUA. 
PLATE  XVI. 

How  was  ancient  Palestine  bounded? 

In  what  part  of  it  was  Galilee?  Samaria?    Judaea? 

Where  was  Batanea?  Peroe? 

What  river  rises  in  Mount  Hermon  and  flows  south  into  the 
Dead  Sea? 

Which  way  from  Palestine  is  Coele-Syria? 

Between  what  ranges  of  mountains? 

What  is  the  situation  of  Mount  Lebanon  or  Libanus?  Anti  Li 
banus?  Hermon?  Galaad?  Abarim?  Ebal  and  Gerizim?  Carme- 
lus?  Itabyrius? 

How  is  the  port  Sidon  situated?    Tyrus?    Ptolemais?  Joppa? 
Sarepta?  Ascalon? 

How  is  the  interior  city  Jotapata  situated?  Gischala?  Di  Cae- 
sarea?  Gennesar?  Tiberias?  Gamala?  Nazareth?  Sebaste?  Nea- 


QUESTIONS.  259 

polis?   Bethel?  Jericho?   Emmaus?  Bethania?  Jerusalem?  Beth- 
lehem? Eglon?  Pella?  Gerasa?  Philadelphia? 
Where  is  the  river  Kison?  Cana?  Kedron?  Hieromax? 


JERUSALEM. 

PLATE  XVI. 

What  valley  and  river  East  of  Jerusalem-? 
What  Mount? 
What  place  North  West? 
What  valley  South? 
In  what  part  of  the  city  was  Bezetha? 
The  tower  of  Antonia? 
The  Mount  of  the  Temple? 
The  inferior  city?  The  superior?  Sion. 

ARMENIA,  COLCHIS,  IBERIA,  ALBANIA,  &c. 
PLATE  XVII. 

What  are  the  boundaries  of  Colchis?  Its  mountains?  chief  ri- 
vers— towns? 

How  is  Iberia  bounded?  What  is  its  chief  river?  What  moun- 
tains on  its  North?  What  are  its  chief  towns? 

How  is  Albania  bounded?  What  mountains  pass  through  it? 
What  river?  WThat  are  its  chief  towns? 

How  is  Armenia  bounded?  In  what  part  of  it  is  Mount  Ararat? 
Niphates  mountains?  Masius  and  Abus  mountains?  Imbarus 
mountains?  The  Southern  part  of  the  Moschici  Montes?  Araxes 
river  Euprates  river?  Tigris?  Nicephorus  river? 

What  lakes  in  the  South  of  Armenia?  In  what  part  of  Arme- 
nia is  Artaxata?  Amida?  Sapha?  Tigranocerta?  Areanene?  An- 
zitene?  Arsamosata?  Charbote?  Moxene? 

AFRICA  ANTIQUA. 

PLATE  XVIII. 

What  part  of  Africa  was  known  to  the  ancients? 
In  what  part  of  Africa  was  Mauritania?  Numidia?  Africa  Pro- 
pria?  Tripolitana?  Cyrenaica?   Marmarica?    Libya?   Antololx? 


2  HO  QUESTIONS. 

Deserta  Libya;  Interioris?   Melano-Gcctuli,  Nigritia  and  Gara- 
m antes?  /Ethiopia  Interior? 

Where  is  mount  Atlas?  Bxcolicus  M.?  Bascici  M.  ?  Sagapola 
M.?  Mandrus  M, ?  Usargala  and  GigrisM.?  ThalaM.?  Fortu- 
nate Insult ?  Sinus  Hesperica?  Hesperii  JEthiopes?  Fretum 
Herculeum?  Syrtis?  Major?  Syrtis  Minor?  Ammon?  Cyrene? 
Barce?  Tunis  and  Thapsus?  Philenomm  Arse?  Gerisa?  Vinaza? 
Sabe?  Nuba  Palus?  Portus  Magnus?  Abyla?  Atlas  Minor?  Atlas 
Major?  Alexandria?  Darnis?  Berenice?  Hammonii?  Nilus  Fl? 

MAURITANIA  NUMIDIA,  ET  AFRICA 
PROPRIA. 
PLATE  XIX. 

What  strait  separates  Africa  from  Spain? 

How  was  Mauritania  bounded?  What  mountains  separate  it 
from  Goetulia? 

In  what  part  of  Mauritania  is  Madethubadus  Mons.  ?  Garaphi 
M.?  TerratusM.?  Calchoryrhii  M.?  PhocraM.? 

Where  is  SuburFl,?  Motochath  FL?  Chinalaph  Fl.?  Savua 
FL? 

Where  is  Tingis?  Sala?  Rusadir?  Cartenna?  Mazaces?  Musu- 
lani?  Mina?  Vagal?  Ballene? 

How  was  Numidia  bounded?  In  what  part  of  it  were  the  Mas- 
syli?  Cirta?  Pappua  M.?  L.  Regius?  Tagaste?  Hippo  Regius? 
Calama?  Germani?  Gemellse?  Tabudis?  Sinus  Numidicus? 

How  was  Africa  Propria  bounded?  In  what  part  of  it  was  Car- 
thago? Utica?  Zama?  Byzacium?  Palus  Tritonis?  Palus  Libya? 
Syrtis  Minor?  Hadrumetum?  Grassa?  Tala? 

Which  way  from  Africa  Propria  was  Numidia?  Sardinia?  Sici- 
lia?  The  Belearic  Isles? 


JEGYPTUS  ANTIQUA. 
PLATE  XX. 

How  is  /Egyptus  Inferior  bounded?  Heptanomis?  /Egyptus  Su- 
perior or  Thcbais? 
Where  is  the  Delta?  Mareotis  Lacus? 


QUESTIONS  261 

What  rirer  waters  Egypt? 

Where  was  Heroopolis?  Sivbonis  Palus?  Pentascsnon?  Helio- 
polis  and  Babylon?  Apis  and  Parxtomum?  Chima?  Marea?  Men- 
des  and  Tamiathis?  Metelis  and  Hermopolis? 

Where  was  Memphis?  MoerisL.?  Arsince?  Ptolemais?  Aphro- 
ditopolis?  Heraclea?  Arabicus  M.?  Alabastrites  M.  ?  LibycnsM.? 
Porphyrites  M,  ?  Thinodes  M.  ?  Smaragdus  M.  ?  Oasis  Parva? 
Oasis  Magna?  Cynopolis?  Lycopolis?  Crocodilopolis?  Thebas? 
Apollinopolis  Magna?  Syene?  Contra  Syene?  Orabos?  Contra 
Ombos? 

CHOROGRAPHIA  ROMANA. 

PLATE  XXI. 

What  river  flows  through  Rome? 

In  what  part  of  the  city  was  the  Campus  Martins?  The  hill 
called  Quirinalis?  Viminalis?  Esquilinus?  Palatinus?  Ccelius? 
Aventinus?  Capitolinus? 

From  what  part  of  the  city  did  fhe  road  called  Via  Nomentana 
lead?  V.  Tiburtani?  V.  Campana?  V.  Latina?  V.  Appia?  V.  Os- 
tiensis?  V.  Portuerisis?  V.  Aurelia? 

Where  was  the  Pons  Triumphalis?  The  Forum?  The  tomb  of 
Augustus?  The  Pantheon?  Circus  Maximus?  Amphith.  Flavian? 

CHOROGRAPHIA  ATHENIENSIS. 
PLATE  XXI. 

What  rivers  rise  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Athens? 

What  mountains? 

Where  was  the  Academia?  Lycxum?  Melite?  Ceramicus?  Co- 
lonos?  Anchesimus  M.  ?  Hymettus  M.  ?  The  Acropolis,  Propylxa? 
Theatrum  Bacchi?  Odeum?  Prytaneum?  Areopagus?  Pnyx?  Mu- 
seum? Forum?  Pcecile?  Tempi.  Thesei?  Olympicium?  Stadiun>?| 
What  three  Ports  were  connected  with  the  city  by  the  Lon^  Hall 
or  Long-  Legs? 

VICINIA  ROMANA. 

PLATE  XXI. 

Which  way  from  Rome  were  the  Veicntes?  The  Sabini."  Tlic 
Latini?  The  Rutuli?  L.  Sabatinus? 


262 


QUESTIONS. 


What  is  the  course  of  the  Tiber  and  where  does  it  empty?  of 
Anio  river?  Aro  river? 

What  is  the  situation  of  Lake  Regillus?  Of  Pons  Milvius?  Villa 
Hadriani?  AlgidusM.?  Lanuvium?  Veii?  Castrum  Novum?  Fi- 
denze?  Salinas  Veientum?  Alsium  and  Portus  Alsieneis?  Ardea? 
Lavinium?  Laurentum?  Portus  August! ?  Capena?  Bovillae?  Ne- 
mus?  Aricia? 

CHOROGRAPH1A  SYRACUSANA. 

PLATE  XXI. 

On  what  Sea  was  Syracuse  situated?  What  were  the  names  of 
its  Ports?  Its  Rivers? 

What  was  the  situation  of  Olympium?  Polichna?  Tycha?  Acra- 
dina?  Thapsus?  Ortygia?   Plemmyrium?  Epipolae?  Tenienites? 
Neapolis?  Dascon?  Tempi.  Apollinis?  Trogilus? 
Where  were  the  three  different  stations  of  the  Athenian  camps? 


JUST  PUBLISHED  BY  CAREY  &  LEA. 


PRIVATE    MEMOIRS    OF    NAPOLEON 

BONAPARTE,  from  the    French  of    M. 

FAUVELET  DE  BOURRIENNE,  Private  Secre- 
tary to  the  Emperor.  SECOND  AMERICAN 

EDITION,  complete  in  one  volume. 

%.*  This  edition  contains  almost  a  fourth 
more  matter  than  the  previous  one,  as  in  order 
;o  render  it  as  perfect  as  possible,  extracts  have 
seen  given  from  the  Memoirs  from  St.  Helena, 
Official  Reports,  &c.  &c.  in  all  cases  where 
they  differ  from  the  statements  of  M.  de  Bour- 

nne. 

'  This  English  translation,  which  has  been 
very  faithfully  rendered,  is  still  more  valuable 
than  the  original  work,  as  upon  all  points  where 
.ny  obliquity  from  other  published  recitals  oc- 
curs, the  translator  has  given  several  accounts, 
and  thus,  in  the  form  of  notes,  we  are  present- 
ed with  the  statements  obtained  from  Napo- 
leon's own  dictation  at  St.  Helena,  from  the 
Memoirs  of  the  Duke  of  Rovigo,  of  General 
Rapp,  of  Constant,  from  the  writings  of  the 
Marquis  of  Londonderry,  &,c*." — U.  Ser.  Jour. 

"  Those  who  desire  to  form  a  correct  esti- 
mate of  the  character  of  one  of  the  most  extra- 
ordinary men  "  that  ever  lived  in  the  tide  of 
time,"  will  scarcely  be  without  it.  The  present 
edition  possesses  peculiar  advantages. 

The  peculiar  advantages  of  position  in  re- 
gard to  his  present  subject,  solely  enjoyed  by 
M.  de  Bourrienne,  his  literary  accomplish- 
ments and  moral  qualifications,  have  already 
obtained  for  these  memoirs  the  first  rank  in 
contemporary  and  authentic  history.  In 
France,  where  they  had  been  for  years  ex- 
pected with  anxiety,  and  where,  since  the 
revolution,  no  work  connected  with  that  peri- 
od or  its  consequent  events  has  created  so 
great  a  sensation,  the  volumes  of  Bourrienne 
have,  from  the  first,  been  accepted  as  the 
only  trustworthy  exhibition  of  the  private  life 
and  political  principles  of  Napoleon. 

"  We  know  from  the  best  political  authority 
now  living  in  England,  that  the  writer's  ac- 
counts are  perfectly  corroborated  by  facts." — 
Lit.  Gaz. 

"  The  only  authentic  Life  of  Napoleon  ex- 
tant."— Courier. 

"This  splendid  publication  that  literally 
leaves  nothing  to  be  desired."— Atlas. 

"  These  volumes  may  be  read  with  all  the 
interest  of  a  romance." — Courier. 

"  No  person  who  is  desirous  rightly  to  ap- 
preciate the  character  of  Bonaparte,  will  ne- 
glect the  perusal  of  this  work;  whoever 
wishes  to  know,  not  merely  the  General  or 
the  Emperor,  but  what  the  man  really  was, 
will  find  him  well  pictured  here." — Times. 

"The  completes!  personal  recollections  o 
Napoleon  that  have  appeared."— Morn.  Post. 

"  As  a  part  of  the  history  of  the  most  ex- 
traordinary man,  and  the  most  extraordinary 
times  that  ever  invited  elucidation,  these  me- 
moirs must  continue  to  the  latest  ages  to  be 
records  of  invaluable  interest" — Lit  °  Gaz. 


THE  BRAVO,  by  the  author  of  the  "  Spy," 

"  Pilot,"  "  Red  Rover,"  &c.  In  2  vols.  12mo. 

"  Let  us  honestly  avow  in  conclusion,  that 
n  addition  to  the  charm  of  an  interesting  fic- 
tion to  be  found  in  these  pages,  there  is  more 
mental  power  in  them,  more  matter  that  sets 
people  thinking,  more  of  that  quality  that  is 
accelerating  the  onward  movement  of  the 
world,  than  in  all  the  Scotch  novels  that  have 
so  deservedly  won  our  admiration." — New 
Monthly  Magazine. 

•'This  new  novel  from  the  pen  of  our 
countryman,  Cooper,  will  win  new  laurels  for 
him.  It  is  full  of  dramatic  interest — "  hair- 
breadth escapes" — animated  and  bustling 
scenes  on  the  canals,  in  the  prisons,  on  the 
Rialto,  in  the  Adriatic,  and  in  the  streets  of 
Venice." — N.  Y.  Courier  fy  Enquirer. 

"  Of  the  whole  work,  we  may  confidently 
say  that  it  is  very  able — a  performance  of  ge- 
nius and  power." — Nat.  Gazette. 

"  The  Bravo  will,  we  think,  tend  much  to 
exalt  and  extend  the  fame  of  its  author.  We 
have  hurried  through  its  pages  with  an  avidi- 
ty which  must  find  its  apology  in  the  interest- 
ing character  of  the  incidents  and  the  very 
vivid  and  graphic  style  in  which  they  are  de- 
scribed." 

By  the  same  author. 
THE    HEIDEN-MAEUR,  or  PAGAK    CAMP. 

In  2  vols.     (In  the  Press.) 
SALMONIA;  or,  Days  of  Fly  Fishing;  by 

SIR  HUMPHRY  DAVY. 

"  One  of  the  most  delightful  labors  of  lei- 
sure ever  seen ;  not  a  few  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful phenomena  of  nature  are  here  lucidly  ex- 
plained."— Gentleman's  Magazine. 

NATURAL  HISTORY  OF  SELBORNE 
AND  ITS  INHABITANTS.  By  the  Rey. 
GILBERT  WHITE.  18mo. 

THE  MECHANISM  OF  THE  HEAVENS,  by 

MRS.  SOMERVILLE.     In  18mo. 

"  We  possess  already  innumerable  dis- 
courses on  Astronomy,  in  which  the  wonders 
of  the  heavens  and  their  laws  are  treated  of; 
but  we  can  say  most  conscientiously  that  we 
are  acquainted  with  none — not  even  La  Place's 
own  beautiful  expose  in  his  System  du  Monde, 
— in  which  all  that  is  essentially  interesting  in 
the  motions  and  laws  of  the  celestial  bodies,  or 
which  is  capable  of  popular  enunciation,  is  so 
admirably,  so  graphically,  or  we  may  add,  so 
unaffectedly  arid  simply  placed  before  us.  *  *  * 
Is  it  asking  too  much  of  Mrs.  Somerville  to  ex- 
press a  hope  that  she  will  allow  this  beautiful 
preliminary  Dissertation  to  be  printed  sepa- 
rately, for  the  delight  and  instruction  of  thou- 
sands of  readers,  young  and  old,  who  cannot 
understand,  or  are  too  indolent  to  apply  them- 
selves to  the  more  elaborate  parts  of  the  work  1 
If  she  will  do  this,  we  hereby  promise  to  ex- 
ert our  best  endeavors  to  make  its  merits 
known." — Literary  Gazette. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


AN  HISTORICAL    INQUIRY    INTO    THE 
PRODUCTION    AND     CONSUMPTION 
OF  THE  PRECIOUS  METALS,  from  the 
Earliest  Ages,  and    into    the  Influence  of 
their  Increase  or  Diminution  on  the  prices 
of    Commodities.      BY     WILLIAM    JACOB, 
Esq.  F.  R.  S.     In  8vo. 
"  Mr.  Jacob's    Historical    Inquiry  into  the 
Production  and  Consumption  of  the  Precious 
Metals  is  one  of  the  most  curious  and  import- 
ant works  which  has  lately  issued  from  the 
press.     The  influence  of  the  precious  metals 
an  the  industry  of  mankind  is  acknowledged 
to  be  great ;  though,  perhaps,  the  notions  re- 
specting the  precise    mode   of   its  operation 
were  obscure,  and  undoubtedly  the  history  of 
its  effects  had  never  been  traced  with   accu- 
racy and  ingenuity.    Mr.  Huskisson,  who  had 
maintained  a  friendship   with  Mr.  Jacob  for 
more  than  five-and-twenty  years,  first  put  the 
author  on  the  investigation ;  it  is  one  of  the 
minor  obligations  which  the  country  owes  to 
that  enlightened  statesman." — Spectator. 

"  It  was  written  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
late  Mr.  Huskisson,  and  displays  the  fruits  of 
much  industry  and  research,  guided  by  a  sound 
judgment,  and  embodying  more  learning  than 
is  usually  brought  to  bear  on  statistical  or  eco- 
nomical subjects.   We  recommend  the  book  to 
general  attention." —  Times,  Sept.  2, 1831. 
NARRATIVE    OF    A    VOYAGE    TO    THE 
PACIFIC  AND  BEHRING'S  STRAIT,  to 
co-operate  with  the  Polar  Expeditions :  per- 
formed in  His  Majesty's   ship  Blossom,  un- 
der the  command  of  Capt.  F.  W.  Beechey, 
R,  N.  in  the  years  1825,  26,  27,  28.   In  8vo. 
"  The  most  interesting  of  the  whole  series 
of  expeditions  to  the  North  Pole." — Quarter- 
ly Review. 

"  This  expedition  will  be  forever  memora- 
ble as  one  which  has  added  immensely  to  our 
knowledge  of  this  earth  that  we  inhabit." — 
Blackivood's  Mag. 

"  Captain  Beechey's  work  is  a  lasting  mon- 
ument of  his  own  abilities,  and  an  honor  to 
his  country." — Lit.  Gaz. 
A  GENERAL  VIEW  OF  THE  PROGRESS 
OF    ETHICAL     PHILOSOPHY,    chiefly 
during    the    Seventeenth  and    Eighteenth 
centuries.     By  SIR    JAMES    MACKINTOSH, 
M.  P.     In  8vo. 

"  This,  in  our  humble  opinion,  is  the  best  off- 
spring of  the  pen  of  an  author  who  in  philoso- 
phical spirit,  knowledge  and  reflection,  rich- 
ness of  moral  sentiment,  and  elegance  of  style, 
has  altogether  no  superior — perhaps  no  equal 
— among  his  contemporaries.  Some  time  ago 
we  made  copious  extracts  from  the  beautiful 
work.  We  could  not  recommend  the  whole 
too  earnestly." — National  Gazette. 
HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND,  by  SIR  JAMES 
MACKINTOSH.  Octavo  edition.  In  the  press. 
%*  The  first  volume  of  this  edition  will  contain  the 
same  matter  as  the  first  3  volumes  of  the  18me  edition. 


LARDXEK-3  CABINET  CYCLOPAEDIA. 


HISTORY  OP  THE  RISE,  PROGRESS, 
AND  PRESENT  STATE  OF  THE  SILK 
MANUFACTURE;  with  numerous  en- 
gravings. 

"  It  contains  abundant  information  in  every 
department  of  this  interesting  branch  of  hu- 
man industry — in  the  history,  culture,  and 
manufacture  of  silk." — Monthly  Magazine. 

"  There  is  a  great  deal  of  curious  informa- 
tion in  this  little  volume." — Lit.  Gazette. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  ITALIAN  REPUBLICS, 
by  J.  C.  L.  SISMONDI. 

HISTORY  OF  MARITIME  AND   INLAND 
DISCOVERY.     InSvols.     (In  the  press.) 
"  This  book  abounds  with  curious  informa- 
tion."— Gentleman's  Magazine. 

"  The  whole  work  is  so  filled  with  variety 
and  excellence,  that  any  ten  of  its  pages  which 
we  might  quote,  would  prove  to  readers  that 
they  ought  not  to  be  satisfied  with  less  than 
all."— Lit.  Gazette. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  RISE,  PROGRESS,  AND 
PRESENT  STATE  OF  THE  MANUFAC- 
TURES OF  PORCELAIN  AND  GLASS. 

With  numerous  wood  cuts.     (In  the  press.) 

HISTORY  OF  THE  RISE,  PROGRESS, 
AND  PRESENT  STATE  OF  THE  IRON 
AND  STEEL  MANUFACTURE.  (In  press.) 

"  This  volume  appears  to  contain  all  useful 
information  on  the  subject  of  which  it  treats." 
— Lit.  Gazette. 
BIOGRAPHY  OF  BRITISH  STATESMEN; 

containing  the  Lives  of  Sir  Thomas  More, 

by  SIR  JAMES  MACKINTOSH  ;  Cardinal  Wol- 

sey,  Archbishop  Cranmer,  and  Lord  Burleigh. 

"  A  very  delightful  volume,  and  on  a  subject 
likely  to  increase  in  interest  as  it  proceeds. 
*  *  *  We  cordially  commend  the  work  both 
for  its  design  and  execution." — London  Li'L 
Gazette. 

"  The  life  of  More,  being  from  the  pen  ©f 
Sir  James  Mackintosh,  engaged  and  fully  rev 
warded  our  attention.  It  is  a  rich  theme,  and 
has  been  treated  with  the  lofty  philosophical 
spirit  and  literary  skill  which  distinguish  the 
writings  of  Sir  James." — Nat.  Gazette. 

"  We  are  certain,  that  no  one  can  rise  from 
the  perusal  of  the  work,  without  having  his 
understanding  enlarged,  and  the  best  affectiojajs 
of  his  heart  improved." — Album. 

"  A  most  interesting  and  valuable  volume." 
—  Gent.  Magazine. 
ELEMENTS  OF  OPTICS.  By  DAVID  BREW- 

STER.     18mo.  (In  the  press.) 

"  The  author  has  given  proof  of  his  well- 
known  industry,  and  extensive  acquaintance 
with  the  results  of  science  in  every  part  of 
Europe." — Monthly  Mag. 

"  The  subject  is,  as  might  be  expected,  ably 
treated,  and  clearly  illustrated."—  U.  S.  Jow. 


FAMILY  CABINET  ATLAS. 

In  preparation. 
THE    FAMILY    CABINET    ATLAS,    CON 

STRUCTED   UPON   AN   ORIGINAL    PLAN:     Being 

a  Companion  to  the  Encyclopaedia  Ameri- 
cana, Cabinet  Cyclopaedia,  Family  Library, 
Cabinet  Library,  &c. 

This  Atlas  comprises,  in  a  volume  of  the  Family  Library 
size,  nearly  100  Maps  and  Tables,  which  present  equal 
to  Fifty  Thousand  Names  of  Places ;  a  body  of  informa- 
tion three  times  as  extensive  as  that  supplied  by  the 
generality  of  Quarto  Atlases. 

Opinions  of  the  Public  Journals. 

"This  beautiful  and  most  useful  little  volume,"  says 
the  Literary  Gazette,  "  is  a  perfect  picture  of  elegance, 
containing  a  vast  sum  of  geographical  information.  A 
more  instructive  little  present,  or  a  gift  better  calculated 
to  be  long  preserved  and  often  referred  to,  could  not  be 
offered  to  favored  youth  of  either  sex.  Its  cheapness,  we 
must  add,  is  another  recommendation  ;  for,  although  this 
elegant  publication  contains  100  beautiful  engravings 
it  is  issued  at  a  price  that  can  be  no  obstacle  to  its  being 
procured  by  every  parent  and  friend  to  youth." 

"  This  Atlas  far  surpasses  any  thing  of  the  kind  which 
we  have  seen,  and  is  made  to  suit  the  popular  libraries 
which  Dr.  Lardner  and  Mr.  Murray  are  now  sending  into 
every  family  in  the  empire  " — Monthly  Review. 

"  Its  very  ingenious  method  of  arrangement  secures  to 
the  geographical  student  the  information  for  which  hith- 
erto he  has  been  obliged  to  resort  to  works  of  the  largest 
dimensions." — Athenaeum. 

This  miniature  and  beautiful  Atlas  is  likely  to  super- 
sede, for  general  purposes,  maps  of  a  more  expensive  and 
elaborate  character.  It  appears  to  us  to  answer  the 
double  purpose  of  exercising  the  attention  while  it  im- 
prints all  that  is  important  in  Geography  on  the  memo- 
ry."— Atlas. 

"  The  workmanship  is  among  the  beet  of  the  kind  we 
have  ever  witnessed." — Examiner. 

"  It  contains  all  the  information  to  be  derived  from  the 
nost  expensive  and  unwieldy  Atlas." — York  Courant. 

"  By  a  moment's  reference,  the  exact  situation  of  any 
place  may  be  found." — Birmingham  Journal. 

"  An  excellent  little  work,  engraved  with  a  clearness 
and  correctness  which  is  quite  surprising:  when  com- 
plete, travellers  will  have  a  system  of  Geography  and  a 
complete  Atlas,  which  they  may  carry  in  their  pocket." — 
Spectator. 

"  This  is  the  most  perfect  gem  of  an  Atlas  which  has 
ever  been  published." — Bristol  Journal. 

"  It  corresponds  in  size  with  those  popular  publications 
to  which  it  will  form  so  useful  an  addition — namely, 
'  The  Family   Library,'   '  The  Classical  Library,'    and 
Cabinet  Cyclopajdia." — Court  Journal. 

•'  Nothing  could  be  devised  better  calculated  to  impress 
upon  the  mind  a  knowledge  of  the  general  principles  of 
geography,  than  the  plan  of  this  publication." — The 
Warder. 

"  It  will  be  a  crying  shame  in  this  age  of  intellect,  if 
this  able  and  beautiful  work  be  not  extensively  patron- 
ized;  but  we  cannot  doubt  the  success  which  we  feel 
assured  its  intrinsic  merits  must  secure  to  it." — Intelli- 
gencer. 

It  is  scarcely  in  the  nature  of  things,  that  a  work  of 
so  much  public  service  should  fail  in  meeting  with  that 
extensive  patronage  which  can  alone  remunerate  the 
projectors." — Leak  Intelligencer, 

"The  plates  are  beautifully  executed;  and  the  geo- 
graphical student  may  obtain  in  this  little  vyork,  such  is 
the  excellence  of  its  arrangement,  as  much  information 
as  he  could  gain  by  wading  through  several  books  of  far 
greater  bulk."—  Weekly  Dispatch. 

"  We  have  seldom  seen  a  work  so  perfect  in  its  arrange- 
ment, and  so  elegant  in  its  execution." — York  Courant. 

"For  the  accuracy  of  its  delineation,  and  the  extent 
of  the  information  which  it  conveys,  it  stands  without 
a  rival  in  English  topography." — Freeman's  Journal. 

"The  plan  of  this  usefil  and  elegant  work  may,  in- 
deed, be  called  original.  The  style  and  execution  of  the 
Maps  are  of  the  first  character." — Woolmcr's  Exeter  and 
Plymouth  Gazette. 

"This  work  is  one  of  the  most  usef.il  publications 
which  has  yet  issued  from  the  press ;  it  will  be  an  unique 
and  brilliant  accession  to  th«  library,  and  a  very  useful 
work  to  the  student  in  geography," — Reading  Mercury 
and  Oxford  Gazette. 

"  Its  qualifications  will  render  it  one  of  the  most  popu- 
lar, highly  interesting,  and  usefvl  publications  of  the 
day."— Liverpool  Courier. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


MEMOIRS  OF  THE  LIFE  OF  SIR  WALTER 
RALEGH,  with  some  account  of  the  Period 
in  which  he  lived.  By  Mrs.  A.  T.  THOMSON, 
With  a  portrait 

"Such  is  the  outline  of  a  life,  which,  in  Mrs.  Thom- 
son's hands,  is  a  mine  of  interest ;  from  the  first  page 
to  the  last  the  attention  is  roused  and  sustained,  and 
while  we  approve  the  manner,  we  still  more  applaud 
the  spirit  in  which  it  is  executed." — Literary  Gazelle. 

"In  all  respects  a  most  appropriate  volume  for  the 
Cabinet  Library.  We  shall  take  an  opportunity  in 
another  notice,  to  give  some  of  the  many  interesting 
passages  in  the  volume  that  offer  themselves  for 
quotation." — N.  Y.  American. 

"  Mrs.  Thomson  has  written  a  very  interesting  book. 
It  takes  what  we  are  inclined  to  think,  a  just,  and  at 
the  same  time,  favorable  view  of  Ralegh,  and  is  oc- 
cupied beside  with  many  entertaining  and  illustrative 
anecdotes." — Craftsman. 

"  Presents  in  a  concise  but  succinct  style  the  variety 
of  incidents  connected  with  the  life  of  the  distinguish- 
ed subject  of  the  memoir." — National  Journal. 

"  The  book  is  unquestionably  the  best  Life  of  Ra- 
legh that  has  ever  been  written." — Album. 

"  This  is  a  piece  of  biography  which  combines  the 
fascinations  of  romance  with  the  deeper  interest  that 
attaches  to  historical  narrative." — Southern  Patriot. 


ELEGANT  LIBRARY  EDITIONS 

OF   THE   FOLLOWING   WORKS. 


WORKS  OF  JOANNA  BAILLIE. 

COMPLETE   IX   ONE   VOLUME,  8VO. 

In  the  press. 


WORKS  OF  HENRY  FIELDING. 

IN  TWO   VOLUMES  8vO.,    WITH   A   PORTRAIT. 


WORKS  OF  TOBIAS  SMOLLETT. 

W   TWO    VOLUMES   8vO.,   WITH  A  PORTRAIT. 

In  the  press. 

SELECT  SPEECHES 

OF   THE 

RIGHT  HONORABLE  GEORGE  CANNING. 

EDITED  BY  ROBERT  WALSH,  ESQ. 
WITH  A  BIOGRAPHICAL   AND   CRITICAL   INTRODUCTION, 

BY  THE  EDITOR. 
|N   ONE   VOLUME  8rO. 

In  the  press. 

SELECT  SPEECHES 

OF   THE 

RIGHT  HONORABLE  WILLIAM  HUSXISSON, 

AND   OF   THE 

RIGHT  HONORABLE  WILLIAM  WINDHAM. 

EDITED  BY  ROBERT  WALSH,  ESQ. 
WITH  A  BIOGRAPHICAL   AND   CRITICAL   INTRODUCTION, 

BT   THE   EDITOR. 
lit   ONK   VOLUME  8vO. 

In  the  press. 


MEDICINE,  SURGERY,  &c. 


SURGICAL  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  CAM- 
PAIGNS OF  RUSSIA,  GERMANY,  AND 
FRANCE.  Translated  from  the  French 
of  BARON  LARREY.  In  8vo.  with  plates. 

A  MANUAL  OF  MEDICAL  JURISPRU- 
DENCE, compiled  from  the  best  Medical 
and  Legal  Works;  comprising  an  account 
of— I.  The  Ethics  of  the  Medical  Profes- 
sion ;  II.  Charters  and  Laws  relative  to  the 
Faculty;  and  III.  All  Medico-legal  Ques- 
tions, with  the  latest  Decisions:  being  an 
Analysis  of  a  course  of  Lectures  on  Foren- 
sic Medicine.  By  MICHAEL  RYAN,  M.  D. 
Member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physi- 
cians in  London,  &c.  First  American  edi- 
tion, with  additions,  by  R.  EGLERFIELD 
GRIFFITH,  M.  D.  In  8vo. 
"There  is  not  a  fact  of  importance  or  value  con 

nected  with  the  Science  of  which  it  treats,  that  is  not 

to  be  found  in  its  pages.   The  style  is  unambitious  but 

clear  and  strong,  and  such  as  becomes  a  philosophic 

theme." — MonVdy  Review. 

'It  is  invaluable  to  Medical  Practitioners,  and  may 

be  consulted  safely  by  the  Legal  Profession." — Weekly 

Dispatch. 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  MAKING  ANATOM- 
ICAL PREPARATIONS,  formed  on  the 
basis  of  Pole,  Marjolin,  and  Breschet,  and 
including  the  new  method  of  Mr.  Swan :  by 
USHER  PARSONS,  M.  D.  Professor  of  Anat- 
omy and  Surgery.  In  1  vol.  8vo.  with  plates, 
"It  is  compiled  and  prepared  with  judgment,  and  is 
the  best  and  most  economical  companion  the  studenl 
can  possess  to  aid  him  in  the  pursuit  of  this  delightfa 
department  of  his  labors." — Bost.Med.&  Surg.Journ 
Sept.  27,  1831. 

"This  is  unquestionably  one  of  the  most  useful 
works  on  the  preparation  of  Anatomical  Specimens 
ever  published.  It  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every 
lover  of  Anatomy ;  and  as  attention  now  is  more  di 
reeled  to  the  formation  of  museums,  it  will  be  found  a 
very  valuable  book.  Nothing  is  omitted  that  is  inv 
pprtant,  and  many  new  formulae  are  introduced,  de 
rived  from  the  author's  experience,  and  from  rare 
books,  which  he  has  had  the  industry  to  collect." — 
N.  Y.  Medical  Journal,  August,  1831. 

A  PRACTICAL  GUIDE  TO  OPERATIONS 
ON  THE  TEETH,  by  JAMES  SNELL,  Dentist 
In  8vo.  with  plates. 

PRINCIPLES  OF  PHYSIOLOGICAL  MED 
ICINE,  including  Physiology,  Pathology 
and  Therapeutics,  in  the  form  of  Proposi 
tions,  and  commentaries  on  those  relating 
to  Pathology,  by  F.  J.  V.  BROUSSAIS,  &c 
translated  by  ISAAC  HAYS,  M.  D.  and  R.  E 
GRIFFITH,  M.  D.  In  8vo. 

ELEMENTS  OF  PHYSIOLOGY,  by  ROBLEY 
DUNGLISON.  In  2  vols.  8vo.  with  numerous 
illustrations.  (In  the  press.) 

PRINCIPLES  OF  SURGERY,  by  JOHN  SYME 
Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  University  o 
Edinburgh.  In  8vo. 

PRACTICAL  REMARKS  ON  THE  NATURE 
AND  TREATMENT  OP  FRACTURES  OF 
THE  TRUNK  AND  EXTREMITIES;  b) 
JOSEPH  AMESBURY,  Surgeon.  In  8vo.  with 
plates  and  wood-cuts.  (In  the  press.) 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


GREEK  AND  ENGLISH  LEXICON.  By  D. 

DONNEGAN.  Abridged  for  the  use  of  schools. 

In  1  vol.  royal  18mo.  containing  nearly  600 

pages. 

This  work  is  printing  on  a  handsome  distinct  type, 
and  will  contain  as  much  matter  as  many  of  the  larger 
exicons;  but  owing  to  the  form  in  which  it  is  printed, 
will  be  sold  at  such  price  as  to  be  within  the  reach 
of  all  students.  It  will  offer  more  advantages  to  the 
young  student  than  any  other  lexicon  now  in  use.  The 
vocabulary  is  more  extensive  and  complete — compris- 
ng  not  only  words  found  in  the  classics,  but  also  such 
as  are  found  in  the  writings  of  Hippocrates  and  the 
ek  Physicians.  The  meanings  attached  to  words 
by  the  several  writers  are  also  given. 

Words  are  given  in  alphabetical  order  in  every 
poetical  and  dialectic  variety. 

The  conjugation  of  verbs  and  flection  of  nouns  are 
more  complete  than  in  other  lexicons; — the  meanings 
of  words  fuller  and  more  correct — there  being  first 
a  primary  and  then  a  secondary  meaning,  each  dis- 
tinguished from  the  metaphorcial  and  idiomatical. 
Phrases  are  also  given  when  they  note  any  peculiarity 
in  signification.  The  etymology  of  words  is  only 
omitted  where  it  is  confused  or  disputed.  There  is 
nothing  left  out  which  the  young  student  would  find 
necessary  in  studying  the  Classics,  and  which  would 
enable  him  to  understand  the  true  meaning  of  a  word. 
In  short,  in  this  work  the  essential  advantages  of  a 
good  Dictionary  are  combined  with  those  of  a  good 
Grammar — advantages  not  found  in  any  Greek  and 
English  lexicon  now  used. 

ELEMENTS  OF  MECHANICS.  By  JAMES 
REN  WICK,  Esq.  Professor  of  Natural  and 
Experimental  Philosophy,  Columbia  College, 
N.  Y.  In  8vo  with  numerous  engravings. 

"We  think  this  decidedly  the  best  treatise  on  Me- 
chanics, which  has  issued  from  the  American  press, 
that  we  have  seen;  one,  too,  that  is  alike  creditable 
to  the  writer,  and  to  the  state  of  science  in  this  coun- 
try."— American  Quarterly  Review. 

TREATISE  ON  CLOCK  AND  WATCH-MA- 
KING, Theoretical  and  Practical,  by 
THOMAS  REID,  Edinburgh  Honorary  Mem- 
ber of  the  Worshipful  Company  of  Clock- 
Makers,  London.  Royal  8vo.  Illustrated  by 
numerous  plates. 

MILLWRIGHT  AND  MILLER'S  GUIDE. 
By  OLIVER  EVANS.  New  Edition,  with  ad- 
ditions and  corrections,  by  the  Professor  of 
Mechanics  in  the  Franklin  Institute  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  a  description  of  an  improved 
Merchant  Flour-Mill,  with  engravings,  by 
C.  &  O.  EVANS. 


THE  PEOPLE'S  LIBRARY. 

«  The  editors  and  publishers  should  receive  the  thanks  of  the  present  generation,  and  the  gratitude  of 
posterity,  for  being  the  first  to  prepare  in  this  language  what  deserves  to  be  entitled  not  the  ENCYCLO- 
PAEDIA AMERICANA,  but  the  PEOPLE'S  LIBRARY."—^.  F.  Courier  and  Enquirer. 

Just  Published,  by  Carey  <$•  Lea, 

And  sold  in  Philadelphia  by  E.  L.  Carey  &  A.  Hart;  in  New- York  by  G.fyC.fy  H.  Carvitt;  in  Boston 

by  Carter  fy  Hendee ;  in  Baltimore  by  E.  J.  Coale,  $•  W.  <jr  J.  Neal ;  in  Washington  by  Thompson  $  Hermans  ; 

in  Richmond  by  J.  H.  Nash;  in  Savannah  by  W.  T.  Williams;  in  Charleston  by  W.  H.  Berrett;  in  New-Orleans 

by  W.  M'Kean;  in  Mobile  by  Odiorne  fy  Smith ;  and  by  the  principal  booksellers  throughout  the  Union. 

VOLUME  9,-CONTAINING  ABOUT  1,50O  ARTICLES, 

(To  be  continued  at  intervals  of  three  months,) 

OF  THE 

ENCYCLOPAEDIA  AMERICANA: 

A 

POPULAR  DICTIONARY 

or 
ARTS,  SCIENCES,  LITERATURE,  HISTORY,  AND  POLITICS, 

BROCOHT   POWM  TO   THE  PRESENT    TIME,    AND    INCLUDING  A   COPIOUS   COLLECTION  OF  ORIGINAL  ARTICLES  IN 

AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHY: 

On  the  basis  of  the  Seventh  Edition  of  the  German 

CONVERSATIONS-LEXICON. 


EDITED  BY  FRANCIS  LJEBER, 

ASSISTED    BY 

EDWARD  WIGGLES  WORTH  AND  T.  G.  BRADFORD,  ESQRS. 

IN  TWELVE  LARGE  VOLUMES,  OCTAVO,  PRICE  TO  SUBSCRIBERS,  BOUND  IN  CLOTH, 

TWO  DOLLARS  AND  A  HALF  EACH. 
EACH   VOLUME    CONTAINS   BETWEEN   600   AND   700  PAGES. 


THE  WORLD-RENOWNED  CONVERSATIONS- 
LEXICON."—  Edinburg h  Review. 

"  To  supersede  cumbrous  Encyclopaedias,  and  put  within 
the  reach  of  the  poorest  man,  a  complete  library,  equal  to 
about  forty  or  fifty  good-sized  octavos,  embracing  every 
possible  subject  of  interest  to  the  number  of  20,1 00  in  all- 
provided  he  can  spare  either  from  his  earnings  or  his  ex- 
travagancies, twenty  cents  a  week,  for  three  years,  a  library 
£0  contrived,  as  to  be  equally  suited  to  the  learned  and 
the  unlearned, — the  mechanic — the  merchant,  and  the  pro- 
"  ssional  man." — JV*.  Y.  Courier  and  Inquirer. 

*  The  reputation  of  this  valuable  work  has  augmented 
with  each  volume;  and  if  the  unanimous  opinion  of  the 
press,  uttered  from  all  quarters,  be  true,  which  in  this 
instance  happens  to  be  the  case,  it  is  indeed  one  of  the 
best  of  publications.  It  should  be  in  the  possession  of 
every  intelligent  man,  as  it  is  a  library  in  itself,  compris- 
ing an  immense  mass  of  lore  upon  almost  every  possible 
subject,  and  in  the  cheapest  possible  form." — JV.  Y.  Mirror. 

'  Witnesses  from  every  part  of  the  country  concurred 
in  declaring  that  the  Encyclopaedia  Americana  was  in  a 
fair  way  to  degrade  the  dignity  of  learning,  and  especially 
the  learning  of  Encyclopaedias,  by  making  it  too  cheap — 
that  the  multitudes  of  all  classes  were  infatuated  with  it 
in  saying  in  so  many  words  from  the  highest  to  the  low- 
est, '  the  more  we  see  of  the  work  the  better  we  like  it.'  " 
— JV  Y.  Courier  and  Inquirer. 

"  The  articles  in  the  present  volume  appear  to  us  to 
evince  the  same  ability  and  research  which  gained  so 
favorable  a  reception  for  the  work  at  its  commencement. 
The  Appendix  to  the  volume  now  before  us,  containing  an 
account  of  the  Indian  Languages  of  America,  must  prove 
highly  interesting  to  the  reader  in  this  country;  and  it  is 
at  once  remarkable  as  a  specimen  of  history  and  philology. 
The  work  altogether,  we  may  again  be  permitted  to  ob- 
serve, reflects  distinguished  credit  upon  the  literary  and 
scientific  character,  as  well  as  the  scholarship  of  our 
eountry." — Charleston  Courier. 

"The  copious  information  which  this  work  affords  on 
American  subjects,  fully  justifies  its  title  of  an  American 
Dictionary;  while  at  the  same  time  the  extent,  variety, 
and  felicitous  disposition  of  its  topics,  make  it  the  most 
convenient  and  satisfactory  Encyclopaedia  that  we  have 
ever  seen." — National  Journal. 

"If  the  succeeding  volumes  shall  equal  in  merit  the 
one  before  us,  we  may  confidently  anticipate  for  the  work 
a  reputation  and  usefulness  which  ought  to  secure  for  it 
the  most  flattering  encouragement  and  patronage." — fed- 
eral Gazette. 

"  A  compendious  library,  and  invaluable  book  of  refer- 
ence.''—^. Y.  American. 


"  The  variety  of  topics  is  of  course  vast,  and  they  are 
treated  in  a  manner  which  is  at  once  so  full  of  informa- 
tion and  so  interesting,  that  the  work,  instead  of  being 
merely  referred  to,  might  be  regularly  perused  with 
much  pleasure  as  profit." — Baltimore  American. 

"  We  view  it  as  a  publication  worthy  of  the  age  and  01 
the  country,  and  cannot  but  believe  the  discrimination  ol 
our  countrymen  will  sustain  the  publishers,  and  well  re- 
ward them" for  this  contribution  to  American  Literature.'' 
—Baltimore  Patriot. 

"  It  reflects  the  greatest  credit  on  those  who  have  been 
concerned  in  its  production,  and  promises,  in  a  variety  ol 
respects,  to  be  the  best  as  well  as  the  most  compendious 
dictionary  of  the  arts,  sciences,  history,  politics,  biogra- 
phy, &c.  which  has  yet  been  compiled.  The  style  of  the 
portion  we  have  read  is  terse  and  perspicuous;  and  it  is 
really  curious  how  so  much  scientific  and  other  informa- 
tion could  have  been  so  satisfactorily  communicated  in 
such  brief  limits."— JV.  Y.  Evening  Post. 

"Those  who  can,  by  any  honest  modes  of  economy, 
reserve  the  sum  of  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents  quarterly, 
from  their  family  expenses,  may  pay  for  this  work  as  fast 
as  it  is  published;  and  we  confidently  believe  that  they 
will  find  at  the  end  that  they  never  purchased  so  much 
general,  practical,  useful  information  at  so  cheap  a  rate." 
— Journal  of  Education. 

"  If  the  encouragement  to  the  publishers  should  corres- 
pond with  the  testimony  in  favor  of  their  enterprise,  and 
the  beautiful  arid  faithful  style  of  its  execution,  the  hazard 
of  the  undertaking,  bold  as  it  was,  will  be  well  compen- 
sated ;  and  our  libraries  will  be  enriched  by  the  most  gene- 
rally useful  encyclopedic  dictionary  that  has  been  offered 
to  the  readers  of  the  English  language.  Full  enough  for 
the  general  scholar,  and  plain  enough  for  every  capacity, 
it  is  far  more  convenient,  in  every  view  and  form,  than 
its  more  expensive  and  ponderous  predecessors." — Ameri- 
can Farmer. 

"The  high  reputation  of  the  contributors  to  this  work, 
will  not  fail  to  insure  it  a  favorable  reception,  and  its 
own  merits  will  do  the  rest." — SHUt/ian's  Journ. 

"The  Encylonffidia  Americana  is  a  prodigious  improve- 
ment upon  all  that  has  gone  before  it ;  a  thing  for  our 
country,  as  well  as  the  country  that  gave  it  birth,  to  be 
proud  of;  an  inexhaustible  treasury  of  useful,  pleasant, 
and  familiar  learni  ng  on  every  possi  ble  su bject,  so  arra nged 
as  to  be  speedily  and  safely  referred  to  on  emergency,  as 
well  as  on  deliberate  inquiry;  and  better  still,  adapted  to 
tha  understanding,  and  put  within  the  reach  of  the  mul- 
titude. *  *  *  The  Encyclopaedia  Americana  is  a  work 
without  which  no  library  worthy  of  the  name  can  here- 
after be  iiinde  up." — Yankee. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA  AMERICANA. 


[  The  work  will  be  a  valuable  possession  to  every  family  |     MORE  than  half  of  the  volumes  of  this  work  are 


or  individual  that  can  afford  to  purchase  it ;  and  we  take 
pleasure,  therefore,  in  extending  the  knowledge  of  its 
merits." — National  Intelligencer. 

'This  work  appears  to  improve  as  it  issues  from  the 
[)ress.    The  number  of  able  writers,  who  contribute  ori- 
jinal  matter  in  all  the  departments  of  literature  and  sci- 
;nce  is  amply  sufficient  to  give  it  celebrity  and  high  char- 
acter.   To  men  engaged  in  the  active  pursuits  of  life —  -     ,  -  . 
whose  time  is  precious— this  popular  dictionary  is  a  most  scnption  is  large,  and  increasing;  and  in  those  quar- 
valuable  and  ready  mode  of  reference.    It  embraces  brief  ters  where  its  circulation  is  greatest,  and  where  it  is 
views  and  sketches  of  all  the  late  discoveries  in  science —  ' 


now  before  the  public,  and  the  reception  they  have 
met  with  is  the  best  evidence  that  the  publishers  have 
fulfilled  the  promises  made  at  its  outset.  They  have 
now  only  to  promise,  for  the  editors  and  themselves, 
that  no  exertion  shall  be  spared  to  render  the  remain- 
ing volume  equal  to  those  already  published,  and 
thus  sustain  the  reputation  it  has  acquired.  The  sub 


and  the  present  condition  of  literature,  politics,  <fcc.  &c. 
Every  merchant's  counting-room — every  lawyer's  library 
very  mechanic— every  fanner  ought  to  possess  a  copy 
of  this  useful  and  valuable  work."— Courier. 

"From  the  specimen  which  has  already  been  given,  we 
lave  no  hesitation  in  saying,  that  in  regard  to  intelli- 
gence, skill,  and  faithful  diligence,  it  is  a  work  of  the  very 
ii»hest  order.  We  know  of  no  similar  publication  that 
can  bear  any  comparison  with  it  for  the  rich  variety  of 
valuable  information,  which  it  condenses  within  so  small 
a  compass.  It  is  free  from  all  the  narrowness  of  English 
jrejudice,  it  contains  many  important  and  interesting 
ietails  which  can  be  found  in  no  English  production,  and 
is  a  work  which  could  be  written  by  none  but  German 
scholars,  more  than  two  hundred  of  whom  were  employed 
n  the  original  compilation."— Bost on  Observer. 

"  This  cannot  but  prove  a  valuable  addition  to  the  lite- 
rature of  the  age." — Mer.  Advertiser. 

"The  vast  circulation  this  work  has  had  in  Europe, 
where  it  has  already  been  reprinted  in  four  or  five  lan- 
jjtiages,  not  to  speak  of  the  numerous  German  editions, 
of  which  SEVEN  have  been  published,  speaks  loudly  in 
lavor  of  its  intrinsic  merit,  without  which  such  a  celebrity 
could  never  have  been  attained.  To  every  man  engaged 
in  public  business,  who  needs  a  correct  and  ample  book 
of  reference  on  various  topics  of  science  and  letters,  the 
EncyclopiEdia  Americana  will  be  almost  invaluable.  To 
ndividuals  obliged  to  go  to  situations  where  books  are 
neither  numerous  nor  easily  procured,  the  rich  contents 
of  these  twelve  volumes  will  prove  a  mine  which  will 
amply  repay  its  purchaser,  and  be  with  difficulty  exhaust- 
ed ;  and  we  recommend  it  to  their  patronage  in  the  full 
conviction  of  its  worth.  Indeed,  it.  is  difficult  to  say  to 
what  class  of  readers  such  a  book  would  not  prove  useful, 
nay,  almost  indispensable,  since  it  combines  a  great 
amount  of  valuable  matter  in  small  compass,  and  at 
moderate  expense,  and  is  in  every  respect  well  suited  to 
augment  the  reader's  stock  of  ideas,  and  powers  of  con- 
versation, without  severely  taxing  time  or  fatiguing 
attention." — Am.  Daily  Advertiser. 

"The  department  of  American  Biography,  a  subject  of 
which  it  should  be  disgraceful  to  be  ignorant,  to  the  de- 
gree that  many  are,  is,  in  this  work,  a  prominent  feature, 
and  has  received  the  attention  of  one  of  the  most  inde- 
fatigable writers  in  this  department  of  literature,  which 
the  present  age  can  furnish." — Boston  Courier. 

"  According  to  the  plan  of  Dr.  Lieber,  a  desideratum 
will  be  supplied;  the  substance  of  contemporary  know- 
ledge will  be  brought  within  a  small  compass ;— and  the 
character  and  uses  of  a  manual  will  be  imparted  to  a 
kind  of  publication  heretofore  reserved,  on  strong  shelves, 
for  occasional  reference.  By  those  who  understand  the 
German  language,  the  Conversation  Lexicon  is  consulted 
ten  times  for  one  application  to  any  English  Encyclopae- 
dia."— National  Qazette. 

"  The  volume  now  published  is  not  only  highly  honor- 
able to  the  taste,  ability,  and  industry  of  its  editors  and 
publishers,  but  furnishes  a  proud  sample  of  the  accuracy 
and  elegance  with  which  the  most  elaborate  and  impor- 
tant literary  enterprises  may  now  be  accomplished  in  our 
country.  Of  the  manner  in  which  the  editors  have  thus 
far  completed  their  task,  it  is  impossible,  in  the  course  of 
a  brief  newspaper  article,  to  speak  with  adequate  justice." 
—Boston  Bulletin. 

"  It  continues  to  be  particularly  rich  in  the  depart- 
ments of  Biography  and  Natural  History.  When  we  look 
at  the  large  mass  of  miscellaneous  knowledge  spread 
before  the  reader,  in  a  form  which  has  never  been  equalled 
for  its  condensation,  and  conveyed  in  a  style  that  cannot 
be  surpassed  far  propriety  and  perspicuity,  we  cannot  but 
think  that  the  American  Encyclopaedia  deserves  a  place  in 
every  collection,  in  which  works  of  reference  form  a  por- 
tion."— Sout/tern  Patriot. 

"  By  far  the  boat  work  of  the  kind  ever  offered  for  sale 
in  this  country."—  U.  S.  Oat. 


best  known,  there  is  a  constantly  increasing  demand. 
The  publishers  invite  the  attention  of  those  who  may 
not  already  have  possessed  themselves  of  it,  or  may 
not  have  had  an  opportunity  to  become  acquainted 
with  its  merits,  to  the  following  account  of  the  ori- 
ginal work,  upon  which  it  is  based,  and  which  is 
termed  by  the  Edinburgh  Review — 

THE   WORLD-RENOWNED    LEIPZIG   CONVERSATIONS- 
LEXICON. 

It  was  intended  to  supply  a  want  occasioned  by 
the  character  of  the  age,  in  which  the  sciences,  arts, 
trades,  and  the  various  forms  of  knowledge  and  of 
active  life,  had  become  so  much  extended  and  di- 
versified, that  no  individual  engaged  in  business  coald 
become  well  acquainted  with  all  subjects  of  general 
interest;  while  the  wide  diffusion  of  information  ren- 
dered such  knowledge  essential  to  the  character  of 
an  accomplished  man.  This  want,  no  existing  works 
were  adequate  to  supply.  Books  treating  of  particular 
branches,  such  as  gazetteers,  &c.  were  too  confined 
in  character ;  while  voluminous  Encyclopaedias  were 
too  learned,  scientific,  and  cumbrous,  being  usually 
elaborate  treatises,  requiring  much  study  or  previous 
acquaintance  with  the  subject  discussed.  The  con- 
ductors of  the  CONVERSATION  LEXICON  endeavored 
to  select  from  every  branch  of  knowledge  what  was 
necessary  to  a  well-informed  mind,  and  to  give  popu- 
lar views  of  the  more  abstruse  branches  of  learning 
and  science ;  that  their  readers  might  not  be  incom- 
moded, and  deprived  of  pleasure  or  improvement,  by 
ignorance  of  facts  or  expressions  used  in  books  or  con- 
versation. Such  a  work  must  obviously  be  of  great 
utility  to  every  class  of  readers.  It  has  been  found 
so  much  so  in  Germany,  that  it  is  met  with  every- 
where, among  the  learned,  the  lawyers,  the  military, 
artists,  merchants,  mechanics,  and  men  of  all  stations. 
The  reader  may  judge  how  well  it  is  adapted  to  its 
object,  from  the  circumstance,  that  though  it  now 
consists  of  twelve  volumes,  seven  editions,  comprising 
about  ONE  HUNDRED  THOUSAND  COPIES,  have  been 
printed  in  less  than  fifteen  years.  It  has  been  trans- 
lated into  the  Swedish,  Danish  and  Dutch  languages, 
and  a  French  translation  is  now  preparing  in  Paris. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  American  edition,  no  ex- 
pense has  been  spared  to  secure  the  ablest  assistance, 
and  the  editors  have  been  aided  by  many  gentlemen 
of  distinguished  ability. 

The  American  Biography,  which  is  very  extensive, 
has  been  furnished  by  MR.  WALSH,  who  has  long  paid 
particular  attention  to  that  branch  of  our  literature, 
and  from  materials  in  the  collection  of  which  he  has 
been  engaged  for  some  years.  For  obvious  reasons, 
the  notices  of  distinguished  Americans  are  con- 
fined to  deceased  individuals:  the  European  biogra- 
phy contains  notices  of  all  distinguished  living  char- 
acters, as  well  as  those  of  past  times. 

The  articles  on  Zoology  and  the  various  branches 
of  Natural  Science,  and  those  on  Chemistry  and 
Mineralogy,  have  been  prepared  expressly  for  this 
work  by  gentlemen  distinguished  in  the  several  de- 
partments. 

In  relation  to  the  Fine  Arts,  the  work  is  exceedingly 
rich.  Great  attention  was  given  to  this  in  the  German 
work,  and  the  Editors  have  been  anxious  to  render  it, 
by  the  necessary  additions,  as  perfect  as  possible. 

To  gentlemen  of  the  Bar,  the  work  will  be  pecu- 
liarly valuable,  as  in  cases  where  legal  subjects  are 
treated,  an  account  is  given  of  English,  French,  Gwr- 
man  and  American  Law. 


CABINET    CYCLOPAEDIA, 

CONDUCTED  BY  THE 

REV.  DIONYSIUS  LARDNER,  LL.  D.  F.  R.  S.  L.  &  E. 

M.R.I.  A.  F.L.S.  F.Z.S.  Hon.F.C.P.  S.  M.  Ast.  S.  &c.  &c. 
ASSISTED  BY 

EMINENT  LITERARY  AND  SCIENTIFIC  MEN. 
Now  publishing  by  Carey  and  Lea,  and  for  sale  by  all  Booksellers. 


THIS  work  will  form  a  popular  compendium  of  what 
ever  is  useful,  instructive,  and  interesting,  in  the  circle  of 
human  knowledge.  A  novel  plan  of  publication  and  ar- 
rangement has  been  adopted,  which  presents  peculiar 
advantages.  Without  fully  detailing  the  method,  a  few  of 
these  advantages  may  be  mentioned. 

Each  volume  will  contain  one  or  more  subjects  uninter- 
rupted and  unbroken,  and  will  be  accompanied  by  the 
corresponding  plates  or  other  appropriate  illustrations. 
Facility  of  reference  will  be  obtained  without  fettering 
the  work  by  a  continued  alphabetical  arrangement.  A 
subscriber  may  omit  particular  volumes  or  sets  of  vol- 
umes, without  disintegrating  his  series.  Thus  each  pur- 
chaser may  form  from  the  "CABINET"  a  Cyclopaedia,  more 
or  less  comprehensive,  as  may  suit  his  means,  taste,  or 
profession.  If  a  subscriber  desire  to  discontinue  the  work 
at  any  stage  of  its  publication,  the  volumes  which  he 
may  have  received  will  not  lose  their  value  by  separation 
from  the  rest  of  the  work,  since  they  will  always  either 
be  complete  in  themselves,  or  may  be  made  so  at  a  trifling 
expense. 

The  purchasers  will  never  find  their  property  in  this 
work  destroyed  by  the  publication  of  a  second  edition. 
The  arrangement  is  such  that  particular  volumes  may 
be  re-edited  or  re-written  without  disturbing  the  others. 
The  "  CABINET  CYCLOPAEDIA.  "  will  thus  be  in  a  state  of 
continual  renovation,  keeping  pace  with  the  never-ceas- 
ng  improvements  in  knowledge,  drawing  within  its 
circle  from  year  to  year  whatever  is  new,  and  casting  off 
whatever  is  obsolete,  so  as  to  form  a  constantly  modern- 
zed  Cyclopaedia.  Such  are  a  few  of  the  advantages  which 
the  proprietors  have  to  offer  to  the  public,  and  which  they 
pledge  themselves  to  realise. 

Treatises  on  subjects  which  are  technical  and  profes- 
sional will  be  adapted,  not  so  much  to  those  who  desire 
to  attain  a  practical  proficiency,  as  to  those  who  seek 
that  portion  of  information  respecting  such  matters  which 
is  generally  expected  from  well-educated  persons.  An 
interest  will  be  imparted  to  what  is  abstract  by  copious 
illustrations,  and  the  sciences  will  be  rendered  attractive, 
by  treating  them  with  reference  to  the  most  familiar  ob- 
jects and  occurrences. 

The  unwieldly  bulk  of  Encyclopaedias,  not  less  than 
the  abstruse  discussions  which  they  contain,  has  hitherto 
consigned  them  to  the  library,  as  works  of  only  occasional 
reference.  The  present  work,  from  its  portable  form  and 
popular  style,  will  claim  a  place  in  the  drawing-room  and 
the  boudoir.  Forming  in  itself  a  Complete  I  ibrary,  af- 
fording an  extensive  and  infinitely  varied  store  of  in- 
struction and  amusement,  presenting  just  so  much  on 
every  subject  as  those  not  professionally  engaged  in  it 
require,  convenient  in  size,  attractive  in  form,  elegant  in 
illustrations,  and  most  moderate  in  expense,  the  "CABINET 
CYCLOPEDIA"  will,  it  is  hoped,  be  found  an  object  of  para- 
mount interest  in  every  family. 

To  the  heads  of  schools  and  all  places  of  public  educa- 
tion the  proprietors  trust  that  this  work  will  particularly 
recommend  itself. 

It  seems  scarcely  necessary  to  add,  that  nothing  will 
be  admitted  into  the  pages  of  the  "  CABINET  CYCLOPEDIA" 
which  can  have  the  most  remote  tendency  to  offend  public 
or  private  morals.  To  enforce  the  cultivation  of  religion 
and  the  practice  of  virtue  should  be  a  principal  object 
with  all  who  undertake  to  inform  the  public  mind  ;  but 
with  the  views  just  explained,  the  conductor  of  this  work 
feels  these  considerations  more  especially  pressed  upon 
his  attention  Parents  and  guardians  may,  therefore, 
rest  assured  that  they  will  never  find  it  necessary  to  place 
a  volume  of  the  "  CABINET  "  beyond  the  reach  of  their  chil- 
dren or  pupils. 


CONSIDERABLE  progress  having  been  made  in  this 
work,  the  publishers  wish  to  direct  the  attention  of 
the  public  to  the  advantages  by  which  it  is  distin- 
guished from  other  similar  monthly  publications. 

It  is  not  intended  that  the  Cabinet  Cyclopaedia  shall 
form  an  interminable  series,  in  which  any  work  of 


interest  which  may  present  itself  from  time  to  time 
can  claim  a  place.  Its  subjects  are  classified  accord- 
ing to  the  usual  divisions  of  literature,  science,  and 
art.  Each  division  is  distinctly  traced  out,  and  will 
consist  of  a  determinate  number  of  volumes.  Al- 
though the  precise  extent  of  the  work  cannot  be  fixed 
with  certainty,  yet  there  is  a  limit  which  will  not  be 
exceeded ;  and  the  subscribers  may  look  forward  to 
the  possession,  within  a  reasonable  time,  of  a  complete 
library  of  instruction,  amusement,  and  genera)  refer- 
ence, in  the  regular  form  of  a  popular  Cyclopaedia. 

The  several  classes  of  the  work  are— 1,  NATURAL 
PHILOSOPHY;  2,  The  USEFUL  and  FINE  ARTS; 
3,  NATURAL  HISTORY;  4,  GEOGRAPHY;  5, 
POLITICS  and  MORALS ;  6,  GENERAL  LITE- 
RATURE and  CRITICISM ;  7,  HISTORY ;  8,  BI- 
OGRAPHY. 

In  the  above  abstruse  and  technical  departments 
of  knowledge,  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  convey 
to  the  reader  a  general  acquaintance  with  these  sub- 
jects, by  the  use  of  plain  and  familiar  language,  ap- 
propriate and  well-executed  engravings,  and  copious 
examples  and  illustrations,  taken  from  objects  and 
events  with  which  every  one  is  acquainted. 

The  proprietors  formerly  pledged  themselves  that 
no  exertion  should  be  spared  to  obtain  the  support  of 
the  most  distinguished  talent  of  the  age.  They  trust 
that  they  have  redeemed  that  pledge.  Among  the 
volumes  already  published  in  the  literary  department, 
no  less  than  four  have  been  the  production  of  men 
who  stand  in  the  first  rank  of  literary  talent, — Sir 
James  Mackintosh  and  Sir  Walter  Scott.  In  the  sci- 
entific department,  a  work  has  been  produced  from 
the  pen  of  Mr.  Herschel,  which  has  been  pronounced 
by  the  highest  living  authority  on  subjects  of  general 
philosophy,  to  contain  "  the  noblest  observations  on 
the  value  of  knowledge  which  have  been  made  since 
Bacon,"  and  to  be  "  the  finest  work  of  philosophical 
genius  which  this  age  has  seen." 

The  following  is  a  selection  from  the  lift  of  Contributors. 

The  Right  Honorable  Sir  JAMES  MACKIN- 
TOSH, M.  P. 

The  Right  Rev.  The  Lord  Bishop  of  Cloyne, 

Sir  WALTER  SCOTT,  Bart. 

JOHN  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  HERSCHEL, 
Esq. 

THOMAS  MOORE,  Esq. 

J.  B.  BIOT,  Member  of  the  French  Institute, 

ROBERT  SOUTHEY,  Esq.  Poet  Laureate. 

The  Baron  CHARLES  DUPIN,  Member  of  the 
Royal  Institute  and  Chamber  of  Deputies, 

THOMAS  CAMPBELL,  Esq. 

T.  B.  MACAULEY,  Esq.  M.  P. 

DAVID  BREWSTER,  LL.D. 

J.  C.  L.  S1SMONDI,  of  Geneva. 

Capt.  HENRY  KATER,  Vice  President  of  the 
Royal  Society. 

The  ASTRONOMER  ROYAL, 

DA  VIES  GILBERT,  Esq.  M.  P. 

S.  T.COLERIDGE,  Esq. 

JAMES  MONTGOMERY,  Esq. 

The  Right  Hon.  T.  P.  COURTENAY,  M.P. 

J.  J.  BERZEL1US,  of  Stockholm,  F.  R.  S.,  &a 

The  Rev.  G,  R.  GLEIG. 

T,  PHILLIPS,  Esq.  Prof,  of  Painting,  R.  A. 

Rev.  C.  THIRLWALL,  Fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge. 

ANDREW  URE,  M.  D.  F. R.S.,  &c.  &c.  &c. 


DR.  LARDNSR'S 
CABINET     CYCtOPJEDIA. 


VOLUMES  PUBLISHED. 

I.  H.— HISTORY  OF  SCOTLAND.   By  SIR  WALTER 

SCOTT. 
IH.  VI.— HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND.    By  SIR  JAMES 

MACKINTOSH.    In  8  Vols.    Vols.  I.  and  II. 
IV.— OUTLINES  OF  HISTORY. 
V— HISTORY  OF  THE  NETHERLANDS.  By  T.  C. 

GRATTAN,  Esq. 
VII.  VIII.  XII.— HISTORY  OF  FRANCE.    By  EYRE 

EVANS  CROWE.    In  3  Vols. 
IX.— MECHANICS.     By  CAPT.  KATER    and  DR. 

LARDNER. 

X.— A  PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSE  ON  THE  OB- 
JECTS, ADVANTAGES,  AND  PLEASURES  OF 

THE  STUDY  OF  NATURAL  PHILOSOPHY.    In 

1  Vol.    By  J.  F.  W.  HERSCHEL,  Esq. 
XL— BIOGRAPHY     OF     EMINENT     BRITISH 

STATESMEN. 
XIII.-HYDROSTATICS  AND  PNEUMATICS.  By 

DR.  LARDNER. 
XIV.— HISTORY  OF  THE   PROGRESS  AND  PRE 

SENT  SITUATION  OF  THE  SILK  MANUFAC 

TURE. 
XV.— HISTORY  OF  THE  ITALIAN  REPUBLICS 

By  J.  C.  L.  SISMONDI. 
XVI.  XVII.  XVI II.— HISTORY    OF    MARITIME 

AND  INLAND  DISCOVERY.    In  3  vois. 


VOLUMES  IN  IMMEDIATE  PREPARA- 
TION. 

HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND.    Vol.  III. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  PROGRESS  AND  PRESENT 
STATE  OF  THE  IRON  MANUFACTURE. 

LIVES  OF  EMINENT  BRITISH  LAWYERS.  In 
1  Vol.  By  H.  ROSCOE,  Esq. 

THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  WESTERN  WORLD.    In 

4  Vols.  Vol.  I.  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMER- 
ICA. 

Two  volumes  of  this  work,  nearly  ready,  will 
complete  the  History  of  the  United  States  to  the 
present  time.  The  two  remaining  volumes  will 
be  devoted  to  South  America  and  the  West  India 
Islands. 

A  HISTORY  OF  IRELAND,  TO  THE  UNION.  In  2 
Vols.  By  T.  MOORE,  Esq. 

A  PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSE  ON  THE  USEFUL 
ARTS  AND  MANUFACTURES.  By  the  BARON 
CHARLES  DUPIN,  Member  of  the  Institute  of  France 
and  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies. 

A  HISTORY  OF  THE  MOORS.  In  3  Vols.  By  ROB- 
ERT SOUTHEY,  Esq. 

LIVES  OF  THE  MOST  EMINENT  LITERARY 
MEN  OF  ALL  NATIONS.  In  8  Vols.  By  SCOTT, 
SOUTHEY,  MOORE,  MACKINTOSH,  MONTGOMERY, 
CUNNINGHAM,  and  all  the  principal  Literary  and 
Scientific  Contributors  to  the  Cyclopaedia. 

A  TREATISE  ON  ASTRONOMY.  By  J.  F.  W. 
HERSCHEL,  Esq. 

EOGRAPHY.    In  4  Vols.    By  W.  COOLEY,  Esq. 
author  of  the  "  History  of  Maritime  Discovery." 

LIVES  OF  THE  MOST  DISTINGUISHED  BRITISH 
NAVAL  COMMANDERS.  By  R.  SOUTHEY,  Esq. 

LIVES  OF  THE  MOST  DISTINGUISHED  BRITISH 
MILITARY  COMMANDERS.  By  the  Rev.  G.  R. 
GLEIG. 

A  TREATISE    ON   OPTICS.    By   DAVID   BREW- 

STEIl. 

THE  HISTORV  OF  GREECE.  In  3  Vols.  By  the 
Rev.  C.  TIJIRLWALL. 

LIVKS  OF  EMINENT  BRITISH  ARTISTS.  By 
W.  Y.  OTLEY,  Esq.  and  T.  PHILLIPS,  R,  A.  Professor 
of  Painting-  to  the  Royal  Academy. 

A  TREATISE  ON  ELECTRICITY  AND  MAGNET- 
ISM. By  M.  BIOT,  Member  of  the  French  Insti- 
tute. 


"  BOOKS  THAT  YOU  MAY  CARRY  TO  THE  FIRE,  AND  HOL 
READILY  IN  YOUR  HAND,  ARE  THE  MOST  USEFUL  AFTEF 
ALL.  A  MAN  WILL  OFTEN  LOOK  AT  THEM,  AND  B 
TEMPTED  TO  GO  ON,  WHEN  HE  WOULD  HAVE  BEE 
FRIGHTENED  AT  BOOKS  OF  A  LARGER  SIZE,  AJND  OK 
MORE  ERUDITE  APPEARANCE." — Dr.  JolmSOH. 

"We  advisedly  call  the  Cabinet  Cyclopaedia  a  grea 
undertaking,  because  we  consider,  that  in  its  effects  o 
the  tone  and  habits  of  thought  of  what  is  known  by  th 
phrase,  '  the  reading  public,'  it  will  be,  if  carried  throug 
in  the  spirit  of  its  projection  and  commencement,  one  o 
the  most  invaluable  productions  of  modern  literature. 

"  But  these  advantages,  eminent  as  they  undoubtedl 
are,  are  not  the  sole  nor  the  chief  recommendations  o 
the  Cabinet  Cyclopaedia.  Neither  is  it  on  the  extrem 
cheapness  of  the  publication,  nor  the  federal  independenc 
— if  we  may  so  speak — of  its  several  volumes,  that  w 
rest  our  prediction  of  its  influence  on  the  tone  of  think 
ing  of  the  present,  and  on  the  literature  of  the  next  gen 
eration — but  on  the  promise,  amounting  almost  to  a  mora 
certainty,  of  the  great  excellence  of  its  execution.  A  mul 
titude  of  persons  eminent  in  literature  and  science  in  th 
United  Kingdom  are  employed  in  this  undertaking;  anc 
indeed,  no  others  should  be  employed  in  it ;  for  it  is  a  trutl 
that  the  profound  and  practised  writer  alone  is  capable  o 
furnishing  a  'popular  compendium.' 

"  What  parent  or  guardian  that  throws  his  eye  over  the 
list  of  its  contributors  bat  must  be  rejoiced  by  meetin, 
the  names  of  those  who  are  in  themselves  a  guarantee 
of  intellectual  and  moral  excellence?" — Literary  Gazette 

"  The  plan  of  the  work  appears  well  adapted  to  the  pur 
pose  it  is  proposed  to  fulfil— that  of  supplying  a  series  o 
publications,  embracing  the  whole  range  of  literature 
and  science,  in  a  popular  and  portable  form  ;  while  the 
excellence  of  the  execution  is  guarantied  by  the  judgmen 
displayed  in  the  selection  of  writers.  The  list  of  authors 
employed  in  this  ambitious  undertaking  comprises  some 
of  the  most  eminent  men>of  the  present  age." — Mas. 

"  The  Cyclopaedia,  when  complete,  will  form  a  valuable 
work  of  reference,  as  well  as  a  most  entertaining  and  in 
structive  library.  It  is  an  essential  principle  in  every  par 
of  it,  that  it  should  be  clear  and  easily  understood,  and 
that  an  attempt  should  everywhere  be  made  to  unite 
accurate  information  with  an  agreeable  manner  of  con 
veying  it.  It  is  an  experiment,  to  try  how  much  science 
may  be  taught  with  little  crabbed  or  technical  language 
and  how  far  the  philosophical  and  poetical  qualities  of 
history  may  be  preserved  in  its  more  condensed  state.  It 
possesses  also  the  most  indispensable  of  all  the  qualities 
of  a  work  intended  for  general  instruction — that  of  cheap 
ness.  Whatever  the  plan  might  be,  it  was  evident  that 
the  grand  difficulty  of  Dr.  Lardner  was  to  unite  a  body 
of  writers  in  its  execution,  whose  character  or  works  af- 
forded the  most  probable  hope  that  they  were  fitted  for  a 
task  of  which  the  peculiarity,  the  novelty,  and  even  the 
prevalent  relish  for  such  writings  greatly  enhance  the  dif- 
ficulty. We  do  not  believe,  that  in  the  list  of  contribu- 
tors, there  is  one  name  of  which  the  enlightened  part  of 
the  public  would  desire  the  exclusion. 

In  science,  the  list  is  not  less  promising.  The  names 
of  the  President,  Vice-Presidents,  and  most  distinguished 
Fellows  of  the  Royal  Society,  are  contained  in  it.  A 
treatise  on  astronomy,  by  Herschel ;  on  optics,  by  Brews- 
ter ;  and  on  mechanics,  by  Lardner ;  need  be  only  recom- 
mended by  the  subjects  and  the  writers.  An  eminent 
Prelate,  of  the  first  rank  in  science,  has  undertaken  a 
noble  subject  which  happily  combines  philosophy  with 
religion.  Twelve  of  the  most  distinguished  naturalists 
of  the  age,  Fellows  of  the  Linnsan  and  Zoological  So- 
ieties,  are  preparing  a  course  of  natural  history.  Others 
not  less  eminent  in  literature  and  science,  whose  names  it 
s  not  needful  yet  to  mention,  have  shown  symptoms  of  an 
ambition  to  take  a  place  among  such  fellow-laborers." — 
Times. 

The  topics,  as  may  be  supposed,  are  both  judiciously 
selected  and  treated  with  ability.  To  general  readers, 
and  as  part  of  a  family  library,  the  volumes  already  pub- 
ished  possess  great  recommendations.  For  the  external 
>eauties  of  good  printing  arid  paper  they  merit  equal  com- 
mendation."— Bait.  American. 

"  The  uniform  neatness  of  these  volumes,  their  very 
moderate  price,  and  the  quantity  of  information  which 
hey  contain,  drawn  from  the  best  and  most  attractive 
sources,  have  given  them  deserved  celebrity,  and  no  one 
vho  desires  to  possess  such  information,  should  hesitate 
a  moment  to  add  them  to  his  library." — Fed.  Gazette. 

"This  excellent  work  continues  to  increase  in  public 
avor,  and  to  receive  fresh  accessions  of  force  to  its  «orps 
>f  contributors."— lAt.  Gazette. 


LARDNER'S  CABINET  CYCLOPEDIA. 


"  OF  THE  MANY  WORKS  WHICH  HAVE  BEEN  LATELY  PUB- 
LISHED IN  IMITATION,  OR  ON  THE  PLAN  ADOPTED  BY  THE 
SOCIETY  FOR  THE  D1FFCSION  OF  USEFUL  KNOWLEDGE,  DR. 

LARDNER'S  CYCLOPAEDIA,  is  BY  MUCH  THE  MOST  VALUA- 
BLE, AND  THE  MOST  RECOMMENDED  BY  DISTINGUISHED 
ASSISTANCE,  SCIENTIFIC  AND  LITERARY." 

Edinburgh  Review. 


HISTORY  OP  SCOTLAND.    By  Sir  Walter 
Scott.    In  a  Vols. 

"  The  History  of  Scotland,  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  we  do 
not  hesitate  to  declare,  will  be,  if  possible,  more  exten- 
sively read,  than  the  most  popular  work  of  fiction,  by  the 
same  prolific  author,  and  for  this  obvious  reason:  it  com- 
bines much  of  the  brilliant  coloring  of  the  Ivanhoe  pic- 
tures of  by-gone  manners,  and  all  the  graceful  facility  of 
style  and  picturesqueness  of  description  of  his  other 
charming  romances,  with  a  minute  fidelity  to  the  facts 
of  history,  and  a  searching  scrutiny  into  their  authenti 
city  and  relative  value,  which  might  put  to  the  blush 

—     Mr.  Hume  and  other  professed  historians.    Such  is  the 

tory  of  England,  we  find  enough  to  warrant  the  antici-  magic  charm  of  Sir  Walter  Scott's  pen,  it  has  only  to 
pations  of  the  public,  that  a  calm  and  luminous  philoso-  touch  the  simplest  incident  of  every-day  life,  and  it  starts 
phy  will  diffuse  itself  over  the  long  narrative  of  our  Brit- 


HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND.  By  Sir  James 
Mackintosh.  In  8  Vols.  Two  Vols.  pub- 
lished. 

"In_  the  firgt  volume  of  Sir  James  Mackintosh's  His- 


ish  History."—  Edinburgh  Review. 


In  this  volume  Si 


r  James  Mackintosh  fully  developes 


up  invested  with  all  the  interest  of  a  scene  of  romance  ; 
and  yet  such  is  his  fidelity  to  the  text  of  nature,  that  the 
knights,  and  serfs,  and  collared  fools  with  whom  his  in 


those  great  powers,  for  the  possession  of  which  the  public  I  ventive  genius  has  peopled  so  many  volumes,  are  regarded 
have  long  given  him  credit.  The  result  is  the  ablest  com-  |  by  us  as  not  mere  creations  of  fancy,  but  as  real  flesh  and 
mentary  that  has  yet  appeared  in  our  language  upon  some  blood  existences,  with  all  the  virtues,  feelings  and  errors 


most  important  circumstances  of  English  History." 


of  the 
— Atlas. 

"  Worthy  in  the  method,  style,  and  reflections,  of  the 
author's  high  reputation.  We  were  particularly  pleased 
with  his  high  vein  of  philosophical  sentiment,  and  his 
occasional  survey  of  contemporary  annals."— National 
Gazette 

"If  talents  of  the  highest  order,  long  experience  in  po- 
litics, and  years 'of  application  to  the  study  of  history 
and  the  collection  of  information,  can  command  superi- 
ority in  a  historian,  Sir  James  Mackintosh  may,  without 
reading  this  work,  be  said  to  have  produced  the  best  his- 
tory of  this  country.  A  perusal  of  the  work  will  prove 
that  those  who  anticipated  a  superior  production,  have 
not  reckoned  in  vain  on  the  high  qualifications  of  the 
author." — Courier. 

"  Our  anticipations  of  this  volume  were  certainly  very 
highly  raised,  and  unlike  such  anticipations  in  general, 
they  have  not  been  disappointed.  A  philosophical  spirit, 
a  nervous  style,  and  a  full  knowledge  of  the  subject,  ac- 
quired by  considerable  research  into  the  works  of  pre- 
ceding chroniclers  and  historians,  eminently  distinguish 
this  popular  abridgment,  and  cannot  fail  to  recommend  it 
to  universal  approbation.  In  continuing  his  work  as  he 
has  begun,  Sir  James  Mackintosh  will  confer  a  great  bene- 
fit on  his  country." — Loud.  Lit.  Gazette. 

"  Of  its  general  merits,  and  its  permanent  value,  it  is 
impossible  to  speak,  without  the  highest  commendation, 
and  after  a  careful  and  attentive  perusal  of  the  two  vol- 
umes which  have  been  published,  we  are  enabled  to  de- 
clare that,  so  far,  Sir  James  Mackintosh  has  performed 
the  duty  to  which  he  was  assigned,  with  all  the  ability 
that  was  to  be  expected  from  his  great  previous  attain 


ments,  his  laborious  industry 


vestigation,  his  excel- 


lent judgment,  his  superior  talents,  and  his  honorable 
principles  " — Inquirer. 

"  We  shall  probably  extract  the  whole  of  his  view  of 
the  reformation,  merely  to  show  how  that  important  topic 
has  been  handled  by  so  able  and  philosophical  a  writer, 
professing  Protestantism.— National  Gazette. 

"  The  talents  of  Sir  James  Mackintosh  are  so  justly  and 
deeply  respected,  that  a  strong  interest  is  necessarily  ex- 
cited with  regard  to  any  work  which  such  a  distinguished 
writer  may  think  fit  to  undertake.  In  the  present  instance, 
as  in  all  others,  our  expectations  are  fully  gratified."— 
Gentleman's  Magazine. 

.  "  The  second  volume  of  the  History  of  England,  form- 
ing the  sixth  of  Carey  &.  Lea's  Cabinet  Cyclopaedia,  has 
been  sent  abroad,  and  entirely  sustains  the  reputation  of 
its  predecessors.  The  various  factions  and  dissensions, 
the  important  trials  and  battles,  which  render  this  period 
so  conspicuous  in  the  page  of  history,  are  all  related  with 
great  clearness  and  masterly  power." — Boston  Traveller, 


BIOGRAPHY  OF  BRITISH  STATESMEN; 
containing  the  Lives  of  Sir  Thomas  More, 
Cardinal  Wol.sey,  Area  bishop  Cranmcr, 
and  Lord  Burlcigh. 

"  A  very  delightful  volume,  and  on  a  subject  likely  to 


increase  in  interest  a«  it  proceeds. 


We  cordially 


commend  the  work  both  for  its  design  and  execution."  — 
Land.  Lit.  Gazette. 


of  common-place  humanity."— Lit.  Gazette. 


HISTORY  OP   PRANCE.    By  Eyre  Evans 
Crowe.    In  3  vols. 

HISTORY  OP  PRANCE,  from  the  Restora- 
tion of  the  Bourbons,  to  the  Revolution 
of  1830.  By  T.  B.  Macaulay,  Esq.  M.  P. 
Nearly  ready. 

"  The  style  is  concise  and  clear ;  and  events  are  sum- 
med up  with  much  vigor  and  originality." — Lit.  Gazette. 

"  His  history  of  France  is  worthy  to  figure  with  the 
works  of  his  associates,  the  best  of  their  day,  Scott  and 
Mackintosh."— Monthly  Mag 

"  For  such  a  task  Mr.  Crowe  is  eminently  qualified. 
At  a  glance,  as  it  were,  his  eye  takes  in  the  theatre  of 
centuries.  His  style  is  neat,  clear,  and  pithy;  and  his 
power  of  condensation  enables  him  to  say  much,  and 
effectively,  in  a  few  words,  to  present  a  distinct  and 
perfect  picture  in  a  narrowly  circumscribed  space." — La 
Belle  Assemblee. 

"  The  style  is  neat  and  condensed  ;  the  thoughts  and 
conclusions  sound  and  just.    The  necessary  conciseness 
of  the 
the 
can. 


he  narrative  is  unaccompanied  by  any  baldness;  on 
contrary,  it  is  spirited  and  engaging." — Bait.  Ameri- 

"To  compress  the  history  of  a  great  nation,  during  a 
period  of  thirteen  hundred  years,  into  three  volumes,  and 
to  preserve  sufficient  distinctness  as  well  as  interest  in 
the  narrative,  to  enable  and  induce  the  reader  to  possess 
himself  clearly  of  all  the  leading  incidents,  is  a  task  by 
HO  means  easily  executed.  It  has,  nevertheless,  been  well 
accomplished  in  this  instance."— JV.  Y.  American. 

"Written  with  spirit  and  taste." — U.  <S.  Gazette, 

"Could  we  but  persuade  our  young  friends  to  give 
these  volumes  a  careful  perusal,  we  should  feel  assured 
of  their  grateful  acknowledgments  of  profit  and  pleas- 
ure."—^. Y.  Mirror. 

"  At  once  concise  and  entertaining."— -Saturday  Bul- 
letin. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  NETHERLANDS, 
to  the  Battle  of  "Waterloo.  By  T.  C.  Grat- 
tan. 

"  It  is  but  justice  to  Mr.  Grattan  to  say  that  he  has 
executed  his  laborious  task  with  much  industry  and  pro- 
portionate effect.  Undisfijrured  by  pompous  nothingness, 
and  without  any  of  the  affectation  of  philosophical  pro- 
fundity, his  style  is  simple,  light,  and  fresh— perspicuous, 
smooth,  and  harmonious."— La  Belle  Assemblee. 

"Never  did  work  appear  at  a  more  fortunate  period. 
The  volume  before  us  is  a  compressed  but  clear  and  im- 
partial narrative  " — Lit.  Gaz. 

"  A  long  residence  in  the  country,  and  a  ready  access  to 
libraries  and  archives,  have  furnished  Mr  Grattan  with 
materials  which  he  hns  arranged  with  skill,  and  out  of 
which  he  has  produced  a  most  interesting  volume."— 
Gent.  Mag. 


GARDNER'S 
CABINET  CYCLOPAEDIA. 


IT  IS  NOT  EASY  TO  DEVISE  A  CURE  FOR   SDCH  A  STATE 
OP  THINGS    (THE   DECLINING  TASTE  FOR  SCIENCE;)  BUT 


CABINET   OF 
AMERICAN   HISTORY. 

BY  T.  F.  GORDON. 


Volumes  published. 

I.  II.  HISTORY  OF  THE  SPANISH  DISCOVERIES 
prior  to  the  year  1520. 

To   toe   succeeded  hy 


THE  MOST  OBVIOUS  REMEDY  IS  TO  PROVIDE  THE  EDU- 
CATED CLASSES  WITH  A  SERIES  OF  WORKS  ON  POPULAR 
AND  PRACTICAL  SCIENCE,  FREED  FROM  MATHEMATICAL 
SYMBOLS  AND  TECHNICAL  TERMS,  WRITTEN  IN  SIMPLE 
AND  PERSPICUOUS  LANGUAGE,  AND  ILLUSTRATED  BY  FACTS 
AND  EXPERIMENTS,  WHICH  ARE  LEVEL  TO  THE  CAPACITY  HI.  IV.  V.  HISTORY  OF  ANAHUAC,  OR  MEXICO 


OF  ORDINARY  MINDS." — Quarterly  Review. 


PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSE  ON  THE  OB- 
JECTS, ADVANTAGES,  AND  PLEAS- 
URES OF  THE  STUDY  OF  NATURAL 
PHILOSOPHY.  By  J.  T.  W.  Hersehel, 
A.  M.  late  Fellow  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge* 


from  its  discovery  to  the  present  time.     In  3  vols. 
VI.  VII.  HISTORY  OF  PERU.    In  2  vols. 
VIII.  IX.  HISTORY  OF  BRAZIL.  In  2  vols.  &c.&c 


UNDER  this  comprehensive  title,  it  is  proposed  to 
publish  a  General  History  of  America,  divided  into 
parts  making  together  a  continuous  whole;  yet  each 
"  Without  disparaging  any  other  of  the  many  interest-  leaving  an  integral  form,  adapted  for  separate  publica 
ng  and  instructive  volumes  issued  in  the  form  of  cabinet  ;tion.     Each   portion  wjn    be    brought   down  to  the 
?^h£^£^XX£JSft^-^«  •*&  «  -?  be  wri«engand  will  contain 
nformation,  Mr.Herchel's  discourse  of  Natural  Philoso- !  *  popular  description  of  the  geology,  climate  and  pro 
phy  in  Dr.  Gardner's  Cyclopaedia."— Christian  Observer.      \  auctions,  and  the  civil  history  of  the  country  to  which 
The  finest  work  of  philosophical  genius  which  this  ll  relates. 


ge  has  seen." — Mackintosh's  England. 


No  work  of  this  general  nature  has  been  publishec 


"  By  far  the  most  delightful  book  to  which  the  existing  !n  the  English  language.  The  work  of  Dr.  Robertson 
Competition  between  literary  rivals  of  great  talent  and|ls  rather  a  philosophical  essay  on  American  history 
interprise  has  given  rise."— Monthly  Review.  than  an  historical  narrative  ;  and  though  originally 

"Mr.  Herschel'a  delightful  volume.  *  *  *  We  find  designed  to  embrace  the  whole  of  the  American 
ecattered  through  the  work  instances  of  vivid  and  happy  >  continent,  it  remains  unfinished.  It  is  written  also 


[lustration,  where  the  fancy  is  usefully  called  into  action, 
o  as  sometimes  to  remind  us  of  the  splendid  pictures 
which  crowd  upon  us  in  the  style  of  Bacon." — Quarterly 
leview. 

"  It  is  the  most  exciting  volume  of  the  kind  we  ever 
net  with."— Monthly  Magazine. 

"One  of  the  most  instructive  and  delightful  books  we 
ave  ever  perused." — U.  S.  Journal, 


A  TREATISE  ON  MECHANICS.  By  Capt. 
Kater,  and  the  Rev.  Dionysius  Lardner. 
"With  numerous  engravings. 

"  A  work  which  contains  an  uncommon  amount  of 
useful  information,  exhibited  in  a  plain  and  very  intelli- 
ible  form." — Olmsted's  Nat.  Philosophy. 

"This  volume  has  been  lately  published  in  England,  as 
a  part  of  Dr.  Lardner's  Cabinet  Cyclopaedia,  arid  has  re- 
vived the  unsolicited  approbation  of  the  most  eminent 

en  of  science,  and  the  most  discriminating  journals  and 
eviews,  in  the  British  metropolis. — It  is  written  in  a 
wpiilar  and  intelligible  style,  entirely  free  from  mathe- 
natical  symbols,  and  disencumbered  cis  far  as  possible  of 
echnical  phrases." — Boston  Traveller. 

"  Admirable  in  development  and  clear  in  principles,  and 
specially  felicitous  in  illustration  from  familiar  eub- 
ects." — Monthly  Mag. 

"Though  replete  with  philosophical  information  of  the 
ighest  order  in  mechanics,  adapted  to  ordinary  capaci- 
ies  in  a  way  to  render  it  at  once  intelligible  and  popu- 
ar."—  Lit.  Gazette. 

"  A  work  of  great  merit,  full  of  valuable  information, 
lot  only  to  the  practical  mechanic,  but  to  the  man  of  sci- 
nce."— JV".  Y.  Courier  and  Enquirer. 


A  TREATISE  ON  HYDROSTATICS  AND 
PNEUMATICS.  By  the  Rev.  D.  Lardner. 
"With  numerous  engravings. 

"  It  fully  sustains  the  favorable  opinion  we  have  already 
xprensed  as  to  this  valuable  compendium  of  modern  sci- 
nee."— Lit.  Gazette. 

"  Dr.  Lanlner  has  made  a  good  me  of  his  acquaintance 

ith  the  familiar  facts  which  illustrate  the  principles  of 
cience."— Monthly  Magazine. 

"It  is  written  with  a  full  knowledge  of  the  subject, 
nd  in  a  popular  style,  abounding  in  practical  illustra- 
ions  of  the  abstruse  operations  of  these  imporant  sci- 
nces."—  U.  S.  Journal 


with  a  bias  unfavorable  to  America  and  its  produc- 
tions, is  incorrect  in  many  important  particulars,  anc 
is  too  much  abstracted  for  popular  use. 

This  void  in  literature  might  have  been  properly 
filled  by  the  writers  of  Spain,  Portugal,  France,  or 
England,  but  has  been  supplied  for  Europe,  in  i 
measure,  by  an  Italian,  the  Cavalier  Campagnoni,  of 
whose  meritorious  labor  much  use  will  be  made  in 
the  proposed  enterprise. 

The  volumes  herewith  presented,  may  be  deemed 
introductory  to  the  whole  work,  since  they  narrate 
the  history  of  the  discovery  of  the  three  great  portions 
of  America.  In  the  prosecution  of  the  subject,  the 
existing  political  divisions  will  be  pursued  and  con- 
nected with  former  ones,  by  proper  explanations ;  and 
where  due  regard  for  unity  does  not  forbid,  the 
chronological  order  will  be  preserved.  Thus,  the 
next  succeeding  part  of  the  work,  now  advanced  in 
preparation,  will  contain  the  history  of  Anahuac,  or 
Mexico :  including  its  ancient  annals,  an  account  of 
its  subjugation,  and  the  policy  of  its  conquerors,  of  its 
late  revolutions,  and  of  its  present  constituent  states 
In  the  same  manner  will  be  treated  Central  America, 
Peru,  Chili,  Bolivia,  the  United  Provinces  of  La  Plata, 
Brazil  and  Colombia.  Due  attention  will  also  be  given 
to  the  independent  Indian  nations  of  South  America. 

The  history  of  the  remainder  of  the  country  will 
be  embraced  by  the  following  divisions : — 1.  Russian ; 
2.  British ;  3.  Spanish ;  4.  French ;  5.  Danish ;  6.  Dutch 
America;  and  7,  the  United  States  and  their  depend- 
encies. In  treating  the  last  division,  a  separate  vol- 
ume will  be  appropriated  to  each  State  and  Territory, 
the  history  of  which  may  require  it,  and  "  The  History 
of  the  United  Slates"  will  be  confined  to  the  events  of 
the  Revolution  and  the  operations  of  the  general  gov- 
ernment 

A  survey  having  been  thus  made  of  the  whole 
Western  Hemisphere,  the  concluding  volume  will 
contain  the  history  of  the  Indian  races,  particularly 
those  of  the  northern  part  of  the  continent,  with  a 
critical  examination  of  the  theories  relating  to  the 
original  peopling  of  America. 

The  general  title  of  the  work  is  sufficiently  com- 
prehensive to  include  a  biography  of  distinguished 
Americans,  and  others  connected  with  American 
tu'story;  and  should  the  public  support  warrant  it, 
'An  American  Biography"  may  also  be  published 
under  it,  in  a  cheap  and  popular  form. 


CABINET  LIBRARY. 


No.  1.— NARRATIVE  OF  THE  LATE 
WAR  IN  GERMANY  AND  FRANCE. 
By  the  MARQUESS  OF  LONDONDERRY.  With 
a  Map. 

No.  2.— JOURNAL   OF  A  NATURALIST 

with  plates. 

No.  3.— AUTOBIOGRAPHY  OF  SIR  WAL 
TER  SCOTT.  With  a  portrait. 

No.  4— MEMOIRS  OF  SIR  WALTER  RA 
LEGH.  By  Mrs.  A.  T.  THOMSON.  With  a 
portrait. 

No.  5.— LIFE  OF  BELISARIUS.  By  Lord 
MAHON. 

No.  6.— MILITARY  MEMOIRS  OF  THE 
DUKE  OF  WELLINGTON.  By  Capt 
MOYLE  SHERER.  With  a  portrait. 

No.  7.— LETTERS  TO  A  YOUNG  NATU 
RALIST  ON  THE  STUDY  OF  NATURE 
AND  NATURAL  THEOLOGY.  By  J.  L 
DRUMMOND,  M.  D.  With  numerous  en- 
gravings. 

IN  PREPARATION. 

LIFE  OF  PETRARCH.     By  THOMAS  MOORE 

SLEANINGS  IN   NATURAL    HISTORY 

being  a  Companion  to  the  Journal  of  a  Nat- 
uralist. 

"  The  Cabinet  Library  bids  fair  to  be  a  series  of  great 
alue,  and  is  recommended  to  public  and  private  libraries 
o  professional  men,  and  miscellaneous  readers  generally, 
t  is  beautifully  printed,  and  furnished  at  a  price  which 

11  place  it  within  the  reach  of  all  classes  of  society." — 
American  Traveller. 

"  The  series  of  instructive,  and,  in  their  original  form 
xpensive  works,  which  these  enterprising  publishers  are 
ow  issuing  under  the  title  of  the  "Cabinet  Library,' 
sa  fountain  of  useful,  and  almost  universal  kno'wledge 
ic  advantages  of  which,  in  forming  the  opinions,  tastes 
nd  manners  of  that  portion  of  society,  to  which  this 
aried  information  is  yet  new,  cannot  be  too  highly 
stimated."— National  Journal. 

Messrs.  Carey  and  Lea  have  commenced  a  series  of 
ublications  under  the  above  title,  which  are  to  appear 

onthly,  and  which  seem  likely,  from  the  specimen  before 
s,  to  acquire  a  high  degree  of  popularity,  and  to  afford 

mass  of  various  information  and  rich  entertainment, 
t  once  eminently  useful  and  strongly  attractive.  The 

echanical  execution  is  fine,  the  paper  and  typography 
xceJlent." — Nashville  Banner. 


MEMOIRS  OP  THE  LIFE  OF  SIR  "WAL- 
TER RALEGH,  with  some  Account  of  the 
Period  in  which  he  lived.  By  MRS.  A.  T. 
THOMSON.  With  a  Portrait. 

"Such  is  the  outline  of  a  life,  which,  in  Mrs.  Thorn - 
on's  hands,  is  a  mine  of  interest ;  from  the  first  page  to 
le  last  the  attention  is  roused  and  sustained,  and  while 
approve  the  manner,  we  still  more  applaud  the  spirit 
i  which  it  is  executed." — Literary  Oazette. 


JOURNAL  OP  A  NATURALIST. 

Plates. 


"With 


-  Plants,  trees,  and  stones  we  note  ; 
Birds,  insects,  beasts,  and  rural  things. 

We  again  most  strongly  recommend  this  little  unpre- 
ending  volume  to  the  attention  of  every  lover  of  nature, 


and  more  particularly,  of  our  country  readers.  It  w. 
induce  them,  we  are  sure,  to  examine  more  closely  tha 
they  have  been  accustomed  to  do,  into  the  objects  of  an 
mated  nature,  and  such  examination  will  prove  one  c 
the  most  innocent,  arid  the  most  satisfactory  sources  o 
gratification  and  amusement.  It  is  a  book  that  oug 
to  find  its  way  into  every  rural  drawing-room  in  tl 
kingdom,  and  one  that  may  safely  be  placed  in  ever 
lady's  boudoir,  be  her  rank  and  station  in  life  what  the 
may.''— Quarterly  Review,  No.  LXXVIII. 

"We  think  that  there  are  few  readers  who  will  no 
be  delighted  (we  are  certain  all  will  be  instructed)  by  th 
'Journal  of  a  Naturalist.'  "—Monthly  Review. 

"  This  is  a  most  delightful  book  on  the  most  delightfu 
of  all  studies.  We  are  acquainted  with  no  previou 
work  which  bears  any  resemblance  to  this,  excej 
'White's  History  of  Sel  borne,'  the  most  fascinating  piei 
of  rural  writing'and  sound  English  philosophy  that  ever 
issued  from  the  press." — Athenaeum. 

"The  author  of  the  volume  now  before  us,  has  pro 
duced  one  of  the  most  charming  volumes  we  remernbe 
to  have  seen  for  a  long  time."— New  Monthly  Magazin 
June,  1829. 

"  A  delightful  volume— perhaps  the  most  so — nor  lee 
nstructive  and  amusing — given  to  Natural  Histor 
since  White's  Selborne." — Blackwood's  Magazine. 

The  Journal  of  a  Naturalist,  being  the  second  num 
3er  of  Carey  and  Lea's  beautiful  edition  of  the  Cabine 
Library,  is  the  best  treatise  on  subjects  connected  wit 
this  train  of  thought,  that  we  have  for  a  long  time  pe 
rused,  and  we  are  not  at  all  surprised  that  it  should  hav 
received  so  high  and  flattering  encomiums  from  the  Eng 
ish  press  generally." — Boston  Traveller. 

"Furnishing  an  interesting  and  familiar  account  o 
.he  various  objects  of  animated  nature,  but  calculate 
;o  afford  both  instruction  and  entertainment." — Nosh 
ville  Banner. 

"  One  of  the  most  agreeable  works  of  its  kind  in  the 
anguage." — Courier  de  la  Louisiane. 

"It  abounds  with  numerous  and  curious  facts,  pleas 
ng  illustrations  of  the  secret  operations  and  economy  o 
nature,  and  satisfactory  displays  of  the  power,  wisdom 
and  goodness,  of  the  great  Creator."— Philad.  Album. 


THE  MARQUESS  OF  LONDONDERRY'S 
NARRATIVE  OP  THE  LATE  WAR  IN 
GERMANY  AND  FRANCE.  With  a  Map. 

"  No  history  of  the  events  to  which  it  relates  can  be 
:orrect  without  reference  to  its  statements." — Literary 
Gazette. 

"The  events  detailed  in  this  volume  cannot  fail  to 
xcite  an  in  tense  interest." — Dublin  Literary  Gazette. 

The  only  connected  and  well  authenticated  accoun 
we  have  of  the  spirit-stirring  scenes  which  preceded  the 
all  of  Napoleon.  It  introduces  us  into  the  cabinets  am 
resence  of  the  allied  monarchs.  We  observe  the  secre: 
olicy  of  each  individual :  we  see  the  course  pursued  by 
te  wily  Bernadotte,  the  temporizing  Metternich,  ami 
he  ambitious  Alexander.  The  work  deserves  a  place  in 
very  historical  library."— Globt. 

"  We  hail  with  pleasure  the  appearance  of  the  first 
olume  of  the  Cabinet  Library."  "  The  author  had  sin- 
ilar  facilities  for  obtaining  the  materials  of  his  work, 
nd  he  has  introduced  us  to  the  movements  and  measures 
f  cabinets  which  have  hitherto  been  hidden  from  the 
vorld." — American  Traveller. 

It  may  be  regarded  as  the  most  authentic  of  all  the 
ublications  which  profess  to  detail  the  events  of  the 
nportant  campaigns,  terminating  with  that  which  ge- 
ured  the  capture  of  the  French  metropolis." — Nat.  Jour- 
al. 

It  is  in  fact  the  only  authentic  account  of  the  memo- 
able  events  to  which  it  refers." — Nashville  Banner. 

The  work  deserves  a  place  in  every  library." — Phifa- 
elphia  Album. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


A.  MEMOIR  OP  SEBASTIAN  CABOT,  with 
a  Review  of  the  History  of  Maritime  Dis- 
covery. Illustrated,  toy  Documents  from 
the  Rolls,  now  first  published* 

"  Put  forth  in  the  most  unpretending  manner,  and 
without  a  name,  this  work  is  of  paramount  importance 
to  the  subjects  of  which  it  treats." — Literary  Gazette. 

The  author  has  corrected  many  grave  errors,  and  in 
general  given  us  a  clearer  insight  into  transactions  of 
considerable  national  interest." — Ib.  "  Will  it  not,"  says 
he  author,  with  just  astonishment,  "be  deemed  almost 
ncredible,  that  the  very  instrument  in  the  Records  of 
England,  which  recites  the  Great  Discovery,  and  plainly 
contemplates  a  scheme  of  Colonization,  should,  up  to 
his  moment,  have  been  treated  by  her  own  writers  as 
hat  which  first  gave  permission  to  go  forth  and  explore  ?" 
— Ib.  "We  must  return  to  investigate  several  collateral 
matters  which  we  think  deserving  of  more  space  than  we 
lan  this  week  bestow.  Meanwhile  we  recommend  the 
vork  as  one  of  great  value  and  interest." — Ib. 

"  The  general  reader,  as  well  as  the  navigator  and  the 
curious,  will  derive  pleasure  and  information  from  this 
well-written  production." — Courier. 

"A  specimen  of  honest  inquiry.  It  is  quite  frightful  to 
,hink  of  the  number  of  the  inaccuracies  it  exposes:  we 
shall  cease  to  have  confidence  in  books."  "The  investi- 
gation of  truth  is  not  the  fashion  of  these  times.  But 
svery  sincere  inquirer  after  historical  accuracy  ought  to 
)urchase  the  book  as  a  curiosity:  more  false  assertions 
and  inaccurate  statements  were  never  exposed  in  the 
same  compass.  It  has  given  us  a  lesson  we  shall  never 
"orget,  and  hope  to  profit  by."— Spectator. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  NORTHMEN,  OR  NOR- 
MANS AND  DANES  J  from  the  earliest 
times  to  the  Conquest  of  England  toy 
"William  of  Normandy.  By  Henry  Whea- 
ton,  Member  of  the  Scandinavian  and 
Icelandic  Literary  Societies  of  Copenha- 
gen* 

This  work  embraces  the  great  leading  features  of  Scan- 
dinavian history,  commencing  with  the  heroic  age,  and 
advancing  from  the  earliest  dawn  of  civilization  to  the 
ntroduction  of  Christianity  into  the  North — its  long  and 
aloody  strife  with  Paganism — the  discovery  and  coloniza- 
tion of  Iceland,  Greenland,  and  North  America,  by  the 
Norwegian  navigators,  before  the  time  of  Columbus — the 
military  and  maritime  expeditions  of  the  Northmen — 
their  early  intercourse  of  commerce  and  war  with  Con- 
stantinople and  the  Eastern  empire— the  establishment 
of  a  Norman  state  in  France,  under  Hollo,  and  the  sub- 
_ugation  of  England,  first  by  the  Danes,  under  Canute 
the  Great,  and  subsequently  by  the  Normans,  under 
Duke  William,  the  founder  of  the  English  monarchy. 
It  also  contains  an  account  of  the  mythology  and  litera- 
ure  of  the  ancient  North— the  Icelandic  language  pre- 
vailing all  over  the  Scandinavian  countries  until  the 
formation  of  the  present  living  tongues  of  Sweden  and 
Denmark — an  analysis  of  the  Eddas,  Sagas,  and  various 
chronicles  and  songs  relating  to  the  Northern  deities  and 
heroes,  constituting  the  original  materials  from  which 
the  work  has  been  principally  composed.  It  is  intended 
to  illustrate  the  history  of  France  and  England  during 
the  middle  ages,  and  at  the  same  time  to  serve  as  an 
introduction  to  the  modern  history  of  De-nmark,  Norway, 
and  Sweden. 


LETTERS  TO  A  YOUNG  NATURALIST, 
on  the  Study  of  Nature,  and  Natural  The- 
ology. By  JAMES  L.  DRUMMOND,  M.  D. 
&c.  With  numerous  engravings. 

"  We  know  of  no  work,  compressed  within  the  same 
limits,  which  seems  so  happily  calculated  to  generate  in 
a  young  mind,  and  to  renovate  in  the  old,  an  ardent  love 
of  nature  in  all  her  forms."— Monthly  Review. 

"We  cannot  but  eulogize,  in  the  warmest  manner,  the 
endeavor,  and  we  must  say  the  successful  endeavor,  of  a 
man  of  science,  like  Dr.  Drurnmond,  to  bring  down  so 
exalted  a  pursuit  to  the  level  of  youthful  faculties,  and  to 
cultivate  a  taste  at  once  so  useful,  virtuous,  and  refined." 
— JVezo  Mont hh/  Mair. 


PRIVATE  MEMOIRS  OF  NAPOLEON  BO- 
NAPARTE, from  the  French  of  M.  FAUVE- 
LET  DE  BOURRIENNE,  Private  Secretary  to 
the  Emperor.     In  2  vols.  8vo. 
The  peculiar  advantages  of  position  in  regard  to 
his  present  subject,  solely  enjoyed  by  M.  de  Bourri- 
enne,  his  literary  accomplishments  and  moral  quali- 
fications, have  already  obtained  for  these  memoirs  the 
first  rank  in  contemporary  and  authentic  history.    In 
France,  where  they  had  been  for  years  expected  with 
anxiety,  and  where,  since  the  revolution,  no  work 
connected  with  that  period  or  its  consequent  events 
has  created  so  great  a  sensation,  the  volumes  of  Bour- 
rienne  have,  from  the  first,  been  accepted  as  the  only 
trustworthy  exhibition  of  the  private  life  and  political 
principles  of  Napoleon. 

"  We  know  from  the  best  political  authority  now  liv- 
ing in  England,  that  the  writers  accounts  are  perfectly 
corroborated  by  facts."— Lit.  Gaz. 

ANNALS  OF  THE  PENINSULAR  CAM- 
PAIGNS. By  the  Author  of  CYRIL  THORN- 
TON. In  3  vols.  12mo.  with  plates. 

THE  HISTORY  OF  LOUISIANA,  particu- 
larly of  the  Cession  of  that  Colony  to  the 
United  States  of  North  America ;  with  an 
Introductory  Essay  on  the  Constitution  and 
Government  of  the  United  States,  by  M.  DE 
MARBOIS,  Peer  of  France,  translated  from 
the  French  by  an  American  Citizen.  In 
1  vol.  8vo, 

THE  PERSIAN   ADVENTURER.    By  the 

Author  of  the  KUZZILBASH.  In  2  vols.  12mo. 

"  It  is  full  of  glowing  descriptions  of  Eastern  life." — 
Courier. 

MORALS  OF  PLEASURE,  Illustrated  by 
Stories  designed  for  Young  Persons,  in  1 
vol.  12mo. 

"  The  style  of  the  stories  is  no  less  remarkable  for  its 
ease  and  gracefulness,  than  for  the  delicacy  of  its  humor, 
and  its  beautiful  and  at  times  affecting  simplicity.  A 
lady  must  have  written  it— for  it  is  from  the  bosom  of 
woman  alone,  that  such  tenderness  of  feeling  and  such 
delicacy  of  sentiment— such  sweet  lessons  of  morality — 
such  deep  and  pure  streams  of  virtue  and  piety,  gush 
forth  to  cleanse  the  juvenile  mind  from  the  grosser  impu- 
rities o/  our  aature,  and  prepare  the  young  for  lives  of 
usefulness  here,  and  happiness  hereafter."— JV.  Y.  Com. 
Advertistr. 

CLARENCE ;  a  Tale  of  our  own  Times,  By 
the  Author  of  REDWOOD,  HOPE  LESLIE,  &c. 

In  2  vols. 

AMERICAN  QUARTERLY  REVIEW,  pub- 
lished on  the  first  of  March,  June,  Septem- 
ber, and  December.  Price  $5  per  ann. 

V  A  few  complete  Seta  of  the  Work  are  still  for 
sale. 

CONSIDERATIONS  ON  THE  CURREN- 
CY AND  BANKING  SYSTEM  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES.  By  ALBERT  GALLA- 


SONGS  OF  THE  AFFECTIONS.   By  FELICIA 
HEMANS.  Royal  18mo. 


SCOTT,  COOPER,  AND  WASHINGTON  IRVING. 


BY  SIR  WALTER  SCOTT. 


COUNT  ROBERT  OF  PARIS,  a  Tale  of 

the  Lower  Empire.     By  the  Author  of  Wa 

verley.     In  3  vols. 

"The  reader  will  at  once  perceive  that  the  subject 

the  characters  and  the  scenes  of  action,  could  not  have 

been  better  selected  for  the  display  of  the  various  and  un 

equalled  powers  of  the  author.   All  that  is  glorious  in  art. 

and  splendid  in  arms— the  glitter  of  armor,  the  pomp  01 

war,  and  the  splendor  of  chivalry— the  gorgeous  scenery 

of  the  Bosphorus— the  ruins  of  Byzantium — the  magnifi 

cence  of  the  Grecian  capital,  and'the  richness  and  volup 

tuousness  of  the  imperial  court,  will  rise  before  the  reader 

in  a  succession  of  beautiful  and  dazzling  images." — Com 

mercial  Advertiser. 

AUTOBIOGRAPHY  OF  SIR  WALTER 
SCOTT.  With  a  Portrait. 

"  This  is  a  delightful  volume,  which  cannot  fail  to  sat 
isfy  every  reader,  and  of  which  the  contents  ought  to  be 
known  to  all  those  who  would  be  deemed  conversant  with 
the  literature  of  our  era." — National  Gazette. 

HISTORY  OF  SCOTLAND.    In  2  vols. 

"  The  History  of  Scotland,  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  we  do 
not  hesitate  to  declare,  will  be,  if  possible,  more  exten- 
sively read,  than  the  most  popular  work  of  fiction,  by  the 

iame  prolific  author,  and  for  this  obvious  reason:  it  com 

)ines  much  of  the  brilliant  coloring  of  the  Ivanhoe  pic 
'ures  of  by-gone  manners,  and  all  the  graceful  facility  of 

tyle  and  picturesque  ness  of  description  of  his  other 
charming  romances,  with  a  minute  fidelity  to  the  facts 
of  history,  and  a  searching  scrutiny  into  their  authenti- 
city and  relative  value,  which  might  put  to  the  blush 
Mr.  Hume  and  other  professed  historians.  Such  is  the 
nagic  charm  of  Sir  Walter  Scott's  pen,  it  has  only  to 
.ouch  the  simplest  incident  of  every-day  life,  and  it  starts 
up  invested  with  all  the  interest  of  a  scene  of  romance  ; 
and  yet  such  is  his  fidelity  to  the  text  of  nature,  that  the 

cnights,  and  serfs,  and  collared  fools  with  whom  his  in- 
ventive genius  has  peopled  so  many  volumes,  are  regarded 

>y  us  as  not  mere  creations  of  fancy,  but  as  real  flesh  and 
blood  existences,  with  all  the  virtues,  feelings  and  errors 
if  common-place  humanity." — Lit.  Gazette. 

TALES  OF  A  GRANDFATHER,  being  a 
series  from  French  History.  By  the  Author 
of  WAVERLEY. 


BY  MR.  COOPER. 

THE  BRAVO.  By  the  Author  of  the  SPY, 
PILOT,  &c.  In  2  vols. 

THE  WATER- WITCH,  OR  THE  SKIMMER 
OF  THE  SEAS.  In  2  vols. 

'  We  have  no  hesitation  in  classing  this  among  the 
most  powerful  of  the  romances  of  our  countryman." — 
U.  States  Gazette. 

"We  could  ont  break  from  the  volumes,  and  may  pre- 
lict  that  they  will  excite  the  same  interest  in  the  minds 
>f  almost  every  reader.  The  concluding  chapters  produce 
ntense  emotion."— National  Gazette. 

New  Editions  of  the  following  Works  by  the 
same  Author. 

NOTIONS  OF  THE  AMERICANS,  by  a 
Travelling  Bachelor,  2  vols.  12mo. 

THE  WEPT  OF  WISH-TON-WISH,  2  vols. 
12mo. 

THE  RED  ROVER,  2  vols.  12mo. 

THE  SPY,  2  vols.  12mo. 

THE  PIONEERS,  2  vols.  12mo. 

THE  PILOT,  a  Tale  of  the  Sea,  2  vols.  12mo. 


LIONEL  LINCOLN,  OR  THE  LEAGUER  01 
BOSTON,  2  vols. 

THE   LAST  OF  THE  MOHICANS,  2  vols 
12mo. 

THE  PRAIRIE,  2  vols.  12mo. 


BY  WASHINGTON  IRVING. 


VOYAGES  AND  ADVENTURES  OF  THE 
COMPANIONS  OF  COLUMBUS.  By 
WASHINGTON  IRVING,  Author  of  the  Life 
of  Columbus,  &c.  1  vol.  8vo. 

"Of  the  main  work  we  may  repeat  that  it  possesses 
the  value  of  important  history  and  the  magnetism  of  ro 
mantic  adventure.  It  sustains  in  every  respect  the  repu 
tation  of  Irving."  "  We  may  hope  that  the  gifted  author 
will  treat  in  like  manner  the  enterprises  and  exploits  of 
Pizarro  and  Cortes ;  and  thus  complete  a  series  of  elegant 
recitals,  which  will  contribute  to  the  esj>ecial  gratifica- 
tion of  Americans,  and  form  an  imperishable  fund  of 
delightful  instruction  for  all  ages  and  countries." — Nat 
Gazette. 

"  As  he  leads  us  from  one  savage  tribe  to  another,  as 
le  paints  successive  scenes  of  heroism,  perseverance  ant 
self-denial,  as  he  wanders  among  the  magnificent  scenes 
of  nature,  as  he  relates  with  scrupulous  fidelity  the 
errors,  and  the  crimes,  even  of  those  whose  lives  are  for 
he  most  part  marked  with  traits  to  command  admira 
ion,  and  perhaps  esteem— everywhere  we  find  him  the 
aine  undeviating,  but  beautiful  moralist,  gathering  fron 
?very  incident  some  lesson  to  present  in  striking  Ian 
guage  to  the  reason  and  the  heart." — Am.  Quarterly  Re- 
new. 

"  This  is  a  delightful  volume;  for  the  preface  truly  says 
hat  the  expeditions  narrated  and  springing  out  of  the 
'oyages  of  Columbus  may  be  compared  with  attempts  of 
idventurous  knights-errant  to  achieve  the  enterprise  left 
infinished  by  some  illustrious  predecessors  Washington 
rving's  name  is  a  pledge  how  well  their  stories  will  be 
old:  and  we  only  regret  that  we  must  of  necessity  defer 
ur  extracts  for  a  week." — London  Lit.  Gazette. 

A  CHRONICLE  OF  THE  CONQUEST  OF 
GRENADA.  By  WASHINGTON  IRVING, 
Esq.  In  2  vols. 

"  On  the  whole,  this  work  will  sustain  the  high  fame 
)f  Washington  Irving.  It  fills  a  blank  in  the  historical 
ibrary  which  ought  not  to  have  remained  so  long  a 
)lank.  The  language  throughout  is  at  once  chaste  and 
animated  ;  and  the  narrative  may  be  said,  like  Spenser's 
''airy  Queen,  to  present  one  long  gallery  of  splendid  pic- 
ures." — Land,  Lit.  Gazette. 

"Collecting  his  materials  from  various  historians,  and 
idopting  in  some  degree  trw  tone  and  manner  of  a  monk- 
sh  chronicler,  he  has  embodied  them  in  a  narrative  whish 
n  manner  reminds  us  of  the  rich  and  storied  pages  of 
''roissart  He  dwells  on  the  feats  of  chivalry  performed 
iy  the  Christian  Knights,  with  all  the  ardor  which  might 
)e  expected  from  a  priest,  who  mixed,  according  to  the 
sage  of  the  times,  not  only  in  the  palaces  of  courtly 
obles,  and  their  gay  festivals,  as  an  honored  and  wel- 
ome  guest,  but  who  was  their  companion  in  the  camp, 
nd  their  spiritual  and  indeed  bodily  comforter  and  as- 
istant  in  the  field  of  battle. — Jim.  Quarterly  Review. 

New  Editions  of  the  following  Works  ly  the 
same  Author. 

THE  SKETCH  BOOK,  2  vois.  12mo. 

KNICKERBOCKER'S  HISTORY  OF  NEW 
YORK,  revised  and  corrected.  2  vols. 

BRACEBRIDGE  HALL,  OR  THE  HUMOR- 

ISTS,  2  vols.  12mo. 

TALES  OF  A  TRAVELLER,  2  vols.  12mo. 


TRAVELS,  AtfXUALS,  &c. 


NOTES  ON  ITALY,  during  the  years  1829-30. 
By  REMBRANDT  PEALE.  In  1  vol.  8vo. 

"This  artist  will  gratify  all  reasonable  expectation; 
he  is  neither  ostentatious,  nor  dogmatical,  nor  too  mi- 
lute ;  he  is  not  a  partisan  nor  a  carper ;  he  admires  with- 
out servility,  he  criticises  without  malevolence;  his 
frankness  and  good  humor  give  an  agreeable  color  and 
effect  to  all  his  decisions,  and  the  object  of  them  ;  his  book 
leaves  a  useful  general  idea  of  the  names,  works,  and  de- 
sorts,  of  the  great  masters;  it  is  an  instructive  and  enter- 
taining index." — JVa£.  Gaz. 

"  We  have  made  a  copious  extract  in  preceding  columns 
from  this  interesting  work  of  our  countryman,  Rembrandt 
Peale,  recently  published.  It  has  received  high  commen- 
dation from  respectable  sources,  which  is  justified  by  the 
portions  we  have  seen  extracted."—  CommercialJldvertiser. 
Mr.  Peale  must  be  allowed  the  credit  of  candor  and 
entire  freedom  from  affectation  in  the  judgments  he  has 
passed.  At  the  same  time,  we  should  not  omit  to  notice 
the  variety,  extent,  and  minuteness  of  his  examinations. 
No  church,  gallery,  or  collection,  was  passed  by,  and  most 
of  the  individual  pictures  are  separately  and  carefully 
noticed." — 1m.  Quarterly  Review. 

FRAGMENTS  OF  VOYAGES  AND  TRAV- 
ELS, INCLUDING  ANECDOTES  OF  NAVAL 
LIFE  ;  intended  chiefly  for  the  Use  of  Young 
Persons.  By  BASIL  HALL,  Capt.  R.  N.  In 
2  vols.  royal  18mo. 

'  His  volumes  consist  of  a  melange  of  autobiography, 
naval  anecdotes,  and  sketches  of  a  somewhat  discursive 
ature,  which  we  have  felt  much  pleasure  in  perusing." 
'•The  title  page  to  these  volumes  indicates  their  being 
chiefly  intended  for  young  persons,  but  we  are  much  mis- 
taken if  the  race  of  gray-beards  will  be  among  the  least 
numerous  of  the  readers  of  '  midshipmen's  pranks  and 
the  humors  of  the  green  room.1 " — Lit.  Oazette. 

A  TOUR  IN  AMERICA.  By  BASIL  HALL, 
Capt.  R.  N.  In  2  vols.  12mo. 

SKETCHES  OF  CHINA,  with  Illustrations 

from  Original  Drawings.    By  W.  W.  WOOD. 

In  1  vol.  12mo. 

"  The  residence  of  the  author  in  China,  during  the 
years  1826-7-8  and  9,  has  enabled  him  to  collect  much 
very  curious  information  relative  to  this  singular  people, 
which  he  has  embodied  in  his  work;  and  will  serve  to 
gratify  the  curiosity  of  many  whose  time  or  dispositions 
do  not  allow  them  to  seek,  in  the  voluminous  writings  of 
the  Jesuits  and  early  travellers,  the  information  contained 

the  present  work.  The  recent  discussion  relative  to 
the  renewal  of  the  East  India  Company's  Charter,  has 
xcitcil  much  interest;  and  among  ourselves,  the  desire 
to  be  further  acquainted  with  the  subjects  of  'the  Celes- 
tial Empire,'  has  been  considerably  augmented." 

EXPEDITION  TO  THE  SOURCES  OF  THE 
MISSISSIPPI,  Executed  by  order  of  the 
•  Government  of  the  United  States.    By  MA- 
JOR S.  H.  LONG.  In  2  vols.  8vo.  With  Plates. 

HISTORICAL,  CHRONOLOGICAL,  GEO- 
GRAPHICAL, AND  STATISTICAL  AT- 
LAS OF  NORTH  AND  SOUTH  AMERI- 
CA, AND  THE  WEST  INDIES,  with  all 
their  Divisions  into  States,  Kingdoms,  &c. 
on  the  Plan  of  Le  Sage,  and  intended  as  a 
companion  to  Lavoisne's  Atlas.  In  1  vol. 
folio,  containing  54  Maps.  Third  Edition, 
improved  and  enlarged. 


ATLANTIC  SOUVENIR,  FOR  1832. 

This  volume  is  superbly  bound  in  embossed 
leather,  and  ornamented  with  numerous  plates, 
executed  in  the  best  style,  by  the  first  artists. 
No  expense  has  been  spared  in  the  endeavor 


to  render  it  worthy  of  the  purpose  for  which  it 
is  intended. 

EMBELLISHMENTS. — 1.  The  Hungarian  Prin- 
cess, engraved  by  Illman  and  Pillbrow,  from  a 
picture  by  Holmes. — 2.  The  Bower  of  Paphos, 
engraved  by  Ellis,  from  a  picture  by  Martin. — 
3.  The  Duchess  and  Sancho,  engraved  by  Du- 
rand,  from  a  picture  by  Leslie. — 4.  Richard  and 
Saladin,  engraved  by  Ellis,  from  a  picture  by 
Cooper. — 5.  The  Rocky  Mountains,  engraved 
by  Hatch  and  Smilie,  from  a  picture  by 
Doughty.— 6.  Lord  Byron  in  Early  Youth, 
engraved  by  Ellis,  from  a  picture  by  Saunders. 
— 7.  Tiger  Island,  engraved  by  Neagle,  from 
a  picture  by  Stanfield.— 8.  The  Blacksmith, 
engraved  by  Kelly,  from  a  picture  by  Neagle. 
—9.  The  Tight  Shoe,  engraved  by  Kelly,  from 
a  picture  by  Richter. — 10.  Isadore,  engraved 
by  Illman  and  Pillbrow,  from  a  picture  by 
Jackson. — 11.  The  Dutch  Maiden,  engraved 
by  Neagle,  from  a  picture  by  Newton. — 12. 
The  Mother's  Grave,  engraved  by  Neagle,  from 
a  picture  by  Schaffer. 

ATLANTIC  SOUVENIR  FOR  1831. 

EMBELLISHMENTS. — 1.  Frontispiece.  The 
Shipwrecked  Family,  engraved  by  Ellis,  from 
a  picture  by  Burnet. — 2.  Shipwreck  off  Fort 
Rouge,  Calais,  engraved  by  Ellis,  from  a  pic- 
ture by  Stanfield. — 3.  Infancy,  engraved  by 
Kelly,  from  a  picture  by  Sir  Thomas  Law- 
rence.— 4.  Lady  Jane  Grey,  engraved  by  Kelly, 
from  a  picture  by  Leslie. — 5.  Three  Score  and 
Ten,  engraved  by  Kearny,  from  a  picture  by 
Burnet. — 6.  The  Hour  of  Rest,  engraved  by 
Kelly,  from  a  picture  by  Burnet. — 7.  The  Min- 
strel, engraved  by  Ellis,  from  a  picture  by  Les- 
lie.—8.  Arcadia,  engraved  by  Kearny,  from  a 
picture  by  Cockerell. — 9.  The  Fisherman's 
Return,  engraved  by  Neagle,  from  a  picture 
by  Collins. — 10.  The  Marchioness  of  Carmar- 
then, granddaughter  of  Charles  Carroll  of  Car- 
rollton,  engraved  by  Illman  and  Pillbrow,  from 
a  picture  by  Mrs.  Mee. — 11.  Morning  among 
the  Hills,  engraved  by  Hatch,  from  a  picture 
by  Doughty. — 12.  Los  Musicos,  engraved  by 
Ellis,  from  a  picture  by  Watteau. 

A  few  copies  of  the  ATLANTIC  SOUVE- 
NIR, for  1830,  are  still  for  sale. 


THE  BOOK  OF  THE  SEASONS.  By 
WILLIAM  HOWITT. 

"Since  the  publication  of  the  Journal  of  a  Naturalist, 
no  work  at  once  so  interesting  and  instructive  as  the 
Book  of  the  Seasons  has  been  submitted  to  the  public. 
Whether  in  reference  to  the  utility  of  its  design,  or  the 
grace  and  beauty  of  its  execution,  it  will  amply  merit  the 
popularity  it  is  certain  to  obtain.  It  is,  indeed,  cheering 
and  refreshing  to  meet  with  such  a  delightful  volume,  so 
full  of  nature  and  truth — in  which  reflection  and  experi- 
ence derive  aid  from  imagination — in  which  we  are 
taught  much ;  but  in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  it  doubt- 
ful whether  we  have  not  been  amusing  ourselves  all  the 
time  we  have  been  reading."— JVezo  Monthly  Magazine. 

"  The  Book  of  the  Seasons  is  a  delightful  book,  and 
recommended  to  all  lovers  of  nature." — Blackwood's  Mag- 
azine. 


EDUCATION. 


LESSONS  ON  THINGS,  intended  to  improve 
Children  in  the  Practice  of  Observation,  Re- 
flection and  Description,  on  the  System  of 
PESTALOZZI,  edited  by  JOHN  FROST,  A.  M. 
The    publishers    request   the   attention   of 
teachers,  school  committees,  and  all  who  are 
desirous  of  improving1  the  methods  of  instruc- 
tion, to  this  work,  which  is  on  a  plan  hitherto 
unattempted  by  any  school-book  in  this  coun- 
try, and  which  has  been  attended  with  extra- 
ordinary success  in  England. 

The  following  remarks  on  the  work  are  ex- 
tracted from  the  "  Quarterly  Journal  of  Edu- 
cation." 

"This  little  volume  is  a  'corrected  and  re-corrected' edi- 
tion of  lessons  actually  given  to  children,  and,  therefore, 
possesses  a  value  to  which  no  book  made  in  the  closet 
can  lay  claim,  being  the  result  of  actual  experiment. 
The  work  consists  of  a  number  of  lessons,  divided  into 
five  series;  beginning  with  subjects  the  most  easy  and 
elementary,  it  gradually  increases  in  difficulty,  each  suc- 
cessive step  being  adapted  to  the  mind  of  the  child  as  it 
acquires  fresh  stores  of  knowledge. 

"  Every  part  of  these  lessons  is  interesting  to  the  child, 
both  on  account  of  the  active  operation  into  which  his 
own  mind  is  necessarily  called  by  the  manner  in  which 
the  lessons  are  given  ;  and  also  by  the  attractive  nature 
of  many  of  the  materials  which  form  the  subject  of  the 
lessons.  In  the  first  and  most  elementary  series,  the  pupil 
is  simply  taught  to  make  a  right  use  of  his  organs  of 
sense,  and  to  exercise  his  judgment  so  far  only  as  relates 
to  tlio  objects  about  him;  and  accordingly  the  matter 
brought  before  him  at  this  stage,  is  such  that  its  obvious 
properties  can  be  discovered  and  described  by  a  child  who 
has  acquired  a  tolerable  knowledge  of  his  mother  tongue." 

OUTLINES  OF  HISTORY,  from  the  Earliest 
Records  to  the  Present  Time.  Prepared  for 
the  Use  of  Schools,  with  Questions,  by  JOHN 
FROST,  A.  M. 

"  The  main  object  of  the  work  is,  by  giving  a  selection 
of  interesting  and  striking  facts  from  more  elaborate  his- 
tories, properly  and  carefully  arranged,  with  chronological 
tables,  to  render  the  study  of  general  history  less  dry  and 
repulsive  than  it  has  been  heretofore.  This,  we  think  is 
fully  accomplished.  Very  great  care  appears  to  have  been 
bestowed  on  the  selections,  and  in  arranging  the  chrono- 
logical tables,  as  well  as  in  the  classification  of  the  his- 
torical matter  into  parts  and  chapters.  The  work  will 
sufficiently  recommend  itself  to  all  who  examine  it." — 
Sat.  Evening  Post. 

"To  concentrate  in  one  comparatively  small  volume,  a 
complete  epitome  of  the  entire  history  of  the  world,  an- 
cient and  modern,  so  treated  as  to  present  a  correct  image 
of  it,  would  seem  to  be  an  object  to  be  wished  for,  rather 
than  expected  ;  the  '  Outlines  of  History,'  however,  realize 
this  object  ''—Asiatic  Journal. 

"We  consider  that  Mr.  F  has  done  a  service  to  schools, 
by  the  time  and  labor  which  he  has  bestowed  upon  this 
work;  the  marginal  dates  will  be  found  of  great  service, 
but  the  chapters  of  questions  upon  the  text,  and  upon  the 
maps,  to  illustrate  the  geography  of  the  history,  will  es- 
pecially recommend  the  work  to  the  attention  of  teach- 
ers.''—^. £  Gazette. 

Philadelphia,  July  NKA,  1831. 

"The  'Outlines  of  History.'  I  consider  an  excellent 
class-book  of  general  history  for  the  use  of  schools.  The 
questions  added  by  Mr.  Frost,  are  a  most  valuable  auxili- 
ary for  the  teacher  as'well  as  the  pupil.  I  shall  use  the 
'Outlines'  in  my  school,  and  cordially  recommend  it  to 
parents  and  teachers.  S.  C.  WALKER." 

Philadelphia,  April  30«A,  1831. 

"  DEAR  SIR, — I  have  just  received  a  copy  of  your  edition 
of  the  'Outlines  of  History.'  From  a  cursory  perusal,  I 
am  disposed  to  give  it  a  high  rank  as  a  school-book.  So 
well  satisfied  ani  I  with  the  arrangement  and  execution 
of  the  work,  that  I  intend  to  put  it  immediately  into  the 
hands  of  a  class  in  my  own  school. 

"  Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 
"  MR.  JOHN-  FROST."  "  LEVI  FLETCHER. 


TRENCH  AND  SPANISH. 


BY  A.  BOLMAR. 

A  COLLECTION  OF  COLLOQUIAL 
PHRASES  on  every  Topic  necessary  to  main- 
tain Conversation,  arranged  under  different 
heads,  with  numerous  remarks  on  the  peculiar 
pronunciation  and  use  of  various  words — the 
whole  so  disposed  as  considerably  to  facilitate 
the  acquisition  of  a  correct  pronunciation  of 
the  French.  By  A.  BOLMAR.  One  vol.  18mo. 

A  SELECTION  OF  ONE  HUNDRED 
PERRIN'S  FABLES,  accompanied  by  a  Key, 
containing  the  text,  a  literal  and  free  trans- 
lation, arranged  in  such  a  manner  as  to  point 
out  the  difference  between  the  French  and  the 
English  idiom,  also  a  figured  pronunciation  of 
the  French,  according  to  the  best  French  works 
extant  on  the  subject;  the  whole  preceded  by 
a  short  treatise  on  the  sounds  of  the  French 
language,  compared  with  those  of  the  English. 

LES  AVENTURES  DE  TELEMAQUE 
PAR  FENELON,  accompanied  by  a  Key  to 
the  first  eight  books ;  containing  like  the  Fa- 
bles— the  Text — a  Literal — and  Free  Trans- 
lation ;  intended  as  a  Sequel  to  the  Fables. 

The  expression  'figured  pronunciation,'  is  above  em- 
ployed to  express  that  the  words  in  the  Key  to  the  French 
Fables  are  spelt  and  divided  as  they  are  pronounced.  It 
what  WALKER  has  done  in  his  Critical  Pronouncing  Di 
tionary ;  for  instance,  he  indicates  the  pronunciation  of  the 
word  enough,  by  dividing  and  spelling  it  t/ius,  e-nuf.  In 
the  same  manner  I  indicate  the  pronunciation  »f  the  word 
comptaient  thus,  kon-to.  As  the  understanding  of  the 
figured  pronunciation  of  WALKER  requires  the  student  to 
be  acquainted  with  the  primitive  sounds  of  the  English  vote- 
els,  he  must  likewise,  before  he  can  understand  the  figured 
pronunciation  of  the  French,  make  himself  acquainted  with 
the  20  primitive  sounds  of  the  French  vowels.  This  any 
intelligent  person  can  get  from  a  native,  or  from  a* 
who  reads  French  well,  in  a  few  hours. 

A  COMPLETE  TREATISE  ON  THE  GEN- 
DERS OF  FRENCH  NOUNS;  in  a  small 
pamphlet  of  fourteen  pages. 

This  little  work,  which  is  the  most  complete 
of  the  kind,  is  the  fruit  of  great  labor,  and  will 
prove  of  immense  service  to  every  learner. 

ALL  THE  FRENCH  VERBS,  BOTH  REG- 
ULAR AND  IRREGULAR,  in  a  small  volume. 

The  verbs  elre  to  be,  avoir  to  have,  parler  to  speak, 
finir  to  finish,  recevoir  to  receive,  vendre  to  sell,  se 
\ever  to  rise,  se  bien  porter  to  be  well,  s'en  aJler  to  go 
away,  are  here  all  conjugated  through— affirmatively 
— negatively — interrogatively — and  negatively  and  in- 
terrogatively— an  arrangement  which  will  greatly  fa- 
cilitate the' scholar  in  his  learning  the  French  verbs, 
and  which  will  save  the  master  the  trouble  of  explain- 
ing over  and  over  again  what  may  be  much  more 
easily  learned  from  books,  thus  leaving  him  more  time 
to  give  his  pupil,  during  the  lesson,  that  instruction 
which  cannot  be  found  in  books,  but  which  must  be 
learned  from  a  master. 

NEUMAN'S  SPANISH  AND  ENGLISH 
DICTIONARY.  New  Edition,  in  one  vol. 
16mo. 


CLASSICAL  LITERATURE. 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  STUDY  op  THE 
GREEK  CLASSIC  POETS,  for  the  use  of 
Young  Persons  at  School  or  College. 

Contents. — General  Introduction;  Ho- 
meric Questions ;  Life  of  Homer ;  Iliad ; 
Odyssey;  Margites;  Batrachomyomachia ; 
Hymns ;  Hesiod.  By  Henry  Nelson  Cole- 
ridge. 

"  We  have  been  highly  pleased  with  this  little  volume. 
This  work  supplies  a  want  which  we  have  often  painfully 
oil,  and  affords  a  manual  which  we  should  gladly  see 
>laced  in  the  hands  of  every  embryo  under-graduate. 
We  look  forward  to  the  next  portion  of  this  work  with 
very  eager  and  impatient  expectation." — British  Critic. 

"  Mr.  Coleridge's  work  not  only  deserves  the  praise  of 
:lear,  eloquent  and  scholar  like  exposition  of  the  prelimi- 
nary matter,  which  is  necessary  in  order  to  understand 
and  enter  into  the  character  of  the  great  Poet  of  anti- 
uity;  but  it  has  likewise  the  more  rare  merit  of  being 
dmirably  adapted  for  its  acknowledged  purpose.  It  is 
vritten  in  that  fresh  and  ardent  spirit,  which  to  the  con- 
genial mind  of  youth,  will  convey  instruction  in  the 
nost  effective  manner,  by  awakening  the  desire  of  it; 
.nd  by  enlisting  the  lively  and  buoyant  feelings  in  the 
a<ise  of  useful  and  improving  study;  while,  by  its  preg- 
nant hrevity,  it  is  more  likely  to  stimulate  than  to  super- 
ede  more  profound  and  extensive  research.  If  then,  as  it 
3  avowedly  intended  for  the  use  of  the  younger  readers 
f  Homer,  and,  as  it  is  impossible  not  to  discover,  with  a 
lore  particular  view  to  tiie  great  school  to  which  the  au- 
hor  owes  his  education,  we  shall  be  much  mistaken  if  it 
oes  not  become  as  popular  as  it  will  be  useful  in  that 
elebrated  establishment."— Quarterly  Review. 

"  We  sincerely  hope  that  Mr.  Coleridge  will  favor  us 
ith  a  continuation  of  his  work,  which  he  promises." — 
Oent.  Mag. 

'  The  author  of  this  elegant  volume  has  collected  a  vast 
mass  of  valuable  information.  To  the  higher  classes  of 
he  public  schools,  and  young  men  of  universities,  this 
olume  will  be  especially  valuable;  as  it  will  afford  an 
greeable  relief  of  light  reading  to  more  grave  studies,  at 
nee  instructive  and  entertaining."—  Wesle^an  Methodist 
Magazine. 

ATLAS  OF  ANCIENT  GEOGRAPHY,  con- 
sisting of  21  Colored  Maps,  with  a  complete 
Accentuated  Index.  By  SAMUEL  BUTLER, 
D.  D.,  F.  R.  S.  (fee.  Archdeacon  of  Derby. 

By  the  same  Author. 

JEOGRAPHIA  CLASSICA:  a  Sketch  of 
Ancient  Geography,  for  the  Use  of  Schools. 
In  8vo. 

Extract  of  a  Letter  from  Professor  Stuart  of 
Andover. 

"  I  have  used  Butler's  Atlas  Classica  for  12  or  14  years, 
nd  prefer  it  on  the  score  of  convenience  and  correctness 

0  any  atlas  within  the  compass  of  my  knowledge.     It 
s  evidently  a  work  of  much  care  and  taste,  and  most 

appily  adapted  to  classical  readers  and  indeed  all  others, 
i\\n  consult  the  history  of  past  ages.  I  have  long  cherish- 
it  a  strong  desire  to  see  the  work  brought  forward  in  this 
ountry,  and  I  am  exceedingly  gratified  that  you  have 
arried  through  this  undertaking.  The  beautiful  manner 

1  which  the  specimen  is  executed  that  you  have  sent  me 
oes  great  credit  to  engravers  and  publishers.    It  cannot 


MECHANICS,  MANUFACTURES,  &e. 


that  our  school 


w  .1  fa  FTo  adopt  "'"'  *  P"".'" 


A  PRACTICAL  TREATISE  ON  RAIL- 
ROADS, AND  INTERIOR  COMMUNI- 
CATION IN  GENERAL— containing  an 
account  of  the  performances  of  the  different 
Locomotive  Engines  at,  and  subsequent  to, 
the  Liverpool  Contest;  upwards  of  two 
hundred  and  sixty  Experiments  with  Tables 
of  the  comparative  value  of  Canals  and  Rail- 
roads, and  the  power  of  the  present  Locomo- 
tive Engines.  By  NICHOLAS  WOOD,  Colliery 
Viewer,  Member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  &c.  8vo.  with  plates. 

"  In  this,  the  able  author  has  brought  up  his  treatise  to 
the  date  of  the  latest  improvements  in  this  nationally 

'rnportant  plan.    We  consider  the  volume  to  be  one  of 

great  general  interest."— Lit.  Oaz. 

"  We  must,  in  justice,  refer  the  reader  to  the  work 
tself,  stronsrjy  assuring  him  that,  whether  he  be  a  man  of 

science,  or  one  totajly  unacquainted  with  its  technical 

difficulties,  he  will  here  receive  instruction  arid  pleasure, 
n  a  degree  which  we  have  seldom  seen  united  before." — 

Monthly  Rev. 

REPORTS  ON  LOCOMOTIVE  AND  FIXED 
ENGINES.  By  J.  STEPHENSON  and  J. 
WALKER,  Civil  Engineers.  With  an  Ac- 
count of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Rail- 
road, by  H.  BOOTH.  In  8vo.  with  plates. 

MILLWRIGHT  AND  MILLER'S  GUIDE. 
By  OLIVER  EVANS.  New  Edition,  with  ad- 
ditions and  corrections,  by  the  Professor  of 
Mechanics  in  the  Franklin  Institute  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  a  description  of  an  im- 
proved Merchant  Flour-Mill,  with  engrav- 
ings, by  C.  &  O.  EVANS,  Engineers. 

THE  NATURE  AND  PROPERTIES  OF  THE 
SUGAR  CANE,  with  Practical  Directions 
for  its  Culture,  and  the  Manufacture  of  its 
various  Products;  detailing  the  improved 
Methods  of  Extracting,  Boiling,  Refining, 
and  Distilling;  also  Descriptions  of  the  Best 
Machinery,  and  useful  Directions  for  the 
general  Management  of  Estates.  By  GEORGE 
RICHARDSON  PORTER. 

'This  volume  contains  a  valuable  mass  of  scientific 
and  practical  information,  and  is,  indeed,  a  compendium 
if  everything  interesting  relative  to  colonial  agriculture 
and  manufacture." — Intelligencer. 

"We  can  altogether  recommend  this  volume  as  a  most 
-aluable  addition  to  the  library  of  the  home  West  India 
merchant,  as  well  as  that  of  the  resident  planter." — Lit. 
Gazette. 

"  This  work  may  be  considered  one  of  the  most  valua- 
le  books  that  has  yet  issued  from  the  press  connected 
vith  colonial  interests;  indeed,  we  know  of  no  greater 
>rvice  we  could  render  West  India  proprietors,  than  in 
ecomrnending  the  study  of  Mr.  Porter's  volume." — Spec- 
tator. 

"  The  work  before  us  contains  such  valuable,  scientific, 
and  practical  information,  that  we  have  no  doubt  it  will 


<*    very 


a»d 


/ork,  and  bring  it  into  very  geeral  circulation.  I  know 
f  none  which  in  all  respects  would  supply  its  place." 
"  The  abridged  but  classical  and  excellent  work  of  But, 
r,  on  Ancient  Geography,  which  you  are  printing  as  an 
ccornpaniment  to  the  maps,  I  consider  one  of  the  most 
ttractive  works  of  the  kind,  especially  for  young  persons 
tinlying  the  classics,  that  has  come  under  my  notice.  I 
vish  you  the  most  ample  success  in  these  highly  useful 
ublications." 


.  , 

connected  with  our  sugar  co\omeS."-Mont/dy  Magazine. 

A  TREATISE  ON  MECHANICS.     By  JAMES 


•[>-.„,„.„,,     T?cn      prnfpc«nr    nf   Natural 
KENWICK,    l^bq.    ifO» 

Experimental  Philosophy,  Columbia  College, 

AT    V       Tn  Hvr>     with   nnmprmis   pnoravino-s 
1N'   *'      ln  8m    Wltn  n  engravings. 


fitfstorg,  antr 


THE  CHEMISTRY  OP  THE  ARTS,  on  the 
basis  of  Gray's  Operative  Chemist*  toeing 
an  Exhibition  of  the  Arts  and  Mauufac<" 
tures  dependent  on  Chemical  Principles, 
with  numerous  Engravings,  l>y  ARTHUR 
I*.  PORTER,  M.  D.  late  Professor  of 
Chemistry,  <fcc.  in  the  University  of  Ver- 
mont* In  8vo*  "With  numerous  Plates* 

The  popular  and  valuable  English  work  of  Mr. 
Gray,  which  forms  the  groundwork  of  the  present 
volume,  was  published  in  London  in  1829,  and  de- 
signed to  exhibit  a  systematic  and  practical  view  of  the 
numerous  Arts  and  Manufactures  which  involve  the 
application  of  Chemical  Science.  The  author  himself, 
a  skilful,  manufacturing,  as  well  as  an  able,  scientific 
chemist,  enjoying  the  multiplied  advantage*  afforded 
by  the  metropolis  of  the  greatest  manufacturing  nation 
on  earth,  was  eminently  qualified  for  so  arduous  an 
undertaking,  and  the  popularity  of  the  work  in  Eng- 
land, as  well  as  its  intrinsic  merits,  attest  the  fidelity 
and  success  with  which  it  has  been  executed.  In 
the  work  now  offered  to  the  American  public,  the 
practical  character  of  the  Operative  Chemist  has  been 
preserved,  and  much  extended  by  the  addition  of  a 
^reat  variety  of  original  matter,  by  numerous  correc- 
tions of  the  original  text,  and  the  adaptation  of  the 
whole  to  the  state  and  wants  of  the  Arts  and  Manu- 
factures of  the  United  States.  Among  the  most  con- 
siderable additions  will  be  found  full  and  extended 
treatises  on  the  Bleaching  of  Cotton  and  Linen,  on  the 
various  branches  of  Calico  Printing,  on  the  Manufac- 
ture of  the  Chloride  of  Lime,  or  Bleaching  Powder, 
and  numerous  Staple  Articles  used  in  the  Arts  of 
Dying,  Calico  Printing,  and  various  other  processes 
ofManufacture,  such  as  the  Salts  of  Tin,  Lead,  Man- 
ganese, and  Antimony;  the  most  recent  Improve- 
ments on  the  Manufacture  of  the  Muriatic,  Nitric, 
and  Sulphuric  Acids,  the  Chromates  of  Potash,  the 
latest  information  on  the  comparative  Value  of  Dif- 
ferent Varieties  of  Fuel,  on  the  Construction  of 
Stoves,  Fire-Places,  and  Stoving  Rooms,  on  the  Ven- 
tilation of  Apartments,  &c.  &c.  The  leading  object 
has  been  to  improve  and  extend  the  practical  charac- 
ter of  the  Operative  Chemist,  and  to  supply,  as  the 
publishers  flatter  themselves,  a  deficiency  which  is 
felt  by  every  artist  and  manufacturer,  whose  processes 
involve  the  principles  of  chemical  science,  the  want 
of  a  Systematic  Work  which  should  embody  the  most 
recent  improvements  in  the  chemical  arts  and  manu- 
factures, whether  derived  from  the  researches  of  sci- 
entific men,  or  the  experiments  and  observations  of 
the  operative  manufacturer  and  artisans  themselves. 


CHEMICAL  MANIPULATION.  Instruction 
to  Students  on  the  Methods  of  perform" 
ing  Experiments  of  Demonstration  or 
Research,  with  accuracy  and  success*  By 
MICHAEL  FARADAY,  F.  R.  S.  First 
American,  from  the  second  London  edi- 
tion, with  Additions  by  J.  Iv.  MITCHELL, 
M.D. 

"  After  a  very  careful  perusal  of  this  work,  we  strenu 
ously  recommend  it,  as  containing  the  most  complete  and 
excellent  instructions  for  conducting  chemical  experi 
meiits.  There  are  few  persons,  however  great  their  ex- 
perience, who  may  not  gain  information  in  many  impor 
tant  particulars;  and  for  ourselves,  we  beg  most  unequiv- 
ocally to  acknowledge  thai  we  have  acquired  many  new 
and  important  hints  on  subjects  of  even  every-day  occur 
rence." — Philosophical  Mag. 

"A  work  hitherto  exceedingly  wanted  in  the  labora 
tory,  equally  useful  to  the  proficient  and  to  the  student 
and  eminently  creditable  to  the  industry  and  skill  of  the 
author,  and  to  the  school  whence  it  emanates." — Jour 
nal  of  Science  and  j9rts. 


GEOLOGICAL  MANUAL,  by  H.  T.  De  la 
Beche,  F.  R.  S.,  F.  G.  S.,  Mem.  Geol.  Soc. 
of  France.  In  8vo.  With  104  Wood  Cuts. 

ELEMENTS  OF  PHYSICS,  OR  NATURAL 
PHILOSOPHY,  GENERAL  AND  MEDI- 
CAL, explained  independently  of  TECH- 
NICAL MATHEMATICS,  and  containing; 
New  Disquisitions  and  Practical  Sugges- 
tions. By  NEILL  ARNOTT,  M.  D.  Second 
American  from  the  fourth  London  edition, 
with  Additions  by  ISAAC  HAYS,  M.  D. 

"  Dr.  Arnott's  work  has  done  for  Physics  as  much  as 
Locke's  Essay  did  for  the  science  of  mind." — London  Uni- 
versity Magazine. 

We  may  venture  to  predict  that  it  will  not  be  surpass- 
ed."— Times. 

Dr.  A.  has  not  done  less  for  Physics  than  Blackstone 
did  for  the  Law." — Morning  Herald. 

"  Dr.  A.  has  made  Natural  Philosophy  as  attractive  as 
Buffon  made  Natural  History." — French  Critic. 

A  work  of  the  highest  class  among  the  productions  of 
mind." — Courier. 

"  We  regard  the  style  and  manner  as  quite  admirable." 
— Morning'  Chronicle. 

As  interesting  as  novel-reading." — ftthen&um. 

Never  did  philosophic  hand  wield  a  pen  more  calcu- 
lated to  win  men  to  be  wise  and  good." — Edinburgh  Ob- 
server. 

Of  this  valuable,  or  we  might  say,  invaluable  work, 
a  second  edition  has  been  speedily  demanded  by  the  pub- 
lic voice." — Lit.  Oaz. 

A  FLORA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  with 
108  colored  Plates.  By  W.  P.  C.  BARTON, 
M.  D.  In  3  vols.  4to. 

ARNOTT'S  ELEMENTS  OF  PHYSICS. 
Vol.  II.  Part  I.  Containing  Light  and  Heat. 

"Dr.  Arnott's  previous  volume  has  been  so  well  receiv- 
ed, that  it  has  almost  banished  all  the  flimsy  productions 
called  popular,  which  falsely  pretend  to  strip  science  of 
its  mysterious  and  repulsive  aspect,  and  to  exhibit  a  holy- 
day  apparel.  The  success  of  such  a  work  shows  most 
clearly  that  it  is  plain,  but  sound  knowledge  which  the 
public  want." — Monthly  Review. 

AMERICAN  ORNITHOLOGY,  OR  NATU- 
RAL HISTORY  OF  BIRDS,  INHABITING 
THE  UNITED  STATES,  by  CHARLES  Lu- 
CIEN  BONAPARTE;  designed  as  a  continua- 
tion of  Wilson's  Ornithology,  Vols.  I.  II. 
and  III. 

*%*  Gentlemen  who  possess  Wilson,  and  are  de- 
sirous of  rendering  the  work  complete,  are  informed 
that  the  edition  of  this  work  is  very  small,  and  that 
but  a  very  limited  number  of  copies  remain  unsold. 
Vol.  IV.  in  the  Press. 

A  DISCOURSE  ON  THE  REVOLUTIONS  OF 
THE  SURFACE  OF  THE  GLOBE  AND  THE 
CHANGES  THEREBY  PRODUCED  IN  THE  ANI- 
MAL KINGDOM.  By  BARON  G.  CUVIER. 

Translated  from  the  French,  with  Illustra- 
tions and  a  Glossary.  In  12mo.  With  Plates. 

'  One  of  the  most  scientific  and  important,  yet  plain 

and  lucid  works,  which  adorn  the  age. Here  is  vast 

aid  to  the  reader  interested  in  the  study  of  nature,  and 
the  lights  which  reason  and  investigation  have  thrown 
upon  the  formation  of  the  universe." — JVeic  Monthly  Mag- 
azine. 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  MEDICINE  AffD  ANATOMY. 


HISTORY  OF  CHRONIC  PHLEGMASLE, 
OR  INFLAMMATIONS,  founded  on  Clin- 
ical Experience  and  Pathological  Anatomy, 
exhibiting  a  View  of  the  different  Varieties 
and  Complications  of  these  Diseases,  with 
their  various  Methods  of  Treatment.  By 
F.  J.  V.  BROUSSAIS,  M.  D.  Translated  from 
the  French  of  the  fourth  edition,  by  ISAAC 
HAYS,  M.  D.  and  R.  EGLESFELD  GRIFFITH, 
M.  D.  Members  of  the  American  Philosoph- 
ical Society,  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Science,  Honorary  Members  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Medical  Society,  &c.  &c.  In  2  vols. 
8vo. 

EXAMINATION  OF  MEDICAL  DOC- 
TRINES AND  SYSTEMS  OF  NOSOL- 
OGY, preceded  by  Propositions  containing 
the  Substance  of  Physiological  Medicine, 
by  F.  J.  V.  BROUSSAIS,  Officer  of  the  Royal 
Order  of  the  Legion  of  Honor;  Chief  Phy- 
sician and  First  Professor  in  the  Military 
Hospital  for  Instruction  at  Paris,  &c.  Third 
edition.  Translated  from  the  French,  by 
ISAAC  HAYS,  M.  D.  and  R.  E.  GRIFFITH, 
M.  D.  In  2  vols.  8vo.  In  the  press. 

A  TREATISE  ON  PHYSIOLOGY,  Applied 
to  PATHOLOGY.  By  F.  J.  V.  BROUSSAIS,  M.  D. 
Translated  from  the  French,  by  Drs.  BELL 
and  LA  ROCHE.  8vo.  Third  American  edi- 
tion, with  additions. 
"  We  cannot  too  strongly  recommend  the  present  work 

0  the  attention  of  our  readers,  and  indeed  of  all  those 
vho  wish  to  study  physiology  as  it  ought  to  be  studied, 
M  its  application  to  the  science  of  disease."    "  We  may 
afely  say  that  he  has  accomplished  his  task  in  a  most 
nasterly  manner,  and  thus  established  his  reputation  as 

1  most  excellent  physiologist  and  profound  pathologist." 
— North  American  Med.  and  Surg.  Journ.  Jan.  1827. 

THE  PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE  OF 
MEDICINE.  By  SAMUEL  JACKSON,  M.  D. 
Adjunct  Professor  of  the  Institutes  and  Prac- 
tice of  Mecicine  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 8vo. 

THE  PRACTICE  OF  MEDICINE,  upon  the 
Principles  of  the  Physiological  Doctrine. 
By  J.  G.  COSTER,  M.  D.  Translated  from 
the  French. 

\N  EPITOME  OF  THE  PHYSIOLOGY, 
GENERAL  ANATOMY,  AND  PATHOL- 
OGY OF  BICHAT.  By  THOMAS  HENDER- 
SON, M.  D.  Professor  of  the  Theory  and 
Practice  of  Medicine  in  Columbia  College, 
Washington  City.  8vo. 

"  The  Epitome  of  Dr.  Henderson  ought  and  must  find  a 
ilace  in  the  library  of  every  physician  desirous  of  useful 
cnowledge  for  himself,  or  of  being  instrumental  in  im- 
parting it  to  others,  whose  studies  he  is  expected  to  super- 
iitend."— JV.  A.  Med.  and  Surg.  Journ.  No.  15. 

\  TREATISE  ON  FEVER,  considered  in  the 
spirit  of  the  new  medical  Doctrine.  By  J. 
B.  BOISSEAU.  Translated  from  the  French. 
In  the  Press. 


DIRECTIONS  FOR  MAKING  ANATOM- 
ICAL PREPARATIONS,  formed  on  the 
basis  of  Pole,  Marjolin  and  Breschet,  and 
including  the  new  method  of  Mr.  Swan,  by 
USHER  PARSONS,  M.  D.  Professor  of  Anatomy 
and  Surgery.  In  1  Vol.  8vo.  with  plates. 

A  TREATISE  ON  PATHOLOGICAL 
ANATOMY.  By  WILLIAM  E.  HORNER, 
M.  D.  Adj.  Prof,  of  Anatomy  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania. 

"We  can  conscientiously  commend  it  to  the  members  of 
the  profession,  as  a  satisfactory,  interesting,  and  instruc- 
tive view  of  the  subjects  discussed,  and  as  well  adapted 
to  aid  them  in  forming  a  correct  appreciation  of  the  dis- 
eased conditions  they  are  called  on  to  relieve." — American 
Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences,  No.  9. 

By  the  same  Author. 

A  TREATISE  ON  SPECIAL  AND  GENERAL 
ANATOMY.  Second  edition,  revised  and 
corrected,  in  2  Vols.  8vo. 

LESSONS  IN  PRACTICAL  ANATOMY, 
for  the  use  of  Dissectors.  2d  edition,  in  1 
Vol.  8vo. 

SYSTEM  OF  ANATOMY,  for  the  use  of  Stu- 
dents of  Medicine.  By  CASPAR  WISTAR. 
Fifth  edition,  revised  and  corrected,  by  W. 
E.  HORNER,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Anatomy 
in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  In  2 
Vols.  8vo. 

ELEMENTS  OF  GENERAL  ANATOMY, 

or  a  description  of  the  Organs  comprising 
the  Human  Body.  By  P.  A.  BECLARD,  Pro- 
fessor of  Anatomy  to  the  Faculty  of  Medi- 
cine at  Paris.  Translated  by  J.  TOGNO. 

TREATISE  ON  SURGICAL  ANATOMY. 
By  ABRAHAM  COLLES,  Professor  of  Anatomy 
and  Surgery,  in  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons in  Ireland,  &c.  Second  American 
edition,  with  notes  by  J.  P.  HOPKINSON,  De- 
monstrator of  Anatomy  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  &c.  &c. 

A    TREATISE   ON   PATHOLOGICAL 

ANATOMY.  By  E.  GEDDINGS,  M.  D.  Pro- 
fessor of  Anatomy  in  the  Medical  College  of 
South  Carolina.  In  2  vols.  8vo.  (In  the 
press.) 

ELEMENTS  OF  MYOLOGY.     By  E.  GED- 
DINGS, M.  D.  illustrated  by  a  series  of  beau- 
tiful Engravings  of  the  Muscles  of  the  Hu- 
man Body,  on  a  plan  heretofore  unknown 
in  this  country.     In  the  press. 
This  work,  in  addition  to  an  ample  and  accurate 
description  of  the  general  and  special  anatomy  of  ihe 
muscular  system,  will  comprise  illustrations  of  the 
subject  from  comparative   anatomy  and   physiology, 
with  an  account  of  the  irregularities,  variations  and 
anomalies,  observed  by  the  various  ancient  and  mod- 
ern anatomists,  down  to  the  present  time. 


IVLEDXCINE  AND  SURGERY. 


A  TREATISE  ON  FEVER.  BY  SOUTHWOOD 
SMITH,  M.  D.,  Physician  to  the  London 
Fever  Hospital. 

"  No  work  has  been  more  lauded  by  the  Reviews  than 
the  Treatise  on  Fevers,  by  Southwood  Smith.  Dr.  John- 
son, the  editor  of  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Review,  says, 
'It  is  the  best  we  have  ever  perused  on  the  subject  of 
fever,  and  in  our  conscience,  we  believe  it  the  best  that 
ever  flowed  from  the  pen  of  physician  in  any  age  or  in 
any  country.'  " — Am.  Med.  Journ. 

AN  ESSAY  ON  REMITTENT  AND  INTER- 
MITTENT DISEASES,  including  generic- 
ally  Marsh  Fever  and  Neuralgia — compris- 
ing under  the  former,  various  Anomalies, 
Obscurities,  and  Consequences,  and  under  a 
new  systematic  View  of  the  latter,  treating 
of  Tic  Douloureux,  Sciatica,  Headache, 
Ophthalmia,  Toothache,  Palsy,  and  many 
other  Modes  and  Consequences  of  this  gene- 
ric Disease;  by  JOHN  MACCULLOCH,  M.  D., 
F.  R.  S.  &c.  &c. 

"  In  rendering  Dr.  Macculloch's  work  more  accessible 
to  the  profession,  we  are  conscious  that  we  are  doing  the 
state  some  service." — Med.  Cltir.  Review. 

"  We  most  strongly  recommend  Dr.  Macculloch's  trea- 
tise to  the  attention  of  our  medical  brethren,  as  present- 
ing a  most  valuable  mass  of  information,  on  a  most  im- 
portant subject."— Jf.Jl.  Med.  and  Surg.  Journal. 

A  PRACTICAL  SYNOPSIS  OF  CUTANE- 
OUS DISEASES,  from  the  most  celebrated 
Authors,  and  particularly  from  Documents 
afforded  by  the  Clinical  Lectures  of  Dr. 
Biett,  Physician  to  the  Hospital  of  St.  Louis, 
Paris.  By  A.  CAZENAVE,  M.  D.  and  H.  E. 
SCHEDEL,  M.  D. 

"  We  can  safely  recommend  this  work  to  the  attention 
of  practitioners  as  containing  much  practical  informa- 
tion, not  only  on  the  treatment,  but  also  on  the  causes 
of  cutaneous  affections,  as  being  in  fact  the  best  treatise 
on  diseases  of  the  skin  that  has  ever  appeared." — Ameri- 
can Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences,  JVo.  5. 

SURGICAL  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  RUSSIAN 
CAMPAIGN.  Translated  from  the  French 
of  Baron  LARREY. 

LECTURES  ON  INFLAMMATION,  exhib- 
iting a  view  of  the  General  Doctrines,  Pa- 
thological and  Practical,  of  Medical  Sur- 
gery. By  JOHN  THOMPSON,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.  E. 
Second  American  edition. 
THE  INSTITUTES  AND  PRACTICE  OF 
SURGERY ;  being  the  Outlines  of  a  Course 
of  Lectures.    By  W.  GIBSON,  M.  D.  Profes- 
sor of  Surgery  in  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania.    3d  edition,  revised,  corrected,  and 
enlarged.    In  2  vols.  8vo. 
PRINCIPLES  OF  MILITARY  SURGERY, 
comprising  Observations  on   the   Arrange- 
ments, Police,   and   Practice  of  Hospitals, 
and  on  the  History,  Treatment,  and  Anoma- 
lies of  Variola  and  Syphilis ;  illustrated  with 
cases  and   dissections.     By  JOHN  HENNEN, 
M.  D.,    F.  R.  S.  E.     Inspector  of  Military 
Hospitals— first  American   from  the  third 
London  edition,  with  the  Life  of  the  Author, 
by  his  son,  DR,  JOHN  HENNEN. 
"The  value  of  Dr.  HeHnen's  work  is  too  well  appreci- 
ated to  need  any  praise  of  ours.    We  were  only  required 
then,  to  bring  the  third  edition  before  the  notice  of  our 
readers;  and  having  done  this,  we  shall  merely  add,  that 
the  volume  merits  a  place  in  every  library,  and  that  no 
military  surgeen  ought  to  be  without  it."— Medical  Oat. 


AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OP  THE  MEDICAL 

SCIENCES. 
Published  Quarterly* 

And  supported  by  the  most  distinguished  Physicians 
in  the  United  States,  among  which  are  Professors 
Bigelow,  Channing,  Chapman,  Coxe,  De  Butts,  De- 
wees,  Dickson,  Dudley,  Francis,  Gibson,  Hare, 
Henderson,  Horner,  Hosack,  Jackson,  Macneven, 
Molt,  Mussey,  Physick,  Potter,  Sewall,  Warren, 
and  Worthington;  Drs.  Daniell,  Drake,  Emerson, 
Fearn,  Geddings,  Griffith,  Hale,  Hays,  Hayward, 
Ives,  Jackson,  Moultrie,  Ware,  and  Wright.  It  is 
published  punctually  on  the  first  of  November, 
February,  May,  and  August.  Each  No.  contains 
about  280  large  8vo.  pages,  and  one  or  more  plates 
—being  a  greater  amount  of  matter  than  is  fur- 
nished by  any  other  Medical  Journal  in  the  United 
States.  Price  $5  per  annum. 

The  following  Extracts  show  the  estimation 
in  which  this  Journal  is  held  in  Europe : — 

"  Several  of  the  American  Journals  are  before  us.  *  *  * 
Of  these  the  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences 
is  by  far  the  better  periodical ;  it  is,  indeed,  the  best  of  the 
trans-atlantic  medical  publications ;  and,  to  make  a  com- 
parison nearer  home,  is  in  most  respects  superior  to  the 
great  majority  of  European  works  of  the  same  descrip- 
tion.''—?'/^ Lancet,  Jan.  ]831. 

"  We  need  scarcely  refer  our  esteemed  and  highly  emi- 
nent cotemporary,  [The  American  Journal  of  the  Medical 
Sciences,]  from  whom  we  quote,  to  our  critical  remarks 
on  the  opinions  of  our  own  countrymen,  or  to  the  princi- 
ples which  influence  us  in  the  discharge  of  our  editorial 
duties."  "Our  copious  extracts  from  his  unequalled  pub- 
lication, unnoticing  multitudes  of  others  which  come  be- 
fore us,  are  the  best  proof  of  the  esteem  which  we  enter- 
tain for  his  talents  and  abilities."— London  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal,  March,  1830. 

"The  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences  is  one 
of  the  most  complete  and  best  edited  of  the  numerous 
periodical  publications  of  the  United  States."— Bulletin 
dcs  Sciences  Medicales,  Tom.  XIV. 

PATHOLOGICAL  AND  PRACTICAL  RE- 
SEARCHES ON  DISEASES  OF  THE  BRAIN 
AND  SPINAL  CORD.  By  JOHN  ABERCROM- 
BIE,  M.  D. 

"We  have  here  a  work  of  authority,  and  one  which 
does  credit  to  the  author  and  his  country." — Northerner. 
Med.  and  Surg.  Journal. 

By  the  same  Author. 

PATHOLOGICAL  AND  PRACTICAL  RE- 
SEARCHES ON  DISEASES  OF  THE  STO- 
MACH, THE  INTESTINAL  CANAL,  THE 

LIVER,     AND     OTHER     VISCERA    OF    THE 

ABDOMEN. 

"We  have  now  closed  a  very  long  review  of  a  very 
valuable  work,  and  although  we  have  endeavored  to  con- 
dense into  our  pages  a  great  mass  of  important  matter, 
we  feel  that  our  author  has  not  yet  received  justice." — 
Medico- Chirurgical  Review. 

A  RATIONAL  EXPOSITION  OF  THE 
PHYSICAL  SIGNS  OF  DISEASES  OF 
THE  LUNGS  AND  PLEURA;  Illustrating 
their  Pathology  and  facilitating  their  Diag- 
nosis. By  CHARLES  J.  WILLIAMS,  M.  D.  In 
8vo.  with  plates. 

"  If  we  are  not  greatly  mistaken,  it  will  lead  to  a  better 
understanding,  and  a  more  correct  estimate  of  the  value 
of  auscultation,  than  any  thing  that  has  yet  appeared." 
— Jim.  Med.  Journal. 

MANUAL  OF  THE  PHYSIOLOGY  OF  MAN; 
or  a  concise  Description  of  the  Phenomena 
of  his  Organization.  By  P.  HUTIN.  Trans- 
lated from  the  French,  with  Notes,  by  J. 
TOGNO.  In  l'2mo. 


MEDICINE. 


THE  PRACTICE  OF  PHYSIC.  By  W.  P. 
DEWEES,  M.  D.  Adjunct  Professor  of  Mid- 
wifery, in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
2  Vols.  8vo. 

"  We  have  no  hesitation  in  recommending  it  as  deci- 
dedly one  of  the  best  systems  of  medicine  extant.  The 
tenor  of  the  work  in  general  reflects  the  highest  honor  on 
Dr.  Dewees's  talents,  industry,  and  capacity  for  the  exe- 
cution of  the  arduous  task  which  he  had  undertaken.  It 
is  one  of  the  most  able  and  satisfactory  works  which  mod- 
ern times  have  produced,  and  will  be  a  standard  authori- 
ty."—London  Med.  and  Surg.  Journal,  Aug.  1830. 

DEWEES  ON  THE  DISEASES  OF  CHIL- 
DREN. 4th  ed.  In  8vo. 

The  objects  of  this  work  are,  1st,  to  teach  those  who 
have  the  charge  of  children,  either  as  parent  or  guar- 
dian, the  most  approved  methods  of  securing  and  im- 
proving their  physical  powers.  This  is  attempted  by 
pointing  out  the  duties  which  the  parent  or  the  guar- 
iian  owes  for  this  purpose,  to  this  interesting,  but 
helpless  class  of  beings,  and  the  manner  by  which 
their  duties  shall  be  fulfilled.  And  2d,  to  render 
available  a  long  experience  to  these  objects  of  our 
affection  when  they  become  diseased.  In  attempting 
this,  the  author  has  avoided  as  much  as  possible, 
•technicality;"  and  has  given,  if  he  does  not  flatter 
limself  too  much,  to  each  disease  of  which  he  treats, 
its  appropriate  and  designating  characters,  with  a 
fidelity  that  will  prevent  any  two  being  confounded 
together,  with  the  best  mode  of  treating  them,  that 
ither  his  own  experience  or  that  of  others  has  sug- 
gested. 

DEWEES  ON  THE  DISEASES  OF  FEMALES. 
3d  edition,  with  Additions.  In  8vo. 

A  COMPENDIOUS  SYSTEM  OF  MID- 
WIFERY ;  chiefly  designed  to  facilitate  the 
Inquiries  of  those  who  may  be  pursuing  this 
Branch  of  Study.  In  8vo.  with  13  Plates.  5th 
edition,  corrected  and  enlarged.  By  W.  P. 
DEWEES,  M.  D. 

THE  ELEMENTS  OF  THERAPEUTICS 
AND  MATERIA  MEDICA.  By  N.  CHAP- 
MAN, M.  D.  2  vols.  8vo.  5th  edition,  cor- 
rected and  revised. 

MANUAL  OF  PATHOLOGY:  containing 
the  Symptoms,  Diagnosis,  and  Morbid  Char- 
acter of  Diseases,  &c.  By  L.  MARTINET. 
Translated,  with  Notes  and  Additions,  by 
JONES  QUAIN.  Second  American  Edition, 
12mo. 

'  We  strongly  recommend  M.  Martinet's  Manual  to  the 
profession,  and  especially  to  students;  if  the  latter  wish 
to  study  diseases  to  advantage,  they  should  always  have 
it  at  hand,  both  when  at  the  bedside  of  the  patient,  and 
when  making  post  mortem  examinations." — American 
Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences,  JVo.  /. 

CLINICAL  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  FEVER, 

comprising  a  Report  of  the  Cases  treated  at 
the  London  Fever  Hospital  in  1828-29,  by 
Alexander  Tweedie,  M.  D.,  Member  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  London,  &c. 
1  vol.  8vo. 

"In  short,  the  present  work,  concise,  unostentatious 
as  it  is,  would  have  led  us  to  think  that  Dr.  Tweedie  was 
a  man  of  clear  judgment,  unfettered  by  attachment  to 
any  fashionable  hypothesis,  that  he  was  an  energetic  but 
judicious  practitioner,  and  that,  if  he  did  not  dazzle  his 
readers  with  the  brilliancy  of  theoretical  speculations,  he 
would  command  their  assent  to  the  solidity  of  his  didac- 
tic precepts."— Med.  Chir.  Journal. 


THE  ANATOMY,  PHYSIOLOGY,  AND  DIS- 
EASES OF  THE  TEETH.  By  THOMAS  BELL, 
F.R.S.,  F.L.S.  &c.  In  1  vol.  8vo.  With  Plates. 

"  Mr.  Bell  has  evidently  endeavored  to  construct  a 
work  of  reference  for  the  practitioner,  and  a  text-book 
for  the  student,  containing  a  '  plain  and  practical  digest 
of  the  information  at  present  possessed  on  the  subject, 
and  results  of  the  author's  own  investigations  and  expe- 
rience.' "  *  *  *  "  We  must  now  take  leave  of  Mr.  Bell, 
whose  work  we  have  no  doubt  will  become  a  class-book 
on  the  important  subject  of  dental  surgery."— Medico-Chi- 
rurgical  Review. 

"  We  have  no  hesitation  in  pronouncing  it  to  be  the 
best  treatise  in  the  English  language."— North.  American 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  JVo.  19. 

AMERICAN    DISPENSATORY.        Ninth 
Edition,  improved  and  greatly  enlarged.    By 
JOHN  REDMAN  COXE,  M.  D.  Professor  of  Ma- 
teria  Medica  and  Pharmacy  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania.     In  1  vol.  8vo. 
V  This  new  edition  has  been  arranged  with  spe- 
cial reference  to  the  recent  Pharmacopoeias,  published 
'n  Philadelphia  and  New- York. 

ELLIS'    MEDICAL    FORMULARY.    The 

Medical  Formulary,  being  a  collection  of 
prescriptions  derived  from  the  writings  and 
practice  of  many  of  the  most  eminent  Phy- 
sicians in  America  and  Europe.  By  BENJAMIN 
ELLIS,  M.  D.  3d.  edition.  With  Additions. 

"  We  would  especially  recommend  it  to  our  brethren  in 
distant  parts  of  the  country,  whose  insulated  situations 
may  prevent  them  from  having  access  to  the  many  autho- 
rities which  have  been  consulted  in  arranging  the  mate- 
rials for  this  work."— Phil.  Med.  and  Phys.  Journal. 

MANUAL  OF  MATERIA  MEDICA  AND 
PHARMACY.  By  H.  M.  EDWARDS,  M.  D. 
and  P.  VAVASSEUR,  M.  D.  comprising  a  con- 
cise Description  of  the  Articles  used  in 
Medicine;  their  Physical  and  Chemical 
Properties ;  the  Botanical  Characters  of  the 
Medicinal  Plants ;  the  Formulae  for  the  Prin- 
cipal Officinal  Preparations  of  the  American, 
Parisian,  Dublin,  &c.  Pharmacopoeias ;  with 
Observations  on  the  proper  Mode  of  combin- 
ing and  administering  Remedies.  Trans- 
lated from  the  French,  with  numerous  Ad- 
ditions and  Corrections,  and  adapted  to  the 
Practice  of  Medicine  and  to  the  Art  of  Phar- 
macy in  the  United  States.  By  JOSEPH  TOG- 
NO,  M.  D.  Member  of  the  Philadelphia  Med- 
ical Society,  and  E.  DURAND,  Member  of  the 
Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy. 

"It  contains  all  the  pharmaceutical  information  that 
the  physician  can  desire,  and  in  addition,  a  larger  mass  of 
information,  in  relation  to  the  properties,  &c.  of  the  dif- 
ferent articles  and  preparations  employed  in  medicine, 
than  any  of  the  dispensatories,  and  we  think  will  entirely 
supersede  all  these  publications  in  the  library  of  the  phy- 
sician."— Am.  Journ.  of  the  Medical  Sciences. 

MEMOIR  ON  THE  TREATMENT  OF  VENE- 
REAL DISEASES  WITHOUT  MERCURY, 

employed  at  the  Military  Hospital  of  the 
Val-de-Grace.  Translated  from  the  French 
of  H.  M.  J.  Desruelles,  M.  D.  &c.  To  which 
are  added,  Observations  by  G.  J.  Guthrie, 
Esq.  and  various  documents,  showing  the 
results  of  this  Mode  of  Treatment,  in  Great 
Britain,  France,  Germany,  and  America. 
1  vol.  8vo. 


PREPARING  FOR  PUBLICATION, 


CYCLOPAEDIA 


OF 


PRACTICAL   MEDICINE; 


COMPRISING 


TREATISES  ON  THE  NATURE  AND  TREATMENT  OF  DISEASES, 
MATERIA  MEDICA  AND  THERAPEUTICS, 
MEDICAL  JURISPRUDENCE,  &c. 


EDITED    BY 


JOHN  FORBES,  M.D.  F.R.S. 

Physician  to  the 

Chichester  Infirmary,  &c. 


ALEXANDER  TWEEDIE,  M.D. 

Physician  to  the 

London  Fever  Hospital,  &c. 


JOHN  CONOLLY,  M.  D, 

Professor  of  Medicine  in  the 
London  University  ,&c. 


WITH   THE   ASSISTANCE   OF   THE    FOLLOWING   PHYSICIANS : 

JAMES  APJOHN,  M.D.  M.R.I.  A.     Professor  of  \  THOMAS  HANCOCK,  M.D.    Liverpool,   Member 
Chemistry  to  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ire-       of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians,  London. 


lanri. 

JAMES  L.  BARDSLEY,  M.D.  Physician  to.  the 
Manchester  Royal  Infirmary,  Dispensary,  &c. 

EDWARD  BARLOW,  M.  D.  Physician  to  the  Bath 
United  Hospital  and  Infirmary. 

R.  H.  BRABANT,  M.  D.     Devizes. 

JOSEPH  BROWN,  M.  D.  Physician  to  the  Sunder- 
land  and  Bishopwearmouth  Infirmary. 

THOMAS  H.  BURDER,  M.  D.  Member  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,  London. 

JOHN  BURNE,  M.D.  Physician  to  the  Carey-street 
Dispensary. 

H.  W.  CARTER,  M.D.  F.  R.  S.  E.  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians,  London,  Physician  to 
the  Kent  and  Canterbury  Hospital. 

JOHN  CHEYNE,  M.  D.  F.  R.  S.  E.  M.  R.  I.  A. 
Physician-General  to  the  Forces  in  Ireland,  &c.  &c. 

JAMES  CLARK,  M.  D.  Physician  to  St.  George's 
Infirm?  ry,  &c.  &c. 

JOHN  CLENDINNING,  M.  D.  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,  London. 

JOHN  CRAMPTON,  M.  D.  M.R.  I.  A.  King's  Pro- 
fessor of  Materia  Medica,  Physician  to  Stevens's 
Hospital,  &c.  &c.  Dublin. 

ANDREW  CRAWFORD,  M.  D.  Physician  to  the 
Hampshire  County  Hospital,  Winchester. 

WILLIAM  CUMIN,  M.  D.  Glasgow. 

JAMES  CUSACK,M.B.  Steevens' Hospital,  Dublin. 

JOHN  DARWALL,  M.  D.  Physician  to  the  General 
Dispensary,  Birmingham. 

D.  D.  DAVIS,  M.  D.  M.R.  S.  L.  Professor  of  Mid- 
wifery in  the  London  University. 

JOHN  ELLIOTSON,  M.  D.  F.  R.  S.  Physician  to 
St.  Thomas's  Hospital. 

R.  J.  GRAVES,  M.D.  M.R.  I.  A.  King's  Professor 
of  the  Institutes  of  Medicine,  Honorary  Fellow  of 
the  King's  and  Queen's  College  of  Physicians,  Phy- 
sician to  the  Meath  Hospital  and  County  of  Dublin 
Infirmary. 

GEORGE  GREGORY,  M.  D.  Physician  to  the  Small- 
Pox  Hospital. 


MARSHALL  HALL,  M.D.  F.R.  S.  E.  Member  of  CHARLES  J.  B.WILLIAMS,  M.D.  London. 


the  Royal  College  of  Physicians,  London,  &c.  &c. 


CHARLES  HASTINGS,  M.  D.  Physician  to  the 
Worcester  General  Infirmary. 

BISSET  HAWKINS,  M.  D.  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica 
and  Therapeutics  in  King's  College,  Dublin. 

J.  HOPE,  M.  D.  Member  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians,  London. 

ARTHUR  JACOB,  M.D.  M.R.  I.  A.  Professor  of 
Anatomy  to  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland. 

ROBERT  LEE,  M.  D.  F.  R.  S.  Physician  to  the 
British  Lying-in  Hospital. 

CHARLES  LOCOCK,  M.  D.  Physician  to  the  West- 
minster General  Lying-in  Hospital,  &c.  &c. 

H.  MARSH,  M.  D.  M.R.  I.  A.  Professor  of  the  Prin- 
ciples and  Practice  of  Medicine  to  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  in  Ireland,  &c.  Dublin. 

JONES  QUAIN,  M.  B.  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  and 
Physiology  in  the  Medical  School,  Aldersgatc-Street. 

J.  C.  PRICHARD,  M.D.  F.R.S.  Physician  to  the 
Infirmary  and  to  St.  Peter's  Hospital,  Bristol. 

ARCHIBALD  ROBERTSON,  M.  D.  Physician  to 
the  Northampton  General  Infirmary. 

P.  M.  ROGET,  M.  D.  Sec.  R.  S.  Consulting  Physi- 
cian to  the  Queen  Charlotte's  Lying-in  Hospital  and 
to  the  Northern  Dispensary,  &c.  &c. 

JOHN  SCOTT,  M.  D.  Edinburgh. 

WILLIAM  STOKES,  M.  D.  Physician  to  the  Meath 
Hospital. 

WILLIAM  STROUD,  M.  D.  Physician  to  the  North- 
ern Dispensary. 

A.  T.  THOMSON,  M.  D.  F.  L.  S.  Professor  of  Ma- 
teria Medica  in  the  London  University. 

THOMAS  THOMSON,  M.D.  F.R.S.  L.  &  E.  Re- 
gius Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  University  of  Glas- 
gow, &c.  &c. 

T.  J.  TODD,  M.  D.  Physician  to  the  Dispensary, 
Brighton. 

RICHARD  TOWNSEND,  A.  B.  M.D.  M.  R.  I.  A. 
Fellow  of  King  and  Queen's  College  of  Physicians, 
Dublin. 


&c.  &c.  &c. 


To  be  completed  in  five  volumes  8vo.  of  about  600  pages  each. — The  first  vol- 
ume will  be  published  early  in  1832. 


CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  PRACTICAL  MEDICINE. 


THE  want  of  a  comprehensive  work  on  subjects  connected  with 
PRACTICAL  MEDICINE  including  PATHOLOGY  and  PATHOLOGICAL  ANAT- 
OMY, is  one  which  has  long  existed  in  this  country.  The  Medical 
Dictionaries  heretofore  published,  and  the  Systems  of  Medicine  in 
the  hands  of  the  student,  may  be  said,  without  invidiousness,  to 
fall  very  far  short  of  presenting  the  English  reader  with  such  a 
compendious  survey  of  the  actual  state  of  BRITISH  and  FOREIGN 
MEDICINE  as  is  absolutely  required  by  him.  Some  of  them  are  too 
limited  and  too  superficial  in  their  character;  others  are  too  volu- 
minous, too  intricate  in  their  arrangement,  and  too  indiscriminate 
in  their  contents;  and  all  are  open  to  the  serious  objection  of  fail- 
ing to  represent  the  improvements  and  discoveries  by  which  the 
scientific  labors  of  the  members  of  the  medical  profession,  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  world,  have  been  rewarded  since  the  commence- 
ment of  the  present  century. 

It  is  the  object  of  the  CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  PRACTICAL  MEDICINE  to 
supply  these  deficiencies,  and  to  meet  the  acknowledged  wants  of 
the  medical  reader.  Such  ample  arrangements  have  been  made 
for  effecting  these  important  objects,  as  enable  the  Editors  to  lay 
before  the  public  the  nature  and  plan  of  a  publication  in  which 
they  have  endeavored,  by  dividing  the  labor  of  a  work  including 
subjects  of  great  diversity,  and  all  of  practical  importance ;  by 
combining  the  valuable  exertions  of  several  contributors  already 
known  to  the  medical  public;  by  excluding  mere  technical  and 
verbal  explanations,  and  all  superfluous  matter ;  and  by  avoiding 
multiplied  and  injudicious  divisions ;  to  furnish  a  book  which  will 
be  comprehensive  without  diffuseness,  and  contain  an  account  of 
whatever  appertains  to  practical  medicine,  unembarrassed  by  dis- 
quisitions and  subjects  extraneous  to  it. 

In  pursuance  of  this  design,  every  thing  connected  with  what  is 
commonly  called  the  PRACTICE  OF  PHYSIC  will  be  fully  and  clearly 
explained.  The  subject  of  PATHOLOGY  will  occupy  particular  at- 
tention, and  ample  information  will  be  given  with  relation  to  PA- 
THOLOGICAL ANATOMY. 

Although  the  excellent  works  already  published  on  the  subjects 
of  MATERIA  MEDICA  and  MEDICAL  JURISPRUDENCE  can  be  so  readily 
and  advantageously  consulted,  as  to  make  the  details  of  those 
branches  of  science  uncalled  for  in  the  Cyclopaedia,  it  belongs  to 
the  proposed  plan  to  comprise  such  general  notices  of  the  applica- 
tion and  use  of  medicinal  substances  as  may  be  conveyed  in  a 


CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  PRACTICAL  MEDICINE. 


general  account  of  each  class  into  which  they  have  been  divided, 
as  of  TONICS,  NARCOTICS,  &c.;  and  to  impart,  under  a  few  heads, 
as  TOXICOLOGY,  SUSPENDED  ANIMATION,  &c.  such  information  con- 
nected with  Medical  Jurisprudence  as  is  more  strictly  practical  in 
its  character, 

It  is  almost  unnecessary  to  say  that  a  work  of  this  description 
will  form  a  LIBRARY  of  PRACTICAL  MEDICINE,  and  constitute  a  most 
desirable  book  of  reference  for  the  GENERAL  PRACTITIONER,  whose 
numerous  avocations,  and  whose  want  of  access  to  books,  afford 
him  little  time  and  opportunity  for  the  perusal  of  many  original 
works,  and  who  is  often  unable  to  obtain  the  precise  information 
which  he  requires  at  the  exact  time  when  he  is  in  greatest  need  of  it. 

The  STUDENT  OF  MEDICINE,  who  is  attending  lectures,  will,  also, 
by  means  of  this  work,  be  enabled,  whatever  order  the  lecturer 
may  follow,  to  refer,  without  difficulty,  to  each  subject  treated  of 
in  the  lectures  of  his  teacher ;  and  it  is  presumed  that  Lecturers 
on  Medicine  will  see  the  advantage  of  recommending  to  their 
pupils  a  work  of  highly  respectable  character,  the  composition  of 
original  writers,  and  which,  it  is  hoped,  will  neither  disappoint  the 
advanced  student  by  its  brevity  and  incompleteness,  nor  perplex 
those  commencing  their  studies  by  an  artificial  arrangement. 

But,  whilst  the  Editors  have  felt  it  to  be  their  duty  to  prepare  a 
safe  and  useful  book  of  reference  and  text-book,  it  would  be  doing 
injustice  to  those  by  whose  co-operation  they  have  been  honored, 
not  to  avow  that  they  have  also  been  ambitious  to  render  the 
work  acceptable  and  interesting  to  readers  who  have  leisure  and 
inclination  to  study  what  may  be  termed  the  PHILOSOPHY  of  MEDI- 
CINE :  whatever  is  truly  philosophical  in  medicine  being  also  useful, 
although  the  application  of  the  science  to  the  art  requires  much  re- 
flection and  sound  judgment. — For  the  assistance  of  those  who  desire 
to  pursue  a  regular  course  of  medical  reading,  ample  directions 
will  be  given  when  the  work  is  completed ;  and  for  those  who  may 
be  anxious  to  prosecute  any  particular  subject  to  a  greater  extent 
than  the  limits  of  the  Cyclopaedia  permit,  a  list  will  be  given,  in  an 
Appendix,  of  the  best  works  relating  to  each. 

The  means  of  accomplishing  an  undertaking  of  the  importance 
of  which  the  Editors  are  fully  sensible,  will,  doubtless,  be  appre- 
ciated after  an  inspection  of  the  list  of  contributors  who  have 
already  promised  their  co-operation.  It  is,  of  course,  desirable 
that  a  work  of  this  kind  should  be  characterized  by  unity  of  de- 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  PRACTICAL  MEDICINE. 


sign,  but,  at  the  same  time,  as  each  author  will,  generally  speak- 
ing, contribute  his  knowledge  and  his  opinions  on  the  subjects 
which  have  occupied  his  chief  attention,  the  superiority  of  the 
whole  performance  to  any  thing  which  the  mere  labor  of  compila- 
tion could  accomplish  will  be  unquestionable.  To  each  important 
article  the  name  of  the  author  will  be  appended. 

The  acknowledged  want  of  such  a  publication,  already  alluded 
to,  and  the  extensive  encouragement  which  Dictionaries  of  a  much 
greater  extent  have  met  with  in  FRANCE  and  GERMANY,  although 
some  of  them  are  very  unequal  as  regards  the  value  of  different 
parts,  and  encumbered  with  much  that  is  absolutely  useless,  afford 
sufficient  reason  to  hope  for  the  success  of  a  work  in  which  what 
is  valuable  will,  as  much  as  possible,  be  separated  from  what  is 
merely  calculated  to  distract  the  attention,  and  to  frustrate  the 
inquiry,  of  those  who  study  the  science  of  medicine  with  a  view 
of  regulating  and  improving  its  practice. 

In  order  to  insure  this  success,  it  is  the  desire,  and  will  be  the 
endeavor,  of  the  Editors  to  make  the  CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  PRACTICAL 
MEDICINE  not  only  obviously  useful  to  those  for  whom  it  is  more 
immediately  intended,  but  so  creditable  to  BRITISH  MEDICAL  SCIENCE 
as  to  deserve  and  to  obtain  the  patronage  of  all  classes  of  the 
Medical  Profession. 


IN  the  American  edition,  all  interesting  details  on  the  subjects 
MATERIA  MEDICA  and  MEDICAL  JURISPRUDENCE,  omitted  in  the 
original,  will  be  supplied. — Much  new  matter  in  relation  to  AMERI- 
CAN SURGERY  and  MEDICAL  PRACTICE  will  be  introduced ;  and  for 
this  ample  materials  have  been  promised. — Full  explanations  will 
be  given  of  all  medical  terms,  especially  those  which  modern  dis- 
coveries have  introduced  into  the  nomenclature  of  the  science,  and 
without  a  knowledge  of  which,  many  of  the  works  of  the  present 
day  are  almost  unintelligible. — At  the  termination  of  each  article 
he  most  copious  references  will  be  given  to  the  best  writers  on 
the  subject,  so  as  to  enable  the  student  who  desires  it,  to  pursue 
lis  investigations  with  the  least  trouble  and  the  greatest  advan- 
tage.— Finally,  the  whole  work  will  be  carefully  revised,  and  such 
additions  made  as  may  tend  to  increase  its  value,  and  to  render  it, 
what  it  is  desired  it  should  be — A  COMPLETE  LIBRARY  OF  THE  MEDICAL 


SCIENCES. 


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